TESTS FOR GRADE OF BINOCULAR VISION AND SENSORY.pptx
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The document describes several tests used to evaluate binocular vision and sensory functions: 1. The four-dot test assesses for suppression or diplopia by having the patient view four lights of different colors through red and green lenses. 2. Fixation is tested using a visuoscope or ophthalmoscope to evaluate if fixation is central or eccentric. 3. The after-image test stimulates each fovea with a light pattern and interprets the patient's drawing of the after-images to identify normal or abnormal retinal correspondence. 4. A synoptophore is used to measure binocular vision grades and detect normal vs. abnormal retinal correspondence by determining subjective and objective angles of squ
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TESTS FOR GRADE OF BINOCULAR VISION AND SENSORY.pptx
- 1. TESTS FOR GRADE OF BINOCULAR VISION AND SENSORY FUNCTIONS OPTO.ASKAR.PK
- 2. 1.WORT FOUR-DOT TEST • For this test patient wears goggles with red lens in front of the right and green lens in front of the left eye and views a box with four lights - one red, two green and one white.
- 3. Interpretation • If the patient sees all the four lights in the absence of manifest squint, he has normal binocular single vision • In abnormal retinal correspondence (ARC) patient sees four lights even in the presence of a manifest squint. • If the patient sees only three green lights, he has right suppression • When the patient sees only two red lights, it indicates left suppression • When he sees three green lights and two red lights, alternately, it indicates presence of alternating suppression. • If the patient sees five lights (2 red and 3 green), he has diplopia
- 7. 2. Test for fixation. • It can be tested with the help of a visuoscope or fixation star of the ophthalmoscope. • Patient is asked to cover one eye and fix the star with the other eye. • Fixation may be centric (normal on the fovea) or eccentric (which may be unsteady, parafoveal, macular, paramacular, or peripheral
- 8. VISUOSCOPY
- 15. 3. After-image test. • In this test the right fovea is stimulated with a vertical and left with a horizontal bright light and the patient is asked to draw the position of after-images.
- 16. Interpretation • A patient with normal retinal correspondence will draw a cross • An esotropic patient with abnormal retinal correspondence (ARC) will draw vertical image to the left of horizontal • An exotropic patient with ARC will draw vertical image to the right of horizontal
- 18. After Image Tests Interpretation with central fixation • First assess with visuoscope direction, sees • In px with NRC, two fovea have a common visual the gap superimposed
- 19. • In ARC. two fovea no longer have a common visual direction with right esotropia sees vertical after Image displaced to the left • Patient with ARC and right exotropia .vertical after image is displaced to the right
- 21. 4. Sensory function tests with synoptophore • Synoptophore (major amblyoscope) consists of two tubes, having a right- angled bend, mounted on a base. • Each tube contains a light source for illumination of slides and a slide carrier at the outer end, a reflecting mirror at the right-angled bend and an eyepiece of +6.5 D at the inner end • The two tubes can be moved separately or together by means of knobs around a semicircular scale. • Synoptophore is used for many diagnostic and therapeutic indications in orthoptics.
- 22. Synoptophore tests for sensory functions include: • Estimation of grades of binocular vision
- 23. Detection of normal/abnormal retinal correspondence (ARC). •It is done by determining the subjective and objective angles of the squint. • In normal retinal correspondence, these two angles are equal. •In ARC, objective angle is greater than the subjective angle and the difference between these is called the angle of anomaly. •When the angle of anomaly is equal to the objective angle, the ARC is harmonious. •In unharmonious ARC angle of anomaly is smaller than the objective angle.
- 24. 5. Neutral density filter test. • In this test, visual acuity is measured without and with neutral density filter placed in front of the eye. • In cases with functional amblyopia visual acuity slightly improves while in organic amblyopia it is markedly reduced when seen through the filter.