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The Evolving Semantic Web
This document discusses the evolving semantic web. It defines the semantic web as making knowledge machine and human-readable by providing context and meaning for information on the web. The semantic web utilizes technologies like URIs, RDF, and OWL to describe relationships between web resources in a machine-readable way. Lighter semantic standards like RDFa, microformats, and microdata are also discussed as easier ways to add semantics to existing web pages. The status and potential future applications of the semantic web are outlined.
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The Evolving Semantic Web
- 1. THE EVOLVING SEMANTIC WORLD Barbara McGlamery Taxonomist Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia
- 2. ABOUT ME Masters in Library and Information Science Long Island University New York Public Library Branch librarian NYPL for the Performing Arts – Drama reference Entertainment Weekly Data Manager Time Inc. Senior Data Manager, Taxonomist, Metadata Architect, Ontologist Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia Taxonomist
- 3. WHAT IS THESEMANTIC WEB?
- 4. The Semantic Webis a web of data…. (it) provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across applications, enterprise, and community boundaries. --w3c
- 5. "The Semantic Webis not a separate Web but an extension of the current one, in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation.” --Tim Berners-Lee, James Hendler, and Ora Lassila, Scientific American, 2001
- 6. The Semantic Webis about making knowledge machine and human-readable
- 7.
- 8. Web 1.0 Web 2.0 Web 3.0 Connections Collaboration Intelligence
- 9. Big S semantic web Little s semantic web
- 10. BIG S SEMANTICWEB …big "S" web technologies provide a framework for describing data on a web page when the data on the website is published. If data is read or captured, because the data's semantic meaning has already been described, you don't have to go through the process of understanding the meaning of the data after the fact. --Sean Martin, CEO of Cambridge Semantics
- 11. LITTLE S SEMANTICS Little "s" web technologies capture and filter data with no description or understanding of the data provided after the capture process. The process of understanding the meaning of that data starts once data capture has happened. People have to intervene to provide the context and meaning for language on the web. --Sean Martin, CEO of Cambridge Semantics
- 12. Big S– W3C approved standard Little s Looser groups of unaffiliated standards
- 13.
- 14. ESSENTIALS OF BIG S SEMANTIC WEB URI – Uniform Resource Identifier RDF – Resource Description Framework OWL – Web Ontology Language Semantic reasoner (inference engine)
- 15. URI – UNIFORMRESOURCE IDENTIFIER Way to identify things Images, pages of text, locations De-referenceable Freebase http://www.freebase.com/view/en/will_smith • URI’s are unique, no two are the same • Will Smith http://www.freebase.com/view/en/will_smith
- 16. RDF – RESOURCEDESCRIPTION FRAMEWORK Framework used to describe relationships between objects Extends and formalizes XML Subject>Predicate>Object
- 17. RDF – RESOURCEDESCRIPTION FRAMEWORK Subject>Predicate>Object >> >>> is the lead actor >>>>>> Will Smith Bad Boys http://ew.com/PersonsTax/Will_Smith http://ew.com/EntertainmentOnt/leadPe rformanceIn http://ew.com/EntertainmentTax/Mo vies/Bad_Boys
- 18. OWL – WEBONTOLOGY LANGUAGE …designed to be used by applications that need to process the content of information instead of just presenting it to humans -- W3C
- 19. OWL – WEBONTOLOGY LANGUAGE Metadata model Extends RDF to further define properties Ex: Equivalent relationships >> >>> is married to >>>>>> >> >>> is married to >>>>>>
- 20. SEMANTIC REASONER Software able to infer logical consequences from a set of asserted facts Follows inference rules specified by OWL properties Inverse Transitive Symmetric Functional/Inverse functional Equivalent
- 21. PUTTING IT ALLTOGETHER Ontology Rule set Classes and Properties Taxonomy Application of Rule Set Tags and Relationships Everything is a statement Subject>Predicate>Object Ex: Will Smith is lead performer in Bad Boys
- 22. BENEFITS OF RDF/OWL Persistent URIs Verifiable XML Unambiguous Relationships Polyhierarchy Interoperability
- 23. LIMITATIONS OF RDF/OWL Difficult to propagate across web Challenge to integrate with legacy systems Expensive queries No “Killer App”
- 24.
- 25.
- 26. RDFa - Resource Description Framework (in) Attributes W3C recommendation that adds a set of attribute-level extensions to XHTML for embedding rich metadata within Web documents Easy to implement Not HTML 5 compliant
- 27.
- 28. LINKED OPEN DATA2007 “Linking Open Data cloud diagram, by Richard Cyganiak and Anja Jentzsch. http://lod-cloud.net/ ”
- 29. Linked Open Data 2010 “Linking Open Data cloud diagram, by Richard Cyganiak and Anja Jentzsch. http://lod-cloud.net/”
- 30. MICROFORMATS Semantic markup which seeks to re-use existing HTML/XHTML class attributes to structure data Easy to implement Limited formats
- 31.
- 32. MICRODATA A WHATWG HTML5 specification used to nest semantics within existing content on web pages Officially supported by Bing, Yahoo, & Google Can imbed other markup languages like RDFa, microformats, and Dublin Core Not well-known (yet)
- 33. MICRODATA: STEVE: THE MUSEUMSOCIAL TAGGING PROJECT
- 34. OPEN GRAPH PROTOCOL Facebook-created markup language that turns any web page into an Open Graph Objects allowing for any page to become a Facebook page I “Like” you Good for targeted advertising Limited in scope
- 35.
- 36. BACK-OF-THE-NAPKIN COMPARISON Features RDF/OW RDFa MF MD OGP L W3C X X X standard Extensible X X X Pre-existing X X Vocabs Uses URIs X X Easy to X X X X implement HMTL 5 X X X compliant Inferencing X
- 37. STATUS REPORT ON S SEMANTIC WEB Linked Open Data graph growing Many countries have developed government sites with rich semantics Development of Semantic search More widespread adoption of lighter semantics
- 38. WHERE WE MIGHTBE GOING Pharmaceutical industry identifies trends across clinical studies, and not just within them News industry better targets content by locale Department of Defense using it to make better decisions in the field Utilized in advertising to drive more and more revenue
- 39.
- 40. Barbara McGlamery Taxonomist Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia (212)827-8817 [email protected]
Editor's Notes
- #2 **The landscape of the semantic web is changing. Early adopters learned the hard lessons for all of us, that semantic web solutions can be difficult to implement and perhaps not vital to every organization’s interests. Barbara McGlamery, of Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia will share her experiences of building a Semantic Web tool from scratch for Time Inc. and how a smaller more manageable initiative has been undertaken at Martha Stewart. She’ll share case studies and lessons learned as well as give a glimpse as to how she sees the industry evolving.
- #3 Hello my name is blah. I am not a technical librarian, I am a librarian and when I was practicing it was in reference, not systems or back-end. So most of you out there have my respect and awe at knowing how the inside of a cataloging terminal works or TK (find out something LITA librarians do). My foray into the more technical aspects of librarianship came through html and web development.
- #5 **always refer to acronyms by full names: Resource Description Framework (RDF)Maybe a grid comparing RDF, Microformats, etcLandscape of SW – who created it and why?
- #11 In brief, The data is machine readable.
- #13 In short
- #16 Mention same as
- #17 Extends and formalizes XMLLinking structure of the Web to use URIs to name the relationship between thingsEx:
- #20 s designed for use by applications that need to process the content of information instead of just presenting information to humans.
- #21 Dif between a semantic reasoner and a regular inference engine is that a semantic reasoner knows the rules of owl. It is a more specific use.Inverse – Indicating the reciprocal property. For example, “owner of” is the inverse of the property “is owned by.”Transitive – Indicating that if this property applies between item 1 and item 2, and between item 2 and item 3, then it also applies between item 1 and item 3. For example, if Albuquerque “is located in” New Mexico, and New Mexico “is located in” the USA, then Albuquerque “is located in” the USA.Symmetric – Indicating that the inverse of this property is itself. For example, if the Time/Life Building “is near” Rockefeller Center, then it is also true that Rockefeller Center “is near” the Time/Life Building.Functional – Indicating that there can be only one value for this property for a given resource. For example “has birth mother” – the implication is that if a resource called Bob “has birth mother” Jane and also “has birth mother” Mrs. Smith, then we can assume that Jane and Mrs. Smith are the same person.Inverse Functional – Indicating that only one resource can have a given value for this property – which allows you to make assumptions that if two or more resources have that value, then they are really just two names for the same thing. This is very much like Functional, but in the opposite direction. For example, if there are two names with the same value for “has Social Security number,” we can assume that those are two names for the same person. Equivalent Property – like Equivalent Class, indicates that this property can be extended to the same set of resources that use another property. For example, EW.com’s “lead performance” would be an equivalent property to People’s “starring role.”
- #25 The bottom layers contain technologies that are well known from hypertext web and that without change provide basis for the semantic web.Middle layers contain technologies standardized by W3C to enable building semantic web applicationsTop layers contain technologies that are not yet standardized or contain just ideas that should be implemented in order to realize Semantic Web.Rules further extend OWL’s capabilitiesProof and Logic establish truth of statements, infer unstated factsTrust – Cryptology, authentication, trustworthiness of statementsSemantic Web FoundationsURI/IRI URI is an acronym for Uniform Resource Identifier; a compact string of characters used to identify or name a resource. The URL to a web site (e.g. http://www.semanticfocus.com) is a popular example of a URI. IRI is an acronym for Internationalized Resource Identifier which is a form of URI that uses characters beyond ASCII, thus becoming more useful in an international context. Unicode Unicode is the universal standard encoding system and provides a unified system for representing textual data. 1 million characters can be encoded to specify any character in any language without a single escape sequence or control code. Before Unicode, there were several different encoding systems which made communication and integration across borders a big pain. Now it's so much easier. Shout out to my peeps in Bangalore, 'haaaay' (अरे, दोस्त)! XML XML is an acronym for Extensible Markup Language. With XML, we have a standard way to compose information so that it can be more easily shared. At the same time, it still affords the freedom to structure that information however the heck we want. It's kind of like HTML - only, you get to make up your own tags and attributes. How cool is that? Namespaces Namespaces (aka XML Namespaces) are integral to XML. Namespaces provide a means to qualify the tags and attributes in an XML document with URIs which then makes them truly unique on the Web and thus, universal (among other things). XML Schema XML Schema describes the structure of XML documents just like DTDs, only better. An XML Schema is known as an XML Schema Definition (XSD). Basically, if you're going to use XML to invent your own document structures, XSD provides the way to define your rules (like guidelines) so that people and machines can understand them, adhere to them, and integrate with them. XML Query XML Query (aka XQuery) is a standardized language for combining documents, databases, Web pages and almost anything else. It is very widely implemented, powerful, and easy to learn. XQuery is replacing proprietary middleware languages and Web Application development languages. XQuery is replacing complex Java or C++ programs with a few lines of code. Personally, I think it is sufficient to refer to these foundational items with just a few broad concepts: Unicode, URI, and XML. Unicode gives us a universal system for encoding information in all of the world's writing systems. URI gives us a standard way to identify and locate resources. XML gives us a way to model information uniquely, yet still share it and integrate it in consistent ways. All together, they help us integrate content and services throughout the Web.
- #27 Really this should exist with the big S semantics, but it’s here bc the implementation is so light and doesn’t require an inference engine or the use of unambiguous relationships at all. IT is basically using URIs and imbedding structured metadata into the htmlAdds structured metadata to any XML based languageXHTML
- #29 LOD is a web initiative for orgs to share information in a rdf or rdfa format. It describes the resource that the URI identifies. This makes it possible for a user (or software agent) to "follow your nose" to find out more information related to the identified resource. -- wikipedia
- #30 Citation!
- #33 The Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG) is a community of people interested in evolving HTML
- #34 Schema.org is the standards body that is promoting the adoption of the microdata format
- #38 Semantic search -- contextual meaning of terms as they appear in the searchable dataspace