Task 2
- 1. Assignment front sheet Qualification Unit number and title Pearson BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma Public Services Unit 8: Psychology of Human and Criminal Behaviour Student name Assessor name John Dunphy Antonia Cartwright Date issued Completion date Submitted on Task one: 09/11/13 Task two: 29/11/13 Task three: 10/01/13 Task one: 29/11/13 Task two: 10/01/14 Task three: 31/01/14 Assignment title Psychology and Criminal Behaviour Learning Outcome Learning Outcome Assessment Criteria In this assessment you will have the opportunity to present evidence that shows you are able to: Task no. Evidence (Page no) LO1 Understand different approaches to psychology. 1.1 Review major approaches to psychology. 1 1.2 Evaluate key personality theories. 1 LO2 Understand how psychology can be used to benefit the individual and the organisation. 2.1 Analyse how knowledge of psychology can benefit individuals. 2 2.2 Explain how knowledge of behaviour theories can support organisations. 2 2.3 Evaluate approaches to conflict management. 2 LO3 Understand the causes and consequences of prejudice and discrimination. 3.1 Explain the origins of prejudice and discrimination. 3 3.2 Evaluate the consequences of discrimination and prejudice on individuals and organisations. 3 3.3 Explain how an individual could comprehend and control their own prejudices. 3 LO4 Understand the major theories of criminal behaviour and causal factors. 4.1 Review the major theories of criminal behaviour. 1 4.2 Explain the causal aspects of criminal behaviour. 1 4.3 Assess influences and factors, which may account for criminal activity. 1 4.4 Evaluate the impact of crime on victims and society. 1
- 2. Learner declaration I certify that the work submitted for this assignment is my own and research sources are fully acknowledged. Student signature: John Dunphy Date: 03 December 2014
- 3. In addition to the above PASS criteria, this assignment gives you the opportunity to submit evidence in order to achieve the following MERIT and DISTINCTION grades Grade Descriptor Indicative characteristic/s Contextualisation M1 Select/design and apply appropriate methods/techniques Shows relevant theories and techniques have been applied. To achieve M1 you must show that you have applied relevant theories and techniques to the explanation of criminal behaviour (Task 1). M2 Identify and apply strategies to find appropriate solutions Shows relevant theories and techniques have been applied. To achieve M2 you must show how relevant psychological theories and techniques can be applied to individuals, organisations and conflict management. (Task 2). M3 Present and communicate appropriate findings Shows coherent, logical development principles/concepts for the intended audience. To achieve M3 you must provide a coherent presentation, in which you logically develop the principles and concepts around prejudice and discrimination, for your audience. (Task 3). D1 Use critical reflection to evaluate own work and justify valid conclusions Shows conclusions have been arrived at through synthesis of ideas and have been justified. To achieve D1 you must justify your conclusions about the effectiveness of psychological and other explanations in explaining criminal behaviour. (Task 1). D2 Demonstrate convergent/lateral/creative thinking Shows ideas have been generated and decisions taken. To achieve D2 you must make recommendations for how these psychological theories and techniques could be used in practice, to benefit individuals, organisations and conflict management. (Task 2). D3 Take responsibility for managing and organising activities Substantial activities, projects or investigations have been planned, managed and organised. To achieve D3 you must demonstrate substantial planning, organisation and management of this project. (Task 3). Please note that for unit assignments assessors should use these or other exemplar indicative characteristics for the individual grade descriptors from Annexe C of the HN specification or any other relevant indicative characteristics for the particular assignment. The indicative characteristic should then be contextualised. Only one indicative characteristic per grade descriptor, M2, M2, M3, D1, D2, D3 is required.
- 4. Assignment brief Unit number and title Unit 8: Psychology of Human and Criminal Behaviour Qualification Pearson BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Public Services Start date Task one: 09/11/13, Task two: 29/11/13, Task three: 10/01/13 Deadline/hand-in Task two: 29/11/14, Task two: 10/01/14, Task three: 31/01/14 Assessor Antonia Cartwright Assignment title Psychology and Criminal Behaviour Purpose of this assignment Examine how psychological approaches and theories relate to criminal behaviour. Understand how people behave individually and within organisations the causes and impact of prejudice and discrimination. This assignment places emphasis on developing a greater understanding how psychology influences behaviour and the impact this has on criminals, victims and public service organisations. Scenario In your role as a consultant psychologist working for the police you have been tasked with creating a number of documents to advance the professional use of psychology in the police, which may also be of use to other public services. Task 1 (1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, M1 and D1) - Explaining Criminal Behaviour In your role as a psychology consultant you have been asked to create a written training package for staff working a a public services training school on key psychological approaches and how these and other factors can affect criminal behaviour. Within this training package you must define psychology and review key psychological theories (at least three) and their validity in explaining criminal behaviour. You need to explain how other fact ors (at least three) such as social circumstances and other influences may cause crime, and evaluate the effect crime has on victims and society. Guidance: Psychological theories could include: cognitive (e.g. Loftus), behaviourist (e.g. Skinner), biological (e.g. Lombroso), personality (e.g. Eysenck), psychodynamic (e.g. Freud), social learning (e.g. Bandura), or developmental perspective (e.g. Bowlby). Other factors could include: socioeconomic pressures (e.g. poverty, drugs, education), influences (e.g. peers, religion media), individual factors (e.g. repeat victimisation). Effects on victims and society could include: victim surveys (e.g. Crime Survey for England and Wales), costs (e.g. rehabilitation, policing, courts), organisations (e.g. victim support, social services). This information should be used to complete learning outcomes 1 and 4. To achieve M1 you must show that you have applied relevant theories and techniques to the explanation of criminal behaviour. To achieve D1 you must justify your conclusions about the effectiveness of psychological and other explanations in explaining criminal behaviour.
- 5. Word count: 1800 Accurately cite references throughout your work. Provide full references in Harvard APA format in a separate section titled ‘References’, at the end of your work. Task 2 (2.1 2.2 2.3 M2 and D2) - Psychology for Individuals and Organisations In your role as a psychology consultant you have been asked to create an information booklet about how psychology can be used to benefit individuals and a public services organisation. Within this booklet you must outline how psychology can benefit individuals (in at least two ways). You must also explain how psychological knowledge of group dynamics may impact on a public service (in at least two ways) and how psychological knowledge can be used in conflict management. This information should be used to complete learning outcome 2. Guidance: Individual benefits could include: learning styles (e.g. Kolb, Honey & Mumford), learning theories (e.g. Piaget, Bandura), behaviourism, communication techniques (e.g. assertiveness). Group dynamics could include: group tensions, in groups and out groups (e.g. Guzzo), group performance (e.g. Tavistock Institute), conformity. Conflict management could include: attitudes, self-knowledge, strategies, models (e.g. Thomas & Kilmann), benefits and costs. To achieve M2 you must show how relevant psychological theories and techniques can be applied to individuals, organisations and conflict management. To achieve D2 you must make recommendations for how these psychological theories and techniques could be used practice, to benefit individuals, organisations and conflict management. Word count: 1200 Accurately cite references throughout your work. Provide full references in Harvard APA format in a separate section titled ‘References’, at the end of your work. Task 3 (3.1 3.2 3.3 M3 and D3) – Prejudice and Discrimination In your role as a psychology consultant you have been asked to write and conduct an electronic presentation for a local police (or other public service) training school on prejudice and discriminat ion. You will need to complete a presentation lasting at least 10 minutes (in any electronic format), explaining causes and consequences of prejudice and discrimination. You will need to include definitions, explanations and examples for types of prejudice and discrimination. Include self-reflection of your own experience or values held. Use theories or behavioural models (at least two) to inform your presentation. You may use typed notes (to be submitted) to supplement your presentation. Guidance: Causes and consequences could include: types of prejudice/discrimination, situations, individual’s behavioural contro other’s behaviour, external causes. Self-reflection could include: values, beliefs and judgements, other influences (e.g. media, peers, family), stereotype Theories and models could include: behavioural responses to discrimination or dominance, coping strategies, GW Allport, Stephan and Stephan, Devine, Plant and Busswell.
- 6. Use this information to complete learning outcome 3. To achieve M3 you must provide a coherent presentation, in which you logically develop the principles and concepts around prejudice and discrimination, for your audience. To achieve D3 you must demonstrate substantial planning, organisation and management of this project. Word count: 1000 Accurately cite references throughout your work. Provide full references in Harvard APA format in a separate section titled ‘References’, at the end of your work. Task 1 (1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, M1 and D1) - Explaining Criminal Behaviour In your role as a psychology consultant you have been asked to create a written training package for staff working at a public services training school on key psychological approaches and how these and other factors can affec t criminal behaviour. Within this training package you must define psychology and review key psychological theories (at least three) and their validity in explaining criminal behaviour. You need to explain how other factors (at least three) such as social circumstances and other influences may cause crime, and evaluate the effect crime has on victims and society. Guidance: Psychological theories could include: cognitive (e.g. Loftus), behaviourist (e.g. Skinner), biological (e.g. Lombroso), personality (e.g. Eysenck), psychodynamic (e.g. Freud), social learning (e.g. Bandura), or developmental perspectives (e.g. Bowlby). Other factors could include: socioeconomic pressures (e.g. poverty, drugs, education), influences (e.g. peers, religion, media), individual factors (e.g. repeat victimisation). Effects on victims and society could include: victim surveys (e.g. Crime Survey for England and Wales), costs (e.g. rehabilitation, policing, courts), organisations (e.g. victim support, social services). This information should be used to complete learning outcomes 1 and 4. To achieve M1 you must show that you have applied relevant theories and techniques to the explanation of criminal behaviour. To achieve D1 you must justify your conclusions about the effectiveness of psychological and other explanations in explaining criminal behaviour. Word count: 1800 Accurately cite references throughout your work. Provide full references in Harvard APA format in a separate section, titled ‘References’, at the end of your work.
- 7. Task 2 (2.1 2.2 2.3 M2 and D2) - Psychology for Individuals and Organisations In your role as a psychology consultant you have been asked to create an information booklet about how psychology can be used to benefit individuals and a public services organisation. Within this booklet you must outline how psychology can benefit individuals (in at least two ways). You must also explain how psychological knowledge of group dynamics may impact on a public service (in at least two ways) and how psychological knowledge can be used in conflict management. This information should be used to complete learning outcome 2. Guidance: Individual benefits could include: learning styles (e.g. Kolb, Honey & Mumford), learning theories (e.g. Piaget, Bandura), behaviourism, communication techniques (e.g. assertiveness). Group dynamics could include: group tensions, in groups and out groups (e.g. Guzzo), group performance (e.g. Tavistock Institute), conformity. Conflict management could include: attitudes, self-knowledge, strategies, models (e.g. Thomas & Kilmann), benefit and costs. To achieve M2 you must show how relevant psychological theories and techniques can be applied to individuals, organisations and conflict management. To achieve D2 you must make recommendations for how these psychological theories and techniques could be used in practice, to benefit individuals, organisations and conflict management. Word count: 1200 Accurately cite references throughout your work. Provide full references in Harvard APA format in a separate section, titled ‘References’, at the end of your work.
- 8. Psychology for Individualsand Organisations 2.1 Communication skills The implementation of psychology can enhance body and verballanguage which can reinforceteam membership towardsthe trait of shynessbegin abolished though out membersof the teamthat are nervousnessor apprehensiveformthe engagementof social congregation. Communication skillscan also obtain the endeavour of formulating interpreted messages.By the actof body languageforexample peoplethat aredeaf the implication of body languageuseshand movementsforthepurpose of understanding an individual’semotions. Communicationskillsare alsoindicatedin primatesbythe use of fundamental sign language.Forthe purpose of warringoff predators.Or the implementationof humantraits e.g.sadness,happinessorfriendship. Koko-A TalkingGorilla- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NwCrXVU m_Q
- 9. Learning style Stage associated with Activist Reflector Theorist Pragmatist Having an experience Reviewingthe experience Concluding from the experience Psychology for Individualsand Organisations 2.1 Honey and Mumford Learning styles Honey and Mumford adapted David Kolb’s learning styles modeland experientiallearning theory to develop their own systematicmodelof learning style, based on research into manager’s behaviouraltendencies. Unlike Kolb’stheoretical view Honey and Mumford usesfourlearning styles summarised associated stagesupon theLearning styles explained within the diagram. Planning the next steps (Theorist) To know where something fits into overall ideas and concepts; analysis and logic; begin stretched; abstract concepts; structure, clarity (Theorist) Frivolity, mindless fun; wasting time; wasting time; not being able to question; lack of a timetable and structure. (Pragmatist) Practical problem solving; relevance to the relevance to the real world; applying learning. (Pragmatist) Anything theoretical; learning that focuses too much on past or future and not present. Likes Dislikes (Activist) doing and experiencing games, practical activities, anything that is energetic and involving. (Activist) sittingaround for too long working alone theorising having to listen to others. (Reflector)Time to think observe take it all in; watching others; solitude and time. (Reflector)Being hurtled into activity no time to think; crammed timetables; lack of privacy, no time to prepare
- 10. Psychology for Individualsand Organisations 2.1 Enhanced Understanding of others Psychology endeavourson the ventureof recognising human emotionsthough facial,body language,and speech patterns.This helps individualsunderstand the human Medulla oblongata architecture.While also unlocking themethodical networkof Ecological anthropology.Thisis delineated by cultural transformation towards newenvironments.Humans formany yearshave adapted towardsan understanding of otherfor examplethe odyssey of human evolution.Where Homo sapienscould only communicatethough Neanderthallanguagewith the useof Phonology and descriptivelinguistics. This musthavecharacterized facial emotionswherein the modern world we usefacial expressionsto ventare human traitsforthe purposeof flagging are human feelings. Homo sapiensuse facial expressionstoIdentifyhumantraits and the odysseyof silentcommutation. Humanemotionsare channelledthroughthe limbicsystemorthe paleomammalian brain.Thisnetworkof humanemotionsisconductedwithinthe amygdalainside the brainscerebral hemispherewhichcontrols humanemotions.
- 11. 2.1 Bandura-social leaning Theory Albert Bandura (1977) conducted thetheory of social leaning who satesthat learning is endeavoured though environmental observation.UnlikeB.F skinnerwho invented the theory of operant conditioning.Bandura considersthathumansarean active (information process) which is known astheheart of cognitive psychology wherean individual systematically processes information in the sameway as an analyticalengine processing knowledge numeroustimesthough the brainscerebellum Latin for the little brain.This part of the brainsarchitecture consistof information systemsthatreceive coordinatesfroman individual’sinteraction with an environment.The cerebellums centre endeavourson evolutionary infrastructure. AlbertBandura(1977) conductedthe Bobodoll experimentonthe behaviourof children.The Bobo experimentdepictedthe actof childrenmirroringviolent behaviourfrommediaentitiesdisplayingthe actionsof adultscarryingout physical violence onanimamate objectcalleda“Bobo doll”.The childrenactedupon physical symmetrytowardsthe “Bobodoll”.The children gratuitouslybeatthe Bobodoll senselessuntil theywere out of energy. The Bobodoll experiment- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqNaLerMNOE
- 12. 2.1 Bandura (1977) and Honey and Honey and Munford (1982) are bothlearning styles which hold the paradox of social anthropology which referstowardsan analysisof human behaviour.This benefitsan individualin societyor the workplaceto understand human behaviourismif thatindividualis the managerof a businessor corporation. This improvesan individual’sindustry of knowledgetowardsthehuman mind.Technics thatsummarizehuman anthropology andcultural conceptualisation.Thisimprovesthe theoretical rectification of human behaviourismin the workplace.For examplethe morphology of gratuitous conflict managementcan appear disturbing in theeyes of the by standing subordinate.Butthisis known astheanatomy of the individual’spersonality.E.g. egomania,narcissism,Histrionic personalitydisorder.TheTechniques of understanding commination skills and human emotionshelpsthe employeeidentify these personalities’ disordersforthe purposeof avoiding conflict in the workplace (Histrionicpersonalitydisorder) thisperson disorderidentifieshumanlustforvanityand seductive behaviourwhichcanadd towards antisocial behaviourisminthe workplace. Thissummarizesanindividual’sneedfor dramaticachievementandthe powerover people’semotions.Thiscanalsocreate conflictwiththe personalityof narcissismif the histrioniccongregateswiththe office narcissist.Thiscouldleadtogossipor the commoncoldshoulderif thatindividual displaysthe needforconflictorattention. Histrionicpersonality Gone withthe wind (1939) - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XDiMHz 4nZwQ
- 13. 2.1 Understanding Body language skills Body language skills can improve an individual’s social reading signals towards co- workers or social endeavours. This can unlock social infrastructure by understanding various message clusters which indicate an individual’s emotions and metal status. Body language is known as the most important trait of communication which consumes more than 50% of social communication. Politicians will use body’s language to domineer there political opponents. For the purpose of climbing the campaign ladder by using derogatory or disproving body language towards their political rival campaigner. In The worldof politicsbodylanguage displaysthe confidence of the candidate whichcouldmake or breakthe candidate’scampaign. The secrets of bodylanguage- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yCB3ebJjI1Q
- 14. 2.1 JeanPiaget(1896-1980) the stagesof Development JeanPiagetwasknownas a Phenomenoninthe physiological field.Piagethad not one qualificationwithin Physiological studies.Piaget inventedthe theoryof cognitive developmentepistemology knowledge andchildgrowth uponobservational tests.The seriesof conductedtests revealedmultifariousstagesof a child’sviewonsociety.There are fourstagesof development knownas sensorimotor/Preoperation/con Concrete operationl/Formal operational whichisdisplayed inthe diagram.Piagetis extremelyinfluential in developingprimaryeducation towardschildren.The cognitive theoryconductedthe evaluationof childprogression whichelucidatedachild’s adaptationthroughoutsocial learningwithinacademic evolution. The Sensorimotor 0-2 years Key Feature Object Permanence Research study Blanket and Ball study The Preoperational 2-7 years Key Feature Egocentrism Research study Three Mountains The Concrete Operational 7-11 years Key Feature Conservation Research study Conservationof Number The Formal Operational 11 years+ Key Feature Manipulate ideals in head e.g. Abstract Reasoning Research study Pendulum Task
- 15. 2.2 Regret Theory The Regret Theory summarisesan individualforeseeing Regret if thatindividualmakesthe wrong decision.The theory is designed forthe purposeof investigating thefearof regret in the art of financialinvesting or impulsebehaviour.Thefearof regret motivatesan individualtowardstaken a risk without thinking abouttheconsequences.Forexample(Keynesians economics) which displaystheimpulse of spending throughout the economy. An individualwhomspendsvariouswealthinto the economy will help boosttheaggregatedemand. Other peoplewho saveor invest their wealth into theeconomy will havean abundanceof wealth in there saving bounds. Individualswhomspend towardstheeconomy butarerecently hit by therecession will borrow money fromorganizations thatlend vastamountsof wealth towardscapitalistswho spend withoutregret.This is known asa fiscal policy which is used by thegovernmentto adjustitsspending levels and tax rates forthe purposeof monitoring and influencing the nation’seconomy.Notso smartCapitalistswill spend and borrow withoutregretas smartcapitalistswill workand save towardscontributing towardsinvestmentorganizations.This could create a monetary policy wherethe governmentcontrols the behaviourof spending by notso smartcapitalists. Capitalistswhomcreateinflation by their habitof consumerism. Can beaffected by the rise and fall of economic balancetowardssociety. Hyperinflation can influencethe non-regretof capitalistthefttowardstheworking-class capitalist thatsavesand investsmoney forthe dreamof a better life. Affluentcapitalistswill still go on spending without remorseof hyperinflation affecting theworking-class. Thiswill only benefit corporationsand Monopoly’stowardsAffluent society.This summarisesan individualsneed to consume towardscapitalismwithouttheregret of losing vastamounts of wealth. How doesunderstandingthe RegretTheory Helporganizations? To emphasize the regrettheorytowards organizationsyoumustanalyse the gripof conformityuponthe individualsmind.The individualthatworksforan enterprise will mainlyfocusuponthe dreamof one day beginsuccessful. Cynical organizationswill the regrettheoryto influencecustomersor employeestofundraise thereorganizationby usingthe methodof conformity.E.g.Dave investedhiswageswithinthe companyDave workedwithforTenyearsand received50 thousandsoBob theninvests60 Thousand out of the behaviourof conformity.If Dave or Bob losesthere investmentthe companystill wins.
- 16. 2.2 Cognitive Psychology B.F skinner- Operating conditioning and free will conducted on clade columbidaes displayed the actions of operant conditioning. This reinforces the on clade columbidaes towards obeying movement and instructions on demand. Operating conditioning can also be used upon Homo sapiens for example a human will never work towards anything without a goal in front of the individual’s transcendence. Economic or career path transcendence is only just two of the goals that human aspire to climb within their life time. All Binominal nomenclature entities aspire towards the goal of survival drawn towards food substance or shelters without these vital entities are metal state or are purpose of hierarchical endeavours will be the victim of extinction. Homo sapiens in the 20th century are known for the consumption of commercialism towards the state of western culture. E.g. materialism which is known for the birth of capitalism. Originations will prey upon pathological shopaholics for the purpose of the customer regurgitating their need for materialism. In fact people mirror B.F skinners pigeons by attending a ritual throughout their lives. The pigeons where kept in a small box but are well as Homo sapiens kept in a small world confined towards regurgitation. B.F skinnersoperatingconditioning- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yhvaSEJtOV8 How doesB.Fskinnerstheoryhelporganizations? We as Homosapiensrelease highlevelsof euphoria withinthe brainscerebral cortex whenwe are rewarded.Withinthe workenvironmentwe are aurally conditionedweeklyforexample everyHomosapiens withinthe workestablishmentisgivenatype of agendawhichhelpsusas Homosapiensgetthough work.For example havingacigarette breakat lunch time if the mangerallowsthe individual toattenda cigarette breakthenthe individual will be conditioned to workharder towardsthe nextcigarette break.
- 17. 2.2 Classic conditioning Pavlov’s Dogs Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov conducted an accidental experiment on dog which was later to be known as classic conditioning. Pavlov noticed that dogs salivated over food when Pavlov entered the room. Pavlov began to conduct an experiment on a germen shepherd. A tube was connected onto the dog’s neck which was implemented towards catching the dog’s saliva. Pavlov’s belied that the dog’s salvia was produced by a fixed nervous reflex. After hours of monitoring it was conformed that the dog dewed when the dog had contacted food. Pavlov named the reposed the salvation Felix. Pavlov’s experiment started to discombobulate after the dog salivated into the tube before the experiment was conducted. Pavlov then placed screens around the dog for the purpose of blocking his eye sight. Pavlov then introduced a stimulus towards the dog’s senses by the use of a ticking metronome. Food upon a dog dish was placed threw a hole between the screens. At first the dog dripped saliva inside the tube when the food appeared. But after a number of experiments the dog began to connect the sound of the metronome towards the indication that food would arrive within seconds. The sound of the metronome stared to make the dog produce salvia. Other metronomes where later on produced into the experiment and yet again the dogs stimulus began to salivate over the sounds of the metronomes. Producing 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine and euphoria within the dogs cerebral cortex processing information that the dog will receive food upon the sound of the metronome. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CpoLxEN54h o Pavlov’sDogsbenefitingorganizations The experimentconductedondogsbyPavlovcan relate towardsHomo sapiensbynotthe implantationof a metronome butthe desire towardsananimate objector the lustof friendshiporrelationshiptowardsan individual.Inmyopinionpeopleinthe workplace actuallyworkwithinthe mannerof potencyif that personfeelsaninfluence byananimate objector individualtantalizingthe personrepeatedlythiswill draw an individual torepeatedlyseekoutthere goal withinthe workplace. E.g.subjectone named(Andy) is inlove withsubjecttwonamed(scarlet) scarlethas histrionicpersonalitydisorderthatenjoystantalizing men.Andytry’sveryhard towardsgettingscarlet’s attentionbutsensesthatscarletenjoyscholate every time scarletentersthe roomAndylustsforher presents. Andyrunsover towardsscarletandgiveshercholate as scarletjustignoresthe dearboyand doesnot even thankAndyfor hiskindoffer.Andycontinuitiestogive scarletcholateseveryFridaybelievingthatscarletwill one day talkto Andy.
- 18. 2.2 Group Dynamics Belbin’s Team roles Belbin’s Team roles are defined by the identification of an individual’s strengths and weaknesses within an organization. This improves the work environments architecture by raising self- awareness and personal effectiveness. There are nine team roles depicted within the workplace which are an essential towards building a productive work environment. Plant Strengths Creative Imaginative Free-thinking Solves problems Weaknesses Ignores incidentals Too preoccupied to communicate effectively Resource Investigator I Strengths Outgoing Enthusiastic Communicative Explores opportunities Develops contacts Weaknesses Over-optimistic Losesinterest once intel enthusiasmhas passed Co-ordinator Strengths Mature Confident Identifiestalent Clarifiesgoals Delegateseffectively Weakness May seemmanipulative Offloadsownwork Shaper Dynamic Challenging Courage Prone to provocation Offends people’s feelings. Monitor Evaluator Sober Strategic Discerning Judges accurately Monitorsall options Weakness Lacks drive andabilityto inspire others. Can be overcritical Weakness
- 19. Team worker Co-operative Perceptive Diplomatic Good listener Avertsfriction Strengths Weaknesses Avoids confrontation Indecisivein crunch situations Implementer Strengths Practical Reliable Efficient Organized Weaknesses Inflexible Slowto respond to new possibilities Completer finisher Strengths Painstaking Conscientious Anxious Searchesout errors Weaknesses Inclinedto worryunduly Reluctantto delegate Specialist Strengths Single-minded Self-starting Dedicated Provides knowledge and skillsinrare supply’s Weaknesses Contributes only on a narrow front Dwellson technicalities
- 20. 2.2 The Tavistock institute The Tavistock institute of human relations supports the development of organisations under evaluated research into social science. The institute has offered the development of social science research towards a range of clients and partners internationally or within the United Kingdom. The institute are known for their actions which adapt towards significantchanges inside the work environment and the evolution towards new technology entering the work environment. The institute uses these settings inside of the work environment. Organisational issues Inter-organisational relations Leadership The emergence of the knowledge society Issues arising from cultural differences and diversity The delivery and implementation of public policy The institute’s systematic network caters towards sociocultural anthropology for the purpose of designing effective environmental work architecture towards the Homo sapien while ensuring that the development of the organization and the human is both benefited from the research conducted by The Tavistock institute. The Historyof the Tavistockinstitute The Tavistockinstitute wasformedin1947 for the purpose of the researchintoelementsof the wayHomo sapiensoperate togetherascollaborationinto organizational andsocial researchmonitoring. Based outside LondonEnglandthe Tavistockinstitute is also the nerve centre forpsychological warfare and propagandapurposes.The Tavistockinstitutewas knownto have close connectionswithSigmundFreud and Carl Jung in1938 there study’swhere namedmass psychology. How doesTavistockresearch helporganizations? The Tavistockinstitute endeavoursuponthe journeyof sociological researcharoundthe workenvironment.The institute createstheoreticalsummariesconductedon humanbehaviourism.Thisunlocksthe expansionof humaninteractiontowardsthe workenvironmentBy helpingorganizationstowardsthe understanding humanscience.
- 21. 2.2 Group Dynamics By Sigmund Freud The Behaviour theory of group Dynamics conducted by Sigmund Freud (1856- 1939) on group psychology and the Analysis of the ego. Chapter x of the theory summarises the group and the primal Horde. Freud mentions that (the conjecture of Charles Darwin to the effect that the primitive form of human society was that of a horde ruled over despotically by a powerful male). This unlocks the theory of the Alpha male in monkeys which mirrors Homo sapien traits. The Alpha male holds the psychological totalitarianism by controlling the group’s common direction and human emotions. This type of behaviourism summarises the knowledge of an organizations leadership style in this case the totalitarian manger or Boss whom controls the organizations infrastructure. By ruling under autocracy which is mostly used within political systems to endeavour dictatorship mechanisms within society. Organizations can use Sigmund Freud’s Analysis of the ego for the purpose of identifying a leadership style which can rule the masses without empathy or feeling towards the individuals the Manger or Boss is leading. Fact: Primatesrule underhierarchydominance which endeavoursarankingsystemof social grouping.The manifestationhierarchywithinthe primatekingdom identifiesalphamale leadershipbyengaginginto conflictwithotherprimates.If the primate winsthe battle of primitive conflict.The female primatewill target thatmalestestosterone levelsforthe purpose of procreation. Primate hierarchy- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z8_zVRC5AaI
- 22. 2.2 Group Dynamics Part 2 By Sigmund Freud and Gustave Le Bon Sigmund Freud’s theory of Group Dynamics can be also found within chapter II of Sigmund Freud’s book on Le Bon’s Description of the group mind. Gustave Le Bon a social psychologist, sociologist, anthropologist inventor, and abecedarian physicist. Elaborates an infrastructure of physiological group conformity. By summarising an individual’s characteristics within a chosen group when an individual joins a group the individuals mind will feel, think, and act if that individual where in the state of isolation. An individual with heterogeneous traits will conform to shear unity towards their chosen group. This will enforce conformity towards a person’s mind changing their actions or systematic ideology. Le Bon explains that an individual’s feeling or ideas do not in the slightest fact transform themselves into acts except in the case of individuals forming a group. Freud elaborates on Le Bon theory by taking it in liberty to summarise that Le Bon’s theory does not mention that an individual joining a conformed group are formed in unity then there must be some type of element which draws that individualto conform towards that chosen group. And that the bound between the individual and group must accurately define the individual and group characteristics. This theory Le Bon summarises connects towards co-worker conformity which mirrors mundane American high school movies. For example the Stanger arrives onto the school grounds in this theoretical summery. The individual actions identity’s with group leaders and this allows the individualto conform which group dynamics if that individual is accepted towards that sub-culture. Work relationships maintain organizational independence which develops friendship within the establishment creating an anatomy of loyal workers help one another throughout their time with their chosen work buddy’s or sub-culture. Fact: The movie Fightclubelaborateson groupconformitymultifarioustimes. Summarisingthe factorof white collarmales joininganundergroundfightclub/Terrorist groupagainst the ideologycapitalismin modernAmerica.
- 23. 2.2 Group tensions By Lawrence Frey and Kevin Barge Lawrence Frey and Kevin Barge theory of managing group life: communication in decision-making groups (1998). This explains a collection of group behaviour when team members are given a task towards accomplishing their goal. A group member struggling with a particular task will go through four stages of group life (entering, encountering, engaging and ending) an individual within a chosen group will be torn between dimensions of two ideas which are equally valid but also dispute with each other creating group tension. A hypothetical example can relate towards an individual entering a room the individual is assigned towards a group of five. The group is given a task towards building a rocket ship for their science class. To make the rocket ship fly they are given two elements bio alcohol CnH2n+OH and Biodiesel. The team members verbally fight over who takes charge of the Task Bob has a PHD in Biofuel and Harry has a Diploma in engineering. This summarises the theory two rival elements clash no matter what their options are. The theory of group tensions can help organizations understand the knowledge behind group debates. Every individual will quarrel about any decision if there are two sides towards the assigned task.
- 24. 2.2 The Theory of Conformity Richard crutchfield (1955) Crutchfiled conducted a team of 5 participants side by side within individual booths with a panel of lights and switches in front of their person. An individual set of lights was set to be illuminated for the purpose of indicating the responses of 4 participants. Another set of switches provided the provided the test subjects with the means of giving their own responses. The test subjects were also giving multiple choice questions quoted by Crutchfiled “The slides call for various kinds of judgements-lengths of lines areas of figures, logical completion of number series, vocabulary items, estimates of the opinions of others, expressions of his own attitudes on issues, expressions of his own preferences for line drawings……” The test subject where assigned to always give their response last, having already seen the supposed responses of the other 4. The lights where actually manipulated by the experimenter to create a bogus majorly of responses. Over 600 subjects from different backgrounds participated in the test Including student’s women and army officers for 3 days. The results 46% conforming towards the incorrect majority response when asked to compare the size of a circle and a star –the circle was much larger 37% of the army officers agree with a bogus majority statement that they would not make a good leader- having all said privately beforehand that they believed that they would make good leaders 58% of the student test subjects agreed with bogus majorly statement The results mirrored the Asch experiment as 30% conformed towards bogus answers 17% of test subjects at rumbled the experiment and knew what was going on. Crutchfield did not comment on how this would affect the test Conformityinorganizations Withinorganizationsthe knowledge of conformityisanendeavourtowardsorderand employeetranscendence.Forexample conformitysummarisesthe segregationof groupmentalityonenterpriselevelswhichlock- downany interference fromoutside entities. Conformityidentity’sloyal employeesfrom rebellioussubordinateswhomare considered communiststowardsthe levelsof transcendence andfundamental orders summonedbythe mangeror boss.
- 25. Low class 2.2 In groups and out groups In the field of social anthropology in groups and out groups reveal the characteristics of social identity. Tajfel (1979) Proposed that groups e.g. (social, class, family, football teams etc.) which people belonged to where an important source of pride and self-esteem. A group gives us a sense of social identity: a sense of belonging to the social world. This unlock the social identity Theory outline categorizing sub-cultures within their social environment a social group membership gives an individual a feeling of belonging which can improve a person’s self-esteem and social endeavour. In (1979) a movie called the warriors summarised fictional gangs based upon the real gangs of New York’s underworld. The film identified gang warfare over territories around New York against in and out groups. The Warriors- https://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=1ycpmrEl-9E An example of in and out groups High class Punks Yobs Christians Jews Males Females Labour Conservatives Protestants Catholics How doesunderstandingthe Theoryof social identityhelp organizations? The Theoryhelpsamplifythe stature of social identity withinthe workenvironment. There are varioussub- cultureswithinsocietysome getalongsome don’t.How doesithelpthe workenvironment?Byidentifyingwhat groupthe individual belongstohelpthatindividualwork withinaproductive mannerif thatindividual ispaired withtheirownsub-culture.
- 26. 2.2 Group performance Group performance is defined by social psychology summarised by Baron, Byrne, and suls (1989). By quoting that “the scientific field that seeks to understand the nature and causes of individual behaviour in social situations”. Social psychology deals with the behaviourism of the individual in the presence of others. Group dynamics and group performance creates an industry of social influence. Theoretically an individual is controlled by minority influence. Moscovici (1976, 1980) summarised the Asch experiment and stated that in many forms of conformity studies there was a minority group who were conforming towards the majority. He claims that Asch had placed an abundance of emphasis towards the theory of the group’s majority having magnitude of influence on the minority. He stated that it could be possible for an individual to influence group option. This unlocks the history of political movements. For example Vladimir Lenin founder of the Russian communist party. During the Bolshevik Revolution Lenin was a minority of communists against the Bolshevik ruling class. Lenin quoted “the worse things are the better things are” at the time of famine and shear poverty hit his local village. People under the Bolshevik government began to discontent from the Bolshevik government towards Lenin’s views which helped the working class of Russia. Many Russians conformed towards his views as an individual. How does the knowledgegroup performance benefitorganizations? An individual’sview orideologyamplifies groupoptionand groupdecisionmaking.For example if anindividual isthe leaderof a conformedgroupthenthe possibilityof groupdecisionswill be delegatedbythe individualnotthe manger Thisdoescreate conflictwiththe manger.But on the other handit benefitsthe managerforthe purpose of the individualsleadershipbeginincharge of the groupsdivisiongivingthe mangerless workto handle.
- 27. 2.2 Group dynamics within the The Police Example 1 The police are known for their hostile encounters with members of the public. Group dynamics with the police helps the police understand the system of behaviours within social anthropology. For example understanding body language of a group’s behaviour ciphers an abundance of knowledge within a socialgroup. For example a post-riot if a group of delinquents gathers outside a city centre and within men’s rea the group show the dynamics of criminal behaviour then the police will identify the morphology of criminal behaviour though the dimension of visual group dynamics. Fact: people imitate ananatomyof evolutionformatting the structure of humanphysics.Peopleare like of Protons,Electrons,andNeutronsconductingvarious emotionsthroughoutsociety. Whenanideologyorview synopsizesgroupopinionitreleasescapaciousnessrange amongthe crowdcreatingan angry mob. The depictionof anangry mob- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qLvGnro4Cgw
- 28. 2.2 Group Dynamics within the police Example 2 Group Dynamics within the police understands the automation of behavioural economics. For example within the police force a group of officers are better than one officerif the officeris outnumbered by a group of undesirable individuals. Group dynamics productively influences communication and social economics. Group dynamics upholds industrial dimensions towards the architecture of Team management. While using a network of sociology that can influence a peace of mind towards the officer it that officerfeels in danger when engaging a dangerous situation.
- 29. 2.3 M2 Part 1 Sherif etal.(1988) (Muzafersherif) wasaTurkish- Americansocial psychologist.He conductedan experimentcalled RobbersCave whichinvolveda groupof boysat summercamp who had nevermetbefore.The Boys were separatedintotwoteamsand where askedtoengage in completive taskswithconflicting goals.The dilemmawiththe tasks where thatthe goal couldonlybe achievedonlyatthe otherteam’s expense the tasksincludedsports and tournaments. Intergroup deliberationescalatedquickly leadingtowardsverbal conflict. This theorycan relate towardsvarious organizationse.g.the publicservice. Whichcouldinvolve membersof an operationfightingoverformatteda task.This can leadtowardsa mutiny againstauthoritarianleaders Resultinginintergroupconflict. By theoreticallyidentifyinggroup conflictwhichSherif summarized the problembehindthe taskisnot the task itself butthe group’s optionsinfrontof the task.Every groupgivenan assignmentmustbe givena delegatedrole toensure that everyone hasademocraticsay on the matterof the task givenat hand.Ensuringthat a mutinydoes not expandthroughoutthe group. Fact: Mutinyon the bountydepictsthe configurationof the war of the upperandlowerclassesasa shipistakenoverby a Mutiny takenoverthe captain’sship. Mutinyon the Bounty- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w3vtKU9bi10
- 30. 2.3 M2 Part 2 The John Dunphy Theoretical approach towards Conflict Management The Sociologicalspectrum (2014) We as Homo sapiens within the 20th century live inside a sociological spectrum that defines are emotional automation within the contraception of how we perceive others though are Medulla Oblongata morphology. The brains cerebral cortex processes are emotional status mirroring a roulette table’s ping pong ball landing on a random number. Within clusters of society we share conflict with random personalities within the public infrastructures sociologicalspectrum. The public service e.g. the police delegates order throughout civilization. In my option by examining the criminal mind we could tap into their traits. Criminal architecture is built upon high levels of testosterone directed at the police because they represent a system that failed there sociologicalneeds. We can use new techniques of conflict management over archaic techniques by allowing these groups to vent their anger towards an enclosed society if debauched behaviour is displayed by the individual. Now we could regurgitate the prison system locking the individual within an aggressive domain or we could educated that individualwithin a program depicting that person’s view on society displaying their behaviour on screen showing the individuals rage upon society. Any Homo sapien will feel embarrassed of their public outrage recorded in front of their very eyes. We need to push the education of verbal abuse upon organizations or the public service cultivating citizens and staff members that uncivilized behaviour will not be tolerated within society and that an individual can be fined or placed within an education system to develop there negative behaviour into positive behaviour which will monitor there psychodynamic emotions though step by step anger management or social economic behavioural classes which will shape their aggressive emotions into positive emotions. Fact: we live withinhighwaysof hypersonic conflict.Forexample we couldclashwe the mechanicsof aggressive social science upon the streetif an individualtakesan uncivilizedlikentowardsare ideologyor presentswhichunravelsbullyorprimitive behaviourismtowardsnew characteristics. Conflictbattlesare quite nimble atfirste.g. road rage or bumpingintoaperson anciently.Butitcouldexpandintothe rage dynamicsleadingintophysical orverbal conflictbetweentwoindividualscrossing overtowardscriminal behaviourism. Fact: there are numerouscharacteristics withinsocietysspectrum.Fromthe viewof social anthropologyconflictmanagementis displayedall aroundus.Forexample acourt hearingdisplaystwowarringfactionsovera dispute.Butwithinthe courtholdsthe key towardssupressingthe agreementthe autocratic Judge whomhascontrol overthe environmentsanatomy.Thisasksthe questioncouldalevel of powerstopthe configurationof anargumentfromarising?
- 31. 2.3 M2 Part 3 Rahim and Bonoma (1979) Rahim and Bonoma constructed a theory of the styles of handling interpersonal conflict on two basic dimensions which contested of the concern for self and the concern for others. The first dimension explains the degree of (High or Low) to which an individual attempts to mollify his or her concern. The second dimension explains the degree of (high or low) to which an individual wants to satisfy the concern of others. Both dimensions portray motivational direction which of a given individual towards a conflict. The dimensions summarise individualistic human behaviourism within contrast towards the workplace. The dichotomy of the dimensions synopsizes human narcissism vs empathy which can create abundance within the work environment. Ruble and Thomas (1976) and Van de Vliert and Kabnoff (1990) have supported the idea of two dimensions conflicting. The combination of these two dimensions summarises five multifarious styles of handling interpersonal conflict. Integratingstyle Thisstyle indicateshighconcernforself and other.Thisstyle isalsoknownforits problem solvingskills.Thisalsoinvolvescollaboration betweentwopartiese.g.opennessexchange of informationandexaminationof differences to reach a goal acceptable towardsboth Parties. Obligingstyle Thisstyle summarisesLow concernforself and highconcernfor others.Thisisalsoas accommodatingpeople’sneeds. Thisstyle is highlyknownforemphasizingthere formation for the purpose of satisfyingthe otherparty. Dominatingstyle Thisstyle summarisesthe systemof narcissism dominatinglow level subordinatesthoughan autocratic style.The narcissistwill use awin- lose formationtowardsconflictmanagement by usinga structure of powertowardsthe warringparty.The style isextremelyDogmatic towardsthe subordinate imposingan accumulationof noconcern foran individual’s feelings. Avoidingstyle Thisstyle forthe individual’sself-esteemand otherswhichisknownas self-suppression. An individualwiththisstylewillavoidconflictatall costs.Which will summarizeback-steppingor postponinganissue withthe rival partyfora numberof days until the partycontact again. Compromisingstyle Thisstyle indicatesintermediateinconcernfor the individualsself-gainandothers.Itinvolves the leadershipstyleof agive-and-take nature towardsmanagementconflict.Thismayalso accumulate tradingconcessionorseekinga quickmiddle grouppositionbetweenthe two parties.
- 32. 2.3 M2 Part 2 Rahim and Bonoma (1979) Rahim and Bonoma theory summarises organizational conflict by monitoring the architecture of the individual’s emotions. Within the public services e.g. the police will conflict within immense status of confrontational situations. Group conflict can arise within any moment within the environment of verbal or physical violence. For example the chief of police will have to identify these five styles of human anthropology for the purpose of foreseeing social conflict within the team of police officers. The theory upholds vital keys towards cultural phenomena which can endeavour a chain of ethnics towards battling conflict management within the work environment
- 33. 2.3 D1 How does The Sociologicalspectrum (2014) help individuals and organisation in conflict Management work? The individual that displays narcissistic trait hypothetically” try’s to rule the roost”. The work place is built on highways of sociologicaldifferences traveling around imitating protons, electrons and neutrons. We are built upon the status of human science within the rebounds of society’s changing evolutionary structure. But a summary of negative emotions can stop are evolutionary growth leading towards sociologicalbreak down if the world was a negative the positive will be the victims of extinction. Now if I was to elaborate upon my created theory I believe that most individuals that are born a negative will only responded towards a negative within controversial terminology “power is only fought towards power if that individuallacks emotion towards hurting an individual’s emotions”. To stop conflict management within the area of an autocrat you will have to summarise your status by playing the autocrat at their own game without using conflict. The autocrat will normally be a narcissist. Vindictive narcissists are just one vehicle upon the highway of the Sociologicalspectrum. You must first catch the narcissist of guard. This is discovered within the debate of where David Frost catches Richard Nixon on a lie. If you catch the narcissist out upon their own logic they feel demeaned and frightened within their contested of intellectual wit but all narcissist have a boiling point so be careful of you engagement with the narcissist. Psych analyzation of the narcissism within the negative side of the Sociological spectrum helps organizations e.g. The Public services or corporations to identify human emotions or Reading lies and bulling type behaviourism. This will help an individualat the work environment to fight negative narcissism with positive emotion with the incorporation of positive wit and a strong poker face. The police will accumulate a greater knowledge towards conflict management if the anatomy of human science is educated toward members of the police department. This will educate the gift of summarising the world as protons, electrons and neutrons for the laymen positive and negative entity’s within the world’s stratosphere. How to stopthe Narcissist: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VtkRM0LS wx8 Fact: Narcissismiscreatedthoughthe childhoodof the affluentorthe sociably neglected. Thiscreatesthe vehicle of the negative uponthe highwayof the sociological spectrumcreatinga controversial monopoly betweenopposedclasses.Narcissismisinfact a trait of a serial killerthe traitwasfoundin(Ted Bundy) an Americanserial killer.
- 34. 2.3 D1. How does Rahim and Bonoma (1979) theory help individuals and organisation in conflict Management work? Rahim and Bonoma theory (1979) elaborates upon two dimensions of emotions the first elaborating on the empathy towards concerning towards others and the second dimension summarising the lack of empathy towards concerning towards human emotions. Both unlock five elements of human leadership skills clashing a formation of human social anthropology. How does it deal with organisational conflict management within the work environment? The theory summarises the dogmatic totalitarians from the democratic or non-confrontational personalities. The theory helps enterprises or the public service endeavour the anatomy of human economics. By categorizing individuals by their personality’s configuration such as Belbin’s Team roles. It constructs systematic order by gathering Intel on emotional actions. While unlocking hypersonic automation towards categorizing people into groups that fit their personality avoiding conflict with other cultures or rival personality’s.
- 35. 2.3 D1 How does The Robbers Cave experiment help individuals and organisation in conflict Management work? The Robbers cave experiment known as the Realistic conflict Theory elaborates upon stereotypical completion between Homo sapiens and fighting for survival within the era of prehistoric birth. Today within the 20th century we live within the survival of ego. This normally leads towards conflict within large organisation to the public services. The experiment displayed two warring factions over task dynamics within the common sear antics of young men. Now this is all in good humour to see people fighting even within their adult hood without the affable approach towards the situation. We can learn an abundance of techniques from robbers cave towards individuals within enterprises or the public service by presenting a leader towards the group’s morphology assigning roles towards the Groups team members ensuring that every group member has their appointed view summarised by the leader before it is placed into action. Summarising the inventory of Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory we are not that different to animalistic behaviourism. “If I was to be so crude” I would compare the transcendence of human culture to wolfs fighting for survival over food resources. Summarising the quote “survival of the fittest”.
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