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The Enlightenment
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- 3. Causes of theScientific Revolution 1) Trade 2) Universities 3) Renaissance 4) Humanism 5) Reformation
- 4. Great Scientists ofthe Era Copernicus Kepler Galileo Newton
- 5. New Attitudes DevelopingSkepticism about old authority The power of reason Natural Law A can-do approach
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- 8. Empiricism Francis BaconThomas Hobbes John Locke Bishop George Berkley David Hume
- 9. Immanuel Kant :Moral Theory and the Idea of Duty
- 10. Enlightenment Reason NaturalLaw Happiness Promotes ideas of Change and Progress Liberty Toleration
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- 12. Centers of theEnlightenment
- 13. Philosophes The peoplewho were the thinkers in France were known as PHILOSOPHES. They were not on the whole original thinkers, but were great publicists of the new ideas.
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- 16. BIG DEBATE: Religion v. Reason The Enlightenment did NOT banish religion and superstition. They existed side by side –-- one often provided justification for the other. The clergy played an important role in the training of scientists & philosophers. (many were active in the field themselves!) Voltaire fought for those accused of heresy. The Encyclopedie used covert topic headings to address religion critically.
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- 18. Denis Diderot (1713-1784)
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- 20. Thomas Hobbes NaturalState of Affairs Man is brutish by nature Leviathan - Need for state control which will take care of the welfare of all Absolute power of the state
- 21. John Locke (1632-1704) Letter on Toleration , 1689 Two Treatises of Government , 1690 Some Thoughts Concerning Education , 1693 The Reasonableness of Christianity , 1695
- 22. John Locke’s Philosophy(I) Man is rational and born equal. Virtue can be learned and practiced. Human beings possess free will. - they should be prepared for freedom. - obedience should be out of conviction, not out of fear. Pleasure and pain motivate people. Government should use this idea to educate people.
- 23. Man’s natural statewas of harmony and equality People make a contract with the government to protect their rights. People have the right to oppose the government if their rights are not being protected. Natural Rights: Life, Liberty, and Property
- 24. The Baron deMontesquieu (1689-1755) Persian Letters , 1721 On the Spirit of Laws , 1758
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- 26. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) Discourse on the Arts & Sciences , 1751 Emile , 1762 The Social Contract , 1762
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- 29. Frederick the Greatof Prussia (r. 1740-1786) 1712 -– 1786. Succeeded his father, Frederick William I (the “Soldier King”). He saw himself as the “First Servant of the State.”
- 30. Catherine the Great (r. 1762-1796) German Princess Sophie Friederike Auguste of Anhalt-Zerbst. 1729 -– 1796.
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- 32. The Legacy ofthe Enlightenment? The democratic revolutions begun in America in 1776 and continued in Amsterdam, Brussels, and especially in Paris in the late 1780s, put every Western government on the defensive. Reform, democracy, and republicanism had been placed irrevocably on the Western agenda.
- 33. The Legacy ofthe Enlightenment? New forms of civil society arose –-- clubs, salons, fraternals, private academies, lending libraries, and professional/scientific organizations. 19c conservatives blamed it for the modern “egalitarian disease” (once reformers began to criticize established institutions, they didn’t know where and when to stop!)
- 34. The Legacy ofthe Enlightenment? It established a materialistic tradition based on an ethical system derived solely from a naturalistic account of the human condition (the “Religion of Nature” ). Theoretically endowed with full civil and legal rights, the individual had come into existence as a political and social force to be reckoned with.