Tectonc framework of india
- 1. TECTONIC FRAMEWORK OF INDIA Guided by Presented by Dr.VishnuGadgil Ruchita Singh Class-M.Sc. (I Sem.) Govt.Holkar Science College Indore(M.P.) 1
- 2. CONTENTS Introduction Tectonic division of India 1. Peninsular India a. Indian Shield b. Proterozoic Sedimentary Basin c. Upper Palaeozoic And Mesozoic Successions d. Cenozoic Cover 2. Extra Peninsular India a. Foredeep Folded Belts b. Lessar Himalayan Zone c. Central Crystalline andTethyan Himalayan Zones 3. Indo- Gangetic Plain 4. Seismic zones of India References 2
- 3. INTRODUCTION The Indian subcontinent is a conspicous physical entity in a map of Asian continent.In the north it is bordered by the Himalayan mountains and it is surround by Arabian sea in the west,Indian ocean in the south and Bay of Bengal in the east. 3
- 5. TECTONIC DIVISIONS OF INDIA The three broadest tectonic division of India is 1. Peninsular India 2. Extra Peninsular India 3. Indo Gangetic Plain Fig.2 Source:www.resarchgate.net 5
- 6. The three tectonic divisions are further subdivided into tectonic units of smaller order.Each of these tectonic units is characterized by its own set of geological features. Fig.3 Source:www.researchgate.net 6
- 7. PENINSULAR INDIA Peninsular India comprises the Indian shield and its proterozoic and phanerozoic covers. It is characterized by extreamly varied physiography. It comprise a complex association of plateau mountain with widely distributed drainage, peneplained ancient folded mountains, massifs, elongate graben like valleys and coastal plains. 7
- 8. INDIAN SHIELD The Indian Shield comprising the Precambrian Basement is predominantly made up of the granitic gneisses and migmatites (PeninsularGneiss).The Peninsular Gneiss is also known as Fundamental Gneiss i.e., basement for all the succeeding rock formations. It consists of five major Archaen Cratons 1. DharwarCraton 2. Bastar Craton 3. Singhbhum Craton 4. Bundelkhand Craton 5. Aravalli Craton 8
- 9. DHARWAR CRATON BASTAR CRATON The Dharwar craton is one of the best- studied terrains of Peninsular India, and is renowned for its greenstone/schist belts, grey gneisses, charnockites and younger granites.The craton is divided into western and eastern Dharwar. Bastar craton covers an area of 1,30,000 sq.km and is bounded by the Godavari graben in the south, Mahanadi graben in the north-east, Central IndianTectonic Zone forming part of the Satpura mobile belt in the east and DeccanTrap cover in the west. 9
- 12. SINGHBHUM CRATON BUNDELKHAND CRATON Singhbhum craton covers a triangular area of 50,000 sq.km and consist of a core Singhbhum granite, rimmed by supracrustals of varied character an age. Bundelkhand craton named for the fifteenth century Kingdom of Bundelkhand is a triangular region having semi-circular sides, and covers an area of 26,000 sq.km. Bundelkhand craton is separated from the Satpura mobile belt in the south and the Aravalli craton in the west by the ProterozoicVindhyan Basin. 12
- 15. ARAVALLI CRATON Aravalli craton is separated from Bundelkhand craton by the great Vindhya basin and Hindoli Group that are bounded by faults.Aravalli cratons covers and area of over one lakh sq.km. encompassing the entire State of Rajasthan, parts of Gujrat and Madhya Pradesh and fringes of Delhi and Haryana. 15 Fig.8
- 16. MOBILE BELTS Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt(EGMB) EGMB is a NE trending belt about 1000 km. long and 300 km. wide at the maximum and tapers from north to south. It cuts across the trendlines of Dharwar, Bastar and Singhbhum cratons, with a transitional metamorphic boundary in the west. 16
- 17. 17 Fig.9
- 18. Pandyan Mobile Belts(PMB) PMB refers to the granulite terrain situated to the south of Palghat – Cauvery shear zone it is also known as the Southern GranuliteTerrain.The PMB is divided form north to south into Marginal Zone, Madurai Block andTrivandrum Block, separated by major zones. 18
- 19. SATPURA MOBILE BELTS(SMB) Satpura mobile belt is a very long E-W trending orogenic belt that cuts across the northern part of Peninsular India.The mobile belt divides the Indian Shield into northern Bundelkhand protocontinent and the southern Deccan protocontinent. 19
- 20. 20 Fig.10 Satpura Mobile Belt
- 21. PROTEROZOIC SEDIMENTARY BASIN Proterozoic Sedimentary Basins are flat lying ,unmetamorphosed and peripherally deformed cratonic basin.They cover an area of about 150000 sq.km and occupy nearly 20% of the Indian Shield.The major sedimentary basins are i)The greatVindhya Basin encircling the Bundelkhand craton,ii)Chhattisgarh,Khariar and Bastar basins on Bastar craton iii) Pranhita -Godavari basin between Dharwar and Bastar cratons,and iv) Cuddapah , Kaladgi and Bhima basins on Dharwar craton. 21
- 22. VINDHYAN BASIN The largest single ‘ Purana ' basin is the sickle-shaped NE trending Vindhyan basin.It wraps around Bundelkhand granite and has faulted contacts with the adjacent cratons.The major structure of the basin is a synclinorium with axis curving along the centre of the sickle-shape. 22 Fig.11
- 23. CHHATTISGARH BASIN Chhattisgarh basin is the largest ‘ Purana ' basin of Bastar craton and is linked to the other basins of Khariar,Ampani,Indravati and Sabari through many outliers.It is delimited by Kotri-Dongargarh belt in the west, Satapura mobile belt and Mahanadi graben in the north,and EasternGhats mobile belts in the east. 23
- 24. KHARIAR BASIN The Khariar (Noagarh) basin to the south of Chhattisgarh basin consists of two sequences of lower sandstone-limestone and upper sandstone- shale separated by a disconformity.The succession is called the Pairi Group. INDRAVATI AND SABARI BASIN(BASTAR BASINS) The Indravati basin consists of 350-550m thick sequence of sandstone-shale- limestone-dolomite-shale.IndravatiGroup overlies basement granites and gneisses on all sides and the Kondagaon granulite belt in the north. 24
- 25. PRANHITA-GODAVARI(P-G) BASIN The P-G basin occurs in two parallel NW-SE trading basins viz.,the western Pakhal(or Mallampalli) basin on Darwar craton and eastern Albaka basin on Bastar craton,with the intervening Gondwana basin of the Godavari graben. CUDDAPAH BASIN Cuddapah basin is a crescent shaped,easterly concave,N-S trending basin in Dharwar craton,covering an area of 44000 sq.km.It is the second largest basin after the greatVindhyan basin. 25
- 26. 26 Fig.13 Pranhita - Godavari Basin
- 28. KALADGI BASIN Kaladgi Basin is an E-W trending irregular basin having 8300 sq.km area,and is underlain by gneisses,granites of Dharwar craton in the south and east,and overlain by DeccanTrap in the north. BHIMA BASIN Bhima basin is a NE trending sinuous basin that uncomfortably overlies the granites of Eastern Darwar Craton in the south and underlies DeccanTrap in the north.It has vast resources of limestone and the newly discovered uranium deposit ai Gogi. 28
- 29. 29 Fig .15 Kaladgi Basin Fig.16 Bhima Basin
- 30. UPPER PALAEOZOIC AND MESOZOIC SUCCESSIONS Thick successions of the Upper Palaeozoic and Mesozoic rocks deposited in three great graben type basins: Narmada-Son- Damodar, Mahanadi and Godavari Grabens.Sedimentary rocks of these grabens are grouped into Gondwana Sequence known for its rich coal deposits.In Narmada- Son- Damodar and MahanadiGrabens,the Gondwana rocks rest directly over the Precambrian Basement.However,in Godavari Graben,an intervening Upper Proterozoic rock succession has also been preserved. 30
- 31. 31 Fig.17 Narmada-Son-Damodar, Mahanadi and Godavari graben
- 32. CENOZOIC COVER The greater part of north-western and south-eastern Peninsula was under marine transgressive basins during Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras.A great thickness of marine rocks were deposited in these continental shelves.The Rajasthan Shelf is characterized by a succession of rocks beginning with a Proterozoic Basement overlain by marine rocks of Palaeozoic, Mesozoic, Palaeogene and Neogene ages.The Saurashtra- Kutch Shelf comprises Aravalli-Delhi Basement, Mesozoic marine rocks,DeccanTraps and marine Paleogene and Neogene successions. The southeastern coastal region is demarcated into three shelves ,i.e., Thanjavur Shelf, Godavari Shelf and Cuttack Shelf. 32
- 33. EXTRA-PENINSULAR INDIA The Extra-Peninsular India is composed of Himalayan mountain ranges in the north and the Arakan-Yoma ranges in the east.The ranges are made up of theTertiary mountains in belts and the frontal foredeep folded belts.The Himalayan is subdivided into the three longitudinal tectonic geomorphic zones,viz.,the Lesser HimalayanZone,the Central Crystalline Zone of the Higher Himalaya and theTethyan Himalayan Zone. 33
- 35. FOREDEEP FOLDED BELTS The foredeep folded belt known as the the Siwalik Range(Outer Himalaya)has a maximum width of about 50km in its western extremity in the neighborhood of Jammu.The belt merges westwardly into the Patwar plateau of Pakistan. Foredeep folded belt in the west of the Arakan-Yoma ranges comprises the low lying hills of Mizoram,Tripura and Manipur.The Siwalik foredeep folded belt and the foredeep in the west of Arakan-Yoma ranges are both made up of Neogene sediments. 35
- 36. LESSER HIMALAYAN ZONE Average altitude of the Lesser HimalayanZone ranges between 2000m. and 3000m.The physiography of this zone is characterized by three main branches of mountain ranges obliquely emerging westwards from the Great Himalayan ranges.The Lesser Himalayan ranges are known as: i) Nag-Tibba range,ii) Dhauladhar range and iii) Pir-Panjal range. 36
- 37. CENTRAL CRYSTALLINE AND TETHYAN HIMALAYAN ZONES The two tectonic zones have been grouped into a single physiographic unit referred to as Higher(or Great) Himalaya with average altitude of more than 6,000m.A greater part of this region is snowbound throughout the year.Central CrystallineZone comprises Precambrian basement intermixed with granitic plutons ofTertiary age.TheTethyan Himalayan Zone is composed of a fairly continuous marine succession of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic ages resting unconformably over the Precambrian basement of the Central Crystalline Zone. 37
- 38. INDO-GANGETIC PLAIN The Indo-Gangetic Plain extends from the mouth of Indus river draining into the Arabian Sea in the west through the northern plains of India to the great deltic Sunderban where the Ganga and Brahmaputra river systems together drain into the Bay of Bengal.It is a deep crustal trough filled with Quaternary sediments. The Indo-Gangetic Plain is divided into four shelf areas separated from one another by three transverse 'highs'(burried hills).The 'highs' are known,from west to east, as Delhi-Haridwar Ridge , Faizabad Ridge and Monghyr-Saharsa Ridge. 38
- 40. SEISMIC ZONES OF INDIA India is divided into four seismic zones 1.Zone 5 It covers the highest risks zone. It is referred to as theVery High Damage Risk Zone. 2.Zone 4 This zone is called the High Damage Risk Zone. 3.Zone 3 This zone is classified as Moderate Damage Risk Zone. 4.Zone 2 This zone is classified as Low Damage Risk Zone. 40
- 41. 41 Fig.20 Seismic Map of India
- 42. REFERENCES • Kumar Ravindra, Fundamental of Historical Geology and Stratigraphy of India(First Edition), NewAge International Publishers, 46-56. • Ramakrishna.M andVaidyanadhan R., Geology of India(Volume 1) ,Geological Society Of India, 1-261 • https://en.m.wikipedia.org › wiki (accessed on 27-09-2019) 42
- 43. THANK YOU 43