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6. What installation media source is the most common source for Linux packages?
(A) DVD
(B) NFS
(C) hard disk
(D) CD-ROM
Answer : (A)
7. What is the minimum number of user accounts that must be created at install time?
(A) one
(B) two
(C) three
(D) four
Answer : (B)
8. A hard drive or SSD can be divided into partitions. What is the maximum number of primary
partitions that can be used on these devices?
(A) 4
(B) 8
(C) 16
(D) 32
Answer : (A)
9. What is the recommended size for the /home directory?
(A) 100 MB
(B) 200 MB
(C) 500 MB
(D) 1000 MB
Answer : (B)
10. Under the root directory in Linux, which directory contains system commands and utilities?

(A) /opt
(B) /var
(C) /boot
(D) /usr
Answer : (D)
11. After logging into a terminal, a user will receive an interface known as which option below?
(A) processor
(B) user interface
(C) swap memory
(D) shell
Answer : (D)
12. When using command-line terminal, specific letters that start with a dash ("-") and appear after
command names are considered to be:
(A) Arguments
(B) Options
(C) Keywords
(D) Metacharacters
Answer : (B)
13. Which Linux command can be utilized to display your current login name?
(A) who
(B) whoami
(C) id
(D) w
Answer : (B)
14. After a shell is no longer needed, what command can be given to exit the shell?
(A) exit

(B) stop
(C) reset
(D) quit
Answer : (A)
15. A calendar for the current month can be shown on the command line by issuing which
command?
(A) date
(B) cal
(C) w
(D) id
Answer : (B)
16. What metacharacter indicates background command execution?
(A) @
(B) ^
(C) &
(D) !
Answer : (C)
17. What metacharacter can be used to issue two commands to be run in consecutive order, without
piping or redirecting output?
(A)
(B) &
(C) ;
(D) |
Answer : (C)
18. The apropos list command produces the same results as which command below?
(A) man -j list
(B) man -k list

(C) man -l list
(D) man -m list
Answer : (B)
19. In Fedora 20, what terminal is used for graphical login?
(A) tty0
(B) tty1
(C) tty2
(D) tty4
Answer : (B)
20. What directory under / contains the log files and spools for a Linux system?
(A) /boot
(B) /usr
(C) /opt
(D) /var
Answer : (D)
21. Select the utility below that when run will start and perform a thorough check of RAM for
hardware errors:
(A) memcheck68
(B) memtest86
(C) fixram
(D) fsck
Answer : (B)
22. Some Linux distributions have the ability to boot an image from install media and run entirely
from RAM. What is the name for this kind of image?
(A) open media image
(B) live media image
(C) runtime media image

(D) forensic media image
Answer : (B)
23. Prior to performing an installation of Linux, the hardware components of the target system
should be checked against what known compatible list below?
(A) Software / Hardware List (SHL)
(B) Known Working Devices (KWD)
(C) Hardware Compatibility List (HCL)
(D) Compatible Hardware List (CHL)
Answer : (C)
24. What term describes the physical hardware and the underlying operating system upon which a
virtual machine runs?
(A) virtual gateway
(B) virtual leader
(C) virtual host
(D) virtual center
Answer : (C)
25. The Linux kernel exists as a file named:
(A) vmlinuz
(B) vmlinux
(C) kernel.0
(D) krn.linux
Answer : (A)
SHORTANSWER
26. A(n) specifies the parameters that tailor a command to the particular
needs of the user.Answer : argument
27. To print the current date and time, type the command .Answer : date

28. In Linux, the command displays currently logged-in users.Answer :
who
29. The process of requires that each user must log in with a valid user name and
password before gaining access to a user interface.Answer : authentication
30. Older systems often use hard disks that physically connect to the computer in
one of four different configurations.Answer : Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment (PATA)
ESSAY
31. Describe virtual memory, and explain how it is used.
Graders Info :
Virtual memory consists of an area on the hard disk that, when the physical memory (RAM) is being
used excessively, can be used to store information that would normally reside in the physical
memory.When programs are executed that require a great deal of resources on the computer,
information is continuously swapped from the physical memory to the virtual memory on the hard
disk, and vice versa.
32. Explain what a journaling file system is, and detail the benefits of using such a filesystem.
Graders Info :
A journaling filesystem keeps track of the information written to the hard disk in a journal. If you
copy a file on the hard disk from one directory to another, that file must pass into physical memory
and then be written to the new location on the hard disk. If the power to the computer is turned off
during this process, information might not be transmitted as expected and data might be lost or
corrupted. With a journaling filesystem, each step required to copy the file to the new location is
first written to a journal; this means the system can retrace the steps the system took prior to a
power outage and complete the file copy.
33. Describe what a terminal is, and detail why it is necessary.
Graders Info :
A terminal is the channel that allows a certain user to log in to a Linux kernel, and there can be
many terminals in Linux that allow you to log in to the computer locally or across a network. After a
user logs in to a terminal, she receives a user interface called a shell, which then accepts input from
the user and passes this input to the kernel for processing. Since Linux is a multiuser and
multitasking operating system, thousands of terminals can be used. Each terminal can represent a
separate logged-in user that has its own shell.
34. Explain what a metacharacter is, and detail the significance of the $ metacharacter.

Graders Info :
A metacharacter is a keyboard characters that has a special meaning. One of the most commonly
used metacharacters is the $ character, which tells the shell that the following text refers to a
variable. A variable is simply a piece of information that is stored in memory; variable names are
typically uppercase words and most variables are set by the Linux system automatically when you
log in.
35. Explain what the man pages and info pages are, and describe the differences between the two.
Graders Info :
The most common form of documentation for Linux commands is manual pages (commonly referred
to as man pages). Simply type the man command followed by a command name, and extensive
information about that Linux command is displayed page-by-page on the terminal screen. This
information includes a description of the command and its syntax as well as available options,
related files, and commands.
Another utility, originally intended to replace the man command in Linux, is the GNU info pages. You
can access this utility by typing the info command followed by the name of the command in
question. The info command returns an easy-to-read description of each command and also contains
links to other information pages (called hyperlinks). Today however, both the info pages and the
manual pages are used to find documentation because manual pages have been utilized in Linux
since its conception and for over two decades in the UNIX operating system.
MATCH
36. Match each correct item with the statement below.
MULTICHOICE
37. Which filesystems below perform journaling?
(A) VFAT
(B) REISER
(C) ext2
(D) ext4
Answer :
38. What two disk systems allow for the use of more than four hard drives or SSDs in a single
system?

(A) SATA
(B) SCSI
(C) PATA
(D) SAN
Answer :
39. What two commands below will halt a Linux system immediately?
(A) shutdown -H now
(B) shutdown -r now
(C) halt
(D) poweroff
Answer :
40. Which two filesystems below do not perform journaling?
(A) ext2
(B) VFAT
(C) ext3
(D) REISER
Answer :
41. In order to switch between terminals in Linux, a user can press what two keys in combination
with the F1-F6 keys?
(A) Shift
(B) Ctrl
(C) Alt
(D) Tab
Answer :

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The taming of wild horses is no light task. It is one that needs the
greatest skill and daring. The lasso, a long, strong rope with a noose
at its end, is the weapon of the tamer, with which he can bring down
the strongest and wildest animal. Chasing the wild horse on a tamed
one, trained in the art, the skilled rider, when near enough, will fling
his lasso with wonderful skill and rarely fails to catch the fleeing
animal in its strong noose. The horse he rides knows well its duty,
which is to pull back on the rope and check the flight of the
frightened creature.
To bring the wild captive to the ground is only half the labor. It
must be saddled and bridled and ridden until it is worn-out and its
wild spirit gives way. It will plunge and rear, whirl round and kick in
all directions, even roll over and over, in a mad effort to throw the
rider from its back. Only when completely subdued will it yield, but
once tamed it may become a very faithful friend and servant to its
tamer.
Bucking is one of the ways a wild horse seeks to get rid of his
rider, and it takes a man of great skill to keep on the back of a
bucking horse. Lowering its head between its fore-legs, it gives a
wild leap upwards and comes down with a smash of its hoofs on the
ground. The man that can keep in the saddle through two or three
of these jumps must make himself part of the horse.
The men who do this are splendid riders, and the cowboys of the
plains, who have to take care of the great herds of cattle, almost live
on horseback. Such a man can often bend over from his horse,
reach down, and pick up a small object, such as a glove, from the
ground while riding at full speed.
Every young horse has to be broken to harness before it is fit for
work. The freedom which it has been given in its youthful days must
come to an end, and this it does not like. For a race-horse the
breaking is done when it is about a year and a half old, but for a
working or coach horse it is left until it is three or four years old.

The horse-breaker must be gentle and patient or he may spoil the
temper of the horse. He must get the colt used to be touched and to
feel the halter. After that he leads out the young animal with rein
and halter. The next thing is to teach the colt the feel of the bit. A bit
may be put into its mouth every day while it is in the stable, so as to
accustom it to the feel of the metal. It is then taken out and driven
with long reins fastened to the bit, and taught to move to the pull of
the rein. After this the horse can be harnessed and put to work.
All this takes much time and trouble and it is only done with fine
horses, other horses being broken with less pains. But if the animal
is high-bred a quick breaking may spoil its courage or ruin its
temper.
THE ARAB AND HIS HORSE
Would you not like to hear some more about the Arabian horse,
the noblest and best of his race? I have told how all our best racers
are of Arab stock and how dearly the Arab loves his horse. A child of
the desert, often having to go long and far without food and under a
blazing sun, the horse becomes very hardy.
It may be tied by all four legs to stakes set in the ground and
kept there for many hours, the sun burning hot, yet if now its legs
are set free and its master springs upon its back it is as full of life
and spirit and as eager for a wild ride as if it had been taken fresh
from the stable.
The comrade of its master by day and night, his support and
comfort, ready to go without food or drink in his service, the horse
and its rider grow more like two lovers than like master and servant.
The poverty of the Arab may at times force him to sell his horse, but
it is like selling a part of himself.
"My eyes! my soul! my heart!" he will say, "must I be forced to
give thee a new master, and not keep thee myself? I am poor, my
antelope; I brought thee up in my dwelling as a child; I did never
beat or chide thee."

Then he will embrace the noble animal, wipe its eyes with his
handkerchief, rub its glossy skin with his sleeve and remain long
talking to it as if he was parting with his dearest child.
The Famous Arab Steeds and Desert Riders
"When I was at Jerusalem," says Chateaubriand, "the feats of one
of those steeds made a great noise. The Bedouin to whom the
animal, a mare, belonged, being pursued by the governor's guards,
rushed with him from the top of the hills that overlooked Jericho.
The mare scoured at full gallop down an almost perpendicular
declivity without stumbling and left the soldiers lost in admiration
and astonishment. The poor creature, however, dropped down dead
on entering Jericho, and the Bedouin, who would not quit her, was
taken, weeping over the body of his faithful companion. Ali Aga
showed me, in the mountains near Jericho, the footsteps of the
mare that died in the attempt to save her master."

Here is one more story of the Arabian horse. "When the envoy,"
says Sir John Malcolm, "was encamped near Bagdad, an Arab rode a
bright bay mare, of extraordinary shape and beauty, before his tent
until he attracted his attention. On being asked if he would sell her—
"'What will you give me,' was the reply.
"'That depends upon her age; I suppose she is past five.'
"'Guess again,' said he.
"'Four?'
"'Look at her mouth!'
"On examination she was found to be rising three. This, from her
size and fine shape, added much to her value.
"'I will give you fifty tomans,' said the envoy. (The toman is worth
about five dollars.)
"'A little more—if you please.'
"'Eighty—a hundred.'
"He shook his head and smiled. The officer at last came to two
hundred tomans.
"'Well,' said the Arab, 'you need not tempt me farther. You are a
rich elchee (nobleman); you have fine horses, camels, and mules,
and I am told you have loads of silver and gold. Now,' he added,
'you want my mare, but you shall not have her for all you have got.'"
ANECDOTES OF THE HORSE
The horse has a mind of its own, and now and then lets us see
that it can think, but it does not seem to have as good brain-power
as the dog or the cat. There is much reason for this. The horse eats
grass and does not need to think how to get its food. The dog and
cat eat meat, and in their wild state have to catch other animals for
food. To do this they have to use tricks and plans which need
thought and thus their minds are kept busy.

Also they are in danger from other animals. Take the fox, which is
a sort of cousin of the dog. When chased by men and dogs it has
many ways of getting away from them besides running. This is not
the case with the horse, which is one of the best of runners and
trusts to its heels instead of its brain to escape from its enemies. So
in its wild state it does little work with its brain.
The horse is a timid animal and easily scared. And when in a state
of fright it seems to have no power of thought. All it does is to run in
a mad way, rushing along over roads and streets without heed of
where it is going, and sometimes knocking out its brains against a
post or wall. You will not find a scared fox or wolf show such lack of
sense as this. They never get into a wild panic like the horse.
Thus there is very little in the life of the horse to make it think.
Yet it can think to some extent, as may be seen from a few
anecdotes. It can also be taught to do tricks that need some brain-
power. I think you will like to read some stories of horse-thought.
The horse has a good memory, as any one can see when riding
over roads which it travelled long before. There are many stories of
men trusting to their horses when they were in a dangerous place,
and in this way being brought out all right. A friend of Darwin, the
naturalist, wrote him this in a letter:—
"I want to tell you an instance of long memory in a horse. I have
just driven my pony down from London here, and though she has
not been here for eight years she remembered her way quite well,
and made a bolt for the stables where I used to keep her."
This is only one out of many cases that could be told. A horse
driven by a doctor or milkman does not need to be drawn up before
certain houses. It knows just where to stop. There is a story told of
a gentleman who was in the habit of stopping his horse to give
money to every beggar he met on the road. He loaned or sold this
horse to a friend, who soon wrote to him asking him to take his
horse back again.

"I cannot pass a beggar on the road but the old fellow will stop
and will not start again until I have given the man something. If I
have no money I have to pretend to give before I can get him to
move on."
Some horses have the sense to help themselves in various ways.
One of these learned how to step out of its halter when the
coachman had left it for the night. Then it would pull out the sticks
in the pipe of the oat-bin so as to let all the oats run down over the
stable-floor. Of course, it had seen the coachman pull out these
sticks and knew that this was the way to get a free lunch. The same
horse would also turn the water-tap to get a drink and pull the
window cord to open the window on hot nights.
Not many horses are as smart as this, yet numerous tricks played
by horses could be told. There is one told of a horse which, when
turned into a field where there was a pump, soon found out how to
get water. He would take the pump-handle in his mouth and work it
with his head until he had all the water in the trough he wanted to
drink. Of course, he had seen men work the handle in this way.
A number of stories could be told of horses which went
themselves to the blacksmith shop when their shoes were out of
order. One is of a Shetland pony which came to a blacksmith shop a
long distance from its home and thrust its head in the door. The
blacksmith drove it away but it soon came back again. Then the
smith looked at its feet and found that one shoe was gone. He made
and put on a shoe and then waited to see what the animal would
do.
"For a moment it looked at the blacksmith as if asking whether he
was done. Then it pawed once or twice to see if the newly-shod foot
was comfortable, and finally gave a pleased neigh, lifted its head,
and started homewards at a brisk trot. The owner was much
surprised to find the horse at home that evening, fully shod, and
could not understand it until the smith had told him the story of his
pony's wit."

One of the smartest tricks we have met with is told of a mule, an
animal which is not supposed to have the sense of a horse. It
belonged to a gentleman living at Iowa City, and was an expert at
getting into mischief. It took every chance when the yard-gate and
barn-door were open to slip in and steal a mouthful of oats. One
morning it was found in the barn with the gate shut and latched and
no one could tell how it got there. This went on for some time, until
a watch was set and the smart mule was "caught in the act."
This is the way it worked. It would reach over the fence with its
head and lift the gate latch. Then when the gate swung open it
would go through into the yard and back up against it, pushing it to
till the latch caught. This done, it went to the barn, pulled out the
pin that held the door, and walked calmly in. The owner says: "I am
of the opinion, had not discovery of the trick prevented, it would
soon have occurred to him to retrace his steps before daylight, in
order to avoid the clubbing which the stable boys gave him in the
morning."

A Pair of Prize Mules
THE ASS, ZEBRA AND MULE
The animal called the ass is a near relation of the horse, one best
known to us under its common name of Donkey. It is like the horse
in some ways and not like it in others. The ass is much smaller than
the horse, being nearer the size of the pony. It has a heavy head,
thick lips, long ears, and a tail not covered with long hair like the
horse's tail, but with a tuft of hair at the end like that of a cow. A
decided difference is in its voice, the bray of the donkey being an
ear-splitting sound, not at all like the neigh of the horse.
The wild ass is found through all parts of Central and Southern
Asia and also in Northern Africa. It is spoken of in the Bible. The
book of Job praises this animal for its love of liberty. Job says of it:
"He scorneth the multitude of the city, neither regardeth he the cry

of the driver. The range of the mountains is his pasture and he
searcheth after every green thing."
Reproduced by Permission of Amer. Conservatory
Mexican Donkey Waiting for the Last Straw
That is a good picture of the wild ass, for it seems to like every
green thing. It eats the bitter herbs of its favorite regions, the
mountain spinach, the dandelion, the thistle, and the witch grass,
and drinks the salt water of the Caspian Sea as readily as fresh
water. It is taller and stouter than the donkey, very active and able
to bear fatigue. Its winter coat resembles that of a camel, being long
and fleecy, but in summer its hair is soft and silky and silvery white
beneath.

The Tartars and Persians kill and eat this animal, but it has sharp
eyes and keen ears and is a swift runner, so that it is hard to shoot.
When taken young it is easily tamed, and if well fed grows to be a
strong and handsome animal which sells at good prices.
Such is the fine animal which has been turned into the dwarfed
and stupid donkey of Europe. To be dull and obstinate is not native
to this animal. Its lack of sense comes in great part from the way it
is treated and its being taken to a climate too damp and cold for it.
In the warm, dry regions of the south it is a finer animal and gets
better care, and here the people often pet and love their donkeys.
In China and Persia there is a fine race of asses, used only for
riding, and these are so thick in Bokhara that the streets are often
crowded with them. They are of many colors, white, black, brown,
blue-gray, etc. The donkeys of Egypt also are handsome animals,
with an easy gait that makes them much liked for riding. Still
handsomer are those of Upper Egypt and Nubia, which are such fine
creatures that they sell for more than horses.
In the western states of this country and in the Spanish republics
is a very small donkey, called the Burro, much used as a carrier of
loads in the mountain regions and in the streets of cities. There are
also great numbers of wild asses in parts of South America,
Patagonia having very many of them. They were once so abundant
in the Cape Verde and Canary Islands that they were hunted and
killed like beasts of game. Aside from their flesh, which is much liked
when they are young, the skin is of value, being made into
parchment, vellum and shagreen.

The Striped Zebra of Africa
The Zebra, one of the most beautiful of animals, from its
handsomely striped skin, is a member of the horse family, but one of
which we do not need to speak, since it is found only in a wild state.
It has in some cases been tamed and trained to harness, but it is an
obstinate and hot-tempered brute, so that few have tried to tame it.
Another striped animal of Africa rather like the zebra, is the
Quagga, but this has been hunted and killed till now none of them

can be found. Its name came from its cry ("quag-ga quag-ga"), as
different from the neigh of the horse as from the bray of the ass.
A cross has been made between the zebra and the horse, which
has been named the Zebrule or Zebroid. These have proved strong
and easy to train for harness and saddle. There are several of them
now in the government collection of animals at Washington, and
some time they may prove useful.
But the best cross-breed is that between the horse and the ass,
well known to us all as the Mule. The breeding of mules has been
carried on from very old times and is now common in many parts of
the earth. It yields an animal which is cheaper to keep than the
horse and better fitted for many kinds of work.
I hardly need tell you what the mule is like, for all of you have
often seen this ugly and at times very obstinate, but hard-working
brute. The mule is much like the horse in size and shape, but it has
the long ears, the tufted tail, the thin, wiry legs, and the narrow
hoofs of the ass. And while its coat is like that of the horse, its voice
comes near that of the ass.
The mule is like the ass also in being strong, hardy and not given
to disease. Even when thirty years old it often shows no sign of age.
Thus it is useful for more years than the horse, eats less, and is fit
for work not suited to the horse.
The mule is of great use in carrying loads over mountain paths. It
has a firm, sure foot and can carry loads of five hundred pounds for
weeks at a time over pathless hills. The planters of the South could
not do without it in their cotton and sugar fields and it takes the
place of the horse for much of the street work of cities.
This is not all. Mules are often used for riding and are very good
for this. They are also used in carriages. They are raised in large
numbers in Spain, where fine ones bring high prices, selling from
$150 to $350.
We should hardly look to the donkey and the mule for signs of
powers of thought, but it is likely that they are equal to the horse in

intellect. The story of a gate-opening mule, given above, goes
beyond anything we have found said about the horse, and it is very
likely that all those members of the horse tribe, which are much
alike in habits, are also much alike in thought powers.

III
CLOVEN-HOOFED DRAUGHT ANIMALS
Now we come to the two-toed animals, those called the cloven-
hoofed. Looking at our own arms and legs we find five toes on each
foot and five fingers on each hand and might fancy that this is the
natural number. We find it to be so with the monkeys and with many
other animals but we soon find some with fewer toes. Thus the dog,
while it has five toes on its fore feet, has only four on its hind feet.
In the tapir and the rhinoceros we meet with three-toed animals
and soon come across two-toed and one-toed animals. The two-toed
are very common, for we find them in the sheep and cattle of our
fields, the pig of the barnyard, the camel, the deer, the antelope,
and several other kinds. As for the one-toed, their story has just
been told.
Is it not worth knowing that the fewer toes an animal has the
faster and longer it can run? We find this in the one-toed horse, and
its cousins, the ass and the zebra, the greatest runners of all
animals. Next to them come the two-toed animals. Of these the deer
and antelopes are fast runners, though some of them run very little.
We do not find many runners among the five-toed animals. Those of
the cat tribe are better at jumping than running. In the dog tribe, in
which are the wolves and foxes, there are good runners, but these
animals trust to their wits as much as to their legs, catching their
game often by cunning tricks.

Reproduced by Permission of the Philadelphia Museums
The Native Ox Cart of Delhi, India
Another matter of some interest is the fact that all the one-toed
animals are much alike in form and habit, while the two-toed differ
so much that we can find little or no likeness between them. Take
the ox, the goat, the pig, the buffalo, and the camel. Are these alike
in anything except their split hoofs? The fact is that the single hoof
seems to fit animals only for running, while the double hoof fits
them for various kinds of life. We find them at home in the desert,
on the mountains and plains, in the forest depths, and in swampy
regions, their forms and habits changing to suit the kind of life they
lead.
Many of these animals have been tamed and made to serve man
in various ways. We can see them all about us, some of them kept
for food, some for work in the field or on the road. Let us take a look
at those used for work.

THE OX AND BUFFALO
That great lumbering beast we call the ox, with his long horns
and his slow, lazy walk, is one of the strong workers of the world. Go
where we will we see him, pulling the plough or the cart and wagon.
If we leave home and go over the world we shall find many people
using the ox. In South Africa we may see long teams of them pulling
the heavy wagons of the farmers. In India the Hindu people eat no
meat, but they keep many cattle to work in their fields. It is the
same in many other countries both of the Old and the New World.
Among our own people the ox is much used as a working animal.
While large use is made of the horse and donkey, the strength and
patience of the ox give it great value and it is used for many kinds of
work. Though a slow, plodding animal, it can pull a big load by the
aid of its wooden yoke. In the fields of the South the farmers and
planters could not well get along without it.
Our ox is not the only worker of his kind. In far-off Asia there are
two other animals which are cousins of the ox and are made to work
like him. Their names belong to the end of the alphabet, for they are
called the Yak and the Zebu. The Yak is found in Tibet and other
parts of Central Asia, where it is tamed and put to work, but not to
pull the cart or the plough. It can carry heavy loads and travel
twenty miles a day.

Hauling Sugar Cane in Puerto Rico
This animal has a thick coat of long, silky hair, which hangs nearly
to the ground. Ropes and cloth are made from it. The tail is just a
great bunch of long hair. The Yak does not bellow like the ox but
gives a short grunt. Its milk is very rich, and fine butter is made
from it.

The White Yak of the Asiatic Mountains
The Zebu is kept in India, China, East Africa and the islands of the
eastern seas. It is much like the ox but has a big hump of fat on its
shoulders. Sometimes there are two humps. In this way it is like the
camel. Some of the zebus are larger than any oxen and some are
only as big as a large mastiff dog. They are quiet, gentle animals,
made to work in the plough and in the road and also used for riding.
They can travel from twenty to thirty miles a day.
There is another animal much used for the same kind of work, the
Buffalo. This is not the animal long known in our country as the
buffalo, but which is really not a buffalo, its proper name being
bison. It is not a savage animal and could easily have been tamed
and put to work. But as the settlers in the colonies had the ox and
the horse already trained to their work no one tried to tame the

bison. Since no one cared for these great animals, the hunters got
after them and shot them in such vast numbers that now they are
nearly all gone. Where fifty years ago there were millions of them in
the West, to-day there are only a few hundreds to be found
anywhere.
The American Bison alone on the Prairie
The real buffalo is found in the south of Asia and Europe, where it
is tamed and put to work, much use being made of it. There is
another species found in Africa which is very fierce and savage,
hunters often being more afraid of it than they are of the lion. The
buffalo of India is also savage in its wild state and the princes of that
country set it to fight with the tiger in their public shows. Armed
with great, sharp horns, it is more than a match for the tiger.

In its tame state the buffalo is a very docile animal when it is well
treated, but will not bear bad treatment. In size and shape it is like a
large, clumsy ox, but it is much stronger than the ox and can carry
or draw a much heavier load. Thus it is of great value as a working
animal.
Reproduced by Permission of the Philadelphia Museums
Cultivating Rice Field with the Chinese Ox. Hawaii
It is used in many parts of the East. The farmer in the Philippine
Islands could not get along without it, as it is his common helper in
the fields. Known there by the name of Carabao, it is loved by its
owner and played with by his children, and is the plough-horse of
the islands. It can be driven by a mere child. The plough used there
is no more than a heavy stick of wood sharpened to a point at one
end, with a handle for the farmer and a beam to which the buffalo is
harnessed.

This is the way in which the rice fields of the East are worked.
The buffalo is also kept in Egypt, Greece, Italy and some other
countries and everywhere is a very useful working animal. But it has
one habit that needs to be looked after.
By nature it is a swamp dweller, and can keep its head under
water for two minutes at a time, feeling at the bottom of pools and
streams for certain favorite plants. If it is to be kept in health it must
have its daily mud-bath. It loves to fling itself in the mire and shuffle
about until it is covered with mud from its tail to its eyes. When it
has dried itself in the sun it looks like a huge clay image. It has its
reason for this, for in those swamp regions are millions of stinging
flies and the mud is intended as a coat of armor.
Strong as the buffalo is, it cannot work for more than two hours
without rest, and will not live long if kept at a distance from streams.
Its fondness for mud and water is the habit that needs to be looked
after. It is not safe to load it with any goods that are likely to be
spoiled by water, for it will lie down with its load in any stream it
comes near.
Travellers who have ridden on the Philippine Carabaos have found
out this habit in a way not to their liking, for they have more than
once been flung suddenly into a mud-bath by their ugly steeds. If
the animal sees a bed of mud along the road he is sure to fling
himself into it unless kept out by a strong rein. And unless his rider
gets off in a hurry he will be treated in the same way. In Italy the
buffalo is most at home in the Pontine Marshes, and no one can
keep it anywhere unless there are mud and water near at hand.

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