THC1 - CHAPTER III.pdfdTHC1 - CHAPTER III.pdfd

THC1 - CHAPTER III.pdfdTHC1 - CHAPTER III.pdfd

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  SCOPE OF TOURISM Professor: ChristianMoises P. Asia
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  • Compare andcontrast each of the industry sectors • Evaluate the role of industry stakeholders • Discuss the importance of processes, systems, organizational functions, and laws in managing an enterprise. OBJECTIVES
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  Goeldner and Ritchie(2012) discuss the inter- relationships among the various components of the tourism industry. Tourists are the reason for the existence of the tourism and hospitality industry. Natural resources and the environment represent a key factor in attracting visitors. The built environment which refers to infrastructure, superstructure, technology and information is another dimension that greatly affects tourism. Across these are the processes and systems that help design, develop, manage, and measure activities, programs, and to ensure that tourists enjoy their experience. The Components of Tourism
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  The tourists areat the heart of the industry and they are predicted to continue to travel. According to the UNWTO, international tourist arrivals are set to increase by an average 43 million a year between 2010 and 2030 (UNWTO, 2011, p. 5). In a report from Visa, results show that there is an increase in the average number of trips taken by tourists from North America and the Asia Pacific. Their motivations include relaxation, meeting with friends and family, and the interest in experiencing different cultures. These data • was based on online interviews in 27 countries (ORC International, 2018). Tourists
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  Stakeholders • Tourists andvisitors • Employees • Owners and shareholders of tourism enterprises • Property owners • Government • Civil Society Groups • Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) • Communities • Suppliers • Academe • International Organizations • Indigenous peoples • Media • Competitors • Intermediaries • Clients and Customers Tourism stakeholders represent either the supply or drive demand for products and services. For the demand side, tourists are classified based on their origin; while the supply side is categorized based on their function and contributions to the industry.
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  Demand Side Domestic TouristsInternational Tourists
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  Supply Side RESOURCE PROVIDERS:THESE INCLUDE GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, PARKS, MUSEUMS, HERITAGE AND TRADITIONAL LANDOWNERS. TOURISM OPERATORS: GENERALLY, THESE ARE THE PRIVATE COMPANIES RUNNING TOURISM-RELATED BUSINESSES SUCH AS AIRLINES, HOTELS, RESTAURANTS, TRANSPORT AND ATTRACTIONS. THESE ALSO INCLUDE TRAVEL INTERMEDIARIES SUCH AS TOUR OPERATORS, CONSOLIDATORS AND TRAVEL AGENCIES. TOURISM MANAGERS: THESE REFER TO TOURISM COMMISSIONS AND OTHER ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN PLANNING, POLICY FORMULATION, IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING OF TOURISM ACTIVITIES. INFRASTRUCTURE AND SUPPORT SERVICES: THESE REFER TO PRIVATE AND PUBLIC AGENCIES THAT ARE PRIMARILY INVOLVED IN ROAD, BRIDGE AND HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE; THE DESIGN, BUILDING AND UPKEEP OF AIRPORT, PIER, TERMINAL AND OTHER SIMILAR STRUCTURES; AS WELL AS THE PROVISION OF ELECTRICITY, WATER, SEWERAGE, WASTE DISPOSAL AND OTHER RELATED SERVICES.
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  Environment THE ENVIRONMENT, INCLUDINGTHE CLIMATE, WEATHER, AND ITS ATTRACTIONS REPRESENT THE PRIMARY REASON FOR TRAVEL. THESE CAN GENERALLY BE CLASSIFIED AS EITHER NATURAL, MAN-MADE, OR SPECIAL EVENTS (SWARBROOKE, 1995). ON THE OTHER HAND, CRUZ (2014) EXPANDED THIS CLASSIFICATION WHICH CAN BE BROADLY DEFINED AS EITHER NATURAL OR THAT WHICH BELONGS TO THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT: NATURAL • GEOPHYSICAL-LANDSCAPE-AESTHETIC: THESE INCLUDE MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, VOLCANOES AS WELL AS PHENOMENA SUCH AS THE AURORA BOREALIS, AND THE BLOOMING OF CHERRY BLOSSOMS • ECOLOGICAL-BIOLOGICAL: THESE REFER TO "ORGANISMS..AND ECOLOGICAL EVENTS OR PROCESSES" (CRUZ, 2014, P.7) SUCH AS THE WILDEBEEST MIGRATION IN SERENGETI BUILT ENVIRONMENT • CULTURAL-HISTORICAL: THESE INCLUDE ARTIFACTS, ARCHEOLOGICAL FINDS, AND BUILDINGS SUCH AS CHURCHES, AND ANCESTRAL HOMES • RECREATIONAL: THESE REFER TO MUSEUMS, ARENAS, SPAS AND OTHER "STRUCTURES BUILT FOR ENTERTAINMENT AND EDUCATION" (CRUZ, 2014, P.7)
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  Tourism Sectors THE MATOURISM SECTORS ARE ACCOMMODATIONS; ATRACTIONS: FOOD & VENERADE; AND THE GAMING ENTERTAINMENT; M.I.C.E. AND SPECIAL EVENTS; TRANSPORTATION; TRAVEL TRADE; AND THE TOURISM SUPPORT SERVICES. ACCOMMODATIONS THESE REFER-TO VARIOUS TYPES OF LODGING THAT PROVIDE FACILITIES FOR REST AND RELAXATION SUCH AS HOTELS, RESORTS, VILLAS, PENSION HOUSES AND MOTELS. BHATIA (2006) CATEGORIZES ACCOMMODATIONS INTO TWO MAIN SEGMENTS. THE FIRST SEGMENT REFERS TO HOTELS AND OTHER SIMILAR ESTABLISHMENTS SUCH AS RESORTS, MOTELS AND INNS. THE SECOND GROUP REFERS TO THE SUPPLEMENTARY ACCOMMODATIONS SUCH AS CAMPGROUNDS; BED & BREAKFAST; HOSTELS; RESORT CONDOMINIUMS; TIMESHARE; AND VILLAS. ATTRACTIONS ATTRACTIONS ARE CONSIDERED AS THE MAJOR REASON FOR VISITING A DESTINATION. THUS, ATTRACTIONS PROPEL THE INFLUX OF TOURISTS IN A DESTINATION. THESE ARE USUALLY CATEGORIZED AS EITHER NATURAL OR MAN-MADE. SWARBROOKE (2002) PROPOSED A TYPOLOGY WHERE THE MAN-MADE ATTRACTIONS ARE FURTHER CATEGORIZED AS EITHER STRUCTURES BUILT FOR TOURISM VERSUS THOSE ORIGINALLY BUILT FOR SPECIFIC USE. THESE ARE THE FOLLOWING: • MAN-MADE BUILDINGS, STRUCTURES AND SITES DESIGNED FOR TOURISM • MAN-MADE BUILDINGS, STRUCTURES AND SITES THAT WERE ORIGINALLY BUILT NOT FOR TOURISM • NATURAL ENVIRONMENT • SPECIAL EVENTS
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  Tourism Sectors FOOD ANDBEVERAGE SERVICES THESE REFER TO FOOD AND DRINKS SERVED TO GUESTS. EATING IS PROBABLY ONE OF THE FILIPINO'S FAVOURITE THING TO DO. WE ENJOY MORE THAN THE USUAL THREE MEALS A DAY. AFTER BREAKFAST, COMES THE MORNING SNACKS (LIKENED TO SCHOOL RECESS) FOLLOWED BY LUNCH. BEFORE DINNER, THERE IS THE CUSTOMARY AFTERNOON SNACK (OR A COCKTAIL). BEFORE BED, YOU MIGHT EVEN HAVE AN EVENING SNACK. • RESTAURANTS (SUCH AS CASUAL DINING, FINE DINING AND FAST FOOD CHAINS) • FOOD STANDS, KIOSKS AND FOOD CARTS • CAFETERIA AND CANTEENS • BARS AND PUBS • BAKESHOPS AND BAKERIES • SPECIALTY RESTAURANTS (SUCH AS CHOCOLATIER, PATISSERIE, WINERIES, AND THOSE THAT • SERVE ETHNIC FOOD AND DRINKS) • VENDO MACHINES GAMING AND ENTERTAINMENT GAMING AND ENTERTAINMENT REFERS TO CASINOS AND INTEGRATED RESORTS. AN INTEGRATED RESORT (IR) IS A MIXED-USE PROPERTY PROVIDING FACILITIES FOR GAMING; CONVENTION AREAS; ACCOMMODATIONS; SHOPPING; AND ENTERTAINMENT. AN INTEGRATED RESORT IS THE SO-CALLED POLITICALLY CORRECT TERM FOR A CASINO. ALTHOUGH IT IS POSITIONED FOR A LARGER DEMOGRAPHIC WHICH INCLUDES FAMILIES, YOUNG ADULTS AND EVEN CHILDREN, IT STILL GENERATES REVENUES MOSTLY FROM GAMBLING.
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  Tourism Sectors MICE ANDSPECIAL EVENTS M.I.C.E. IS AN ACRONYM THAT MEANS MEETINGS, INCENTIVES, CONVENTIONS AND EXHIBITIONS. IT IS GENERALLY REFERRED TO AS BUSINESS TOURISM OR THE MEETINGS INDUSTRY. ACCORDING TO UNWTO, THE MEETINGS INDUSTRY "PROVIDES IMMENSE BENEFITS TO THE BROADER ECONOMY AS IT GENERATES ON AVERAGE A HIGHER SPENDING LEVEL, REDUCES SEASONALITY, CONTRIBUTES TO THE REGENERATION OF DESTINATIONS, SPREADS KNOWLEDGE AND ENHANCES INNOVATION AND CREATIVITY" (CITE). THUS, THE M.I.C.E. INDUSTRY HAS INCREASINGLY BECOME ONE OF THE PREFERRED TECHNIQUES FOR ATTRACTING BUSINESS VISITORS WHO SPEND MORE THAN TOURISTS. Special events refer to social, religious, cultural and historical festivities. These include festivals, parades, competitions, commemorative tributes, religious celebrations and traditional holidays. Social events like parties, weddings, and debuts as well as fashion shows, sports tournaments and banquets are also classified under special events. According to Bowdin, et al (2006), the term 'special events' has been coined to describe specific rituals, presentations, performances or celebrations that are consciously planned and created to mark special occasions and/or to achieve particular social, cultural or corporate goals and objectives.
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  Tourism Sectors TRANSPORTATION The transportsector facilitates travel from one place to another using one or a combination of the different modes of transport, namely land, water; air, and rail. The efficiency of the transport sector as well as the availability of infrastructure further encourage. TRAVEL TRADE THE TRAVEL TRADE IS COMPOSED OF INTERMEDIARIES SUCH AS TRAVEL AGENTS, TOUR OPERATORS, CONSOLIDATORS, AND WHOLESALERS. THEY BRIDGE THE TOURIST WITH THE BEST POSSIBLE TRIPS AND TOUR PACKAGES. THE INTERNET'S EXPLOSIVE GROWTH OF ONLINE SEARCH, TRAVEL RESERVATIONS AND BOOKINGS HAVE FURTHER INCREASED THE CONSUMER INTEREST IN TOURISM PRODUCTS AND ACTIVITIES. TOURISM SUPPORT SERVICES TOURISM SUPPORT SERVICES ARE PROVIDED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM; OTHER PERTINENT GOVERNMENT AGENCIES; PRIVATE ORGANIZATIONS; THE EDUCATION SECTOR; AND CIVIC ACTION GROUPS.
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  Processes and Systems ALLTHE KEY DIVISIONS OF ANY ORGANIZATION ARE PRESENT IN ANY TOURISM-RELATED ENTERPRISE. Even if a business is small in scope, it will still require marketing, administration, finance and accounting, and sales in order to effectively and efficiently run its operations. The use of information and communications technologies (ICTs) can empower stakeholders to focus on critical transactions; while repeatable, redundant processes can be done using online tools (Disimulacion, 2017). According to Buhalis (2003), ICT refers to the hardware, software, human resources, and capacity to develop, program, and maintain equipment and applications...to facilitate the operational and strategic management of organizations by enabling - them to manage their information, functions and processes as well as to communicate interactively with their stakeholders for achieving their mission and objectives. On the other hand, Houghton (2015) presented a typology of ICT based on purpose, namely file sharing and collaboration; mobile applications; digital documentation and archiving; online access; and data collection, analysis, and evaluation. Scott (2011) expanded the definition by including social media, social networking sites, messaging programs, discussion boards, and other media where anyone can interact in real time. HOWEVER, THE TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY IS STILL HEAVILY LABOUR-INTENSIVE. THESE PROCESSES AND TECHNIQUES WOULD HAVE TO BE IMPLEMENTED BY A WELL-TRAINED STAFF WHOSE MISSION IS TO ENGAGE TOURISTS FOR BEST VALUE.
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  Organizational Functions Generally, acycle of planning, organizing, managing, controlling, and evaluating products, systems, personnel, and markets must occur for an organization to thrive. Driven by its vision and mission, an enterprise must continuously revisit its operations and objectives and make adjustments whenever necessary.
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  Governance THE GOVERNMENT ANDITS RELATED AGENCIES, NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS, AND MEMBERS OF THE COMMUNITY MUST COORDINATE AND COLLABORÁTE TO ENSURE THE SUCCESS OF TOURISM AND HOSPITALITY INITIATIVES. THESE GROUPS ARE KEY STAKEHOLDERS WHO MUST ESTABLISH THE PARAMETERS FOR THE, LEGAL, POLITICAL, AND FISCAL SYSTEMS (GOELDER AND RITCHIE, 2012).
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  THANK YOU so much!