The future of real time information

PSFK presents

FUTURE OF
REAL-TIME
INFORMATION
A

REPORT
CO N S U LTI N G

Prepared by
PSFK for
United Nations
Global Pulse

PSFK presents

FUTURE OF REAL-TIME INFORMATION

prepared for

CO N S U LTI N G

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION

Prepared by
PSFK for
United Nations
Global Pulse

A

KEY IMPLICATIONS

E

KEY TRENDS
1.

HUMAN SENSOR NETWORKS

1

2.

PERSONAL CENSUS

11

3.

SOCIAL SENTIMENT

21

4.

SEE SOMETHING, TEXT SOMETHING

31

5.

MOBILE COMMUNITIES

41

6.

INSTANT MAPPING

51

7.

CONTEXT CARTOGRAPHY

61

8.

TIMELINE NARRATIVES

71

9.

INTELLIGENT INFRASTRUCTURE

81

10. NETWORKING NATURE

91

11. DATA DEMOCRACY

101

ABOUT

112

INTRODUCTION
Data-rich technologies are providing organizations, governments
and businesses with a rapid way to monitor the well-being of
communities and individuals without the need for signiﬁcant
infrastructure or spend. For those organizations whose success
is dependent on the ability to quickly recognize and react
to high-risk situations, the proliferation of “good enough”
information sources is proving invaluable.
• Often, services can leverage the existing infrastructure created
around the internet to provide low cost access to information
in real-time. Through this data democracy, decisions can be
made at unparalleled speed.
• The change we are witnessing is being driven by the
growing volume of data produced each day by ordinary
people. By releasing information about themselves and their
environments that has been captured through mobile phones
and other digital platforms, people are acting as human sensor
networks. These individual data points, when collectively
placed in context, can provide insight into a variety of
situations.
• Social media is another tool that is being used to monitor
the well-being of communities. Online buzz around certain
subjects can serve as an indicator of group sentiment,
providing insights that are relevant ofﬂine and pointing to
actions that can be taken to remedy problems as they arise.

A

• Simple solutions are developing that allow people to
connect rapidly across mobile networks. Government and
aid-organizations are putting this newfound ability to use
by creating temporary networked communities to handle
situations on both a large and small scale. While others are
putting this technology to use to instantly map geography,
layer in information from other data streams and create
context and narrative where none previously existed.
• The proliferation of low-cost sensors has created a network
of intelligent infrastructure that can allow for the monitoring
of changing conditions and statuses in both natural and urban
environments.
We hope that this document prepared for the United Nations
Global Pulse Team provides insights into the opportunities available through the increased volume of “good enough” data and
real-time analysis.

Piers Fawkes. piers@psfk.com
Founder & President
PSFK

INTRODUCTION

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CO N S U LTI N G

This report has been developed for
the United Nations Global Pulse team,
a project whose goal is to support
governments in understanding what
is happening to their most vulnerable
populations in real-time.
We intend for it to be openly shared
around the globe between communities,
development agencies, academia
and other organizations. Its aim is to
highlight the opportunities that exist
for organizations, large or small. In
particular, the “left field” examples of data
capture and use are published in hope of
showcasing how organizations can leapfrog IT investment and still significantly
improve the monitoring capabilities.

BRIEF
PSFK’s key objective was to identify trends
in information monitoring allowing for
quicker reaction. Key areas of investigation
included developments in data (e.g.
new types of data, emerging sources);
communication (e.g. feedback loops,
community-to-community); tools; and
institutional use of real-time technologies.

PSFK PROCESS

ABOUT PSFK

At the core of PSFK’s trends research
methodology is a robust qualitative
process called Grounded Theory
Analysis, in which trends are identified by
uncovering patterns within a large data
set. Over the course of several weeks in
late 2010 and early 2011, a global team of
PSFK researchers in places ranging from
New York to Nigeria, gathered hundreds
of examples of innovation that matched
our brief. In an effort to refine the trends
identified and gain deeper insight into the
forces driving them, PSFK interviewed
dozens of experts coming from fields of
aid, business, governmental policy and
technology.

PSFK is the go-to source for new ideas and
inspiration for readers around the world.

To develop PSFK’s Future of Real-Time
Information report, we responded to a
brief set by the Global Pulse team aimed at
exploring emerging ideas around the world.
Each section in this document is a
separate trend identified through PSFK’s
pattern recognition process, which
includes supporting insights from experts
and a broad range of implications for
every type of reader.

The New York City based trends-led
innovation company publishes a daily
news site, provides research and business
consultancy, manages a network of
experts, and hosts idea-generating events.
PSFK aims to inspire readers, clients and
guests to make things better—whether
that’s better products, better services,
better lives or a better world.
www.psfk.com

ABOUT GLOBAL PULSE
The Global Pulse initiative works
closely with UN Member States and
other development partners to improve
evidence-based decision making and
close the information gap between the
onset of a global crisis and the availability
of actionable information to protect
the vulnerable.
www.unglobalpulse.org

Version 2.0
October 2011
B

FOREWORD

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THE IMPORTANCE OF REAL-TIME
ACCORDING TO THE UNITED NATIONS GLOBAL PULSE TEAM
Closing the information gap for decision
makers is an ambitious goal that will
require the UN’s collective expertise, both
that of Member States and that of UN
agencies. The Global Pulse is an initiative
to support governments in understanding
what is happening to their most vulnerable populations in real-time. To make this
possible, governments need access to real-time information on the welfare of their
populations. They need new technologies
to collect, ﬁlter, and analyze this information in order to know when populations
may be feeling the early impacts of external shocks. And they need to develop the
capacity to use real-time information to
make policy decisions.
We are in the midst of a technological
revolution. Every day we learn of exciting
new tools for collecting, analyzing, mapping, and visualizing information. According to a recent report by the International
Telecommunications Union, a mobile
phone signal now covers nearly 90% of
the world’s population.

Technology innovation is transforming our
lives—and accelerating global development.
Some of the most dramatic innovations
concerning the use of technology are taking place in the Global South.

innovation by providing this community
with an exciting role in helping us build
the technology toolkit that will power
Global Pulse.

In order to assemble these tools into a
powerful analytical toolkit for governments, we believe that it would be most
cost-effective to take a non-traditional
approach to leverage the reach and
convening power of the UN in a new way.
Outsourcing the development of the system to external consultants, the current
proscribed method for dealing with this
type of issue, would not achieve the level
of innovation required for success. We
believe in a more direct approach.
In the past decade, we have witnessed
the rise of the open source software
movement. Technology experts around
the world are volunteering their time,
expertise, and innovative ideas to create
technology tools that are free for anyone
to use. We believe we have an opportunity to harness this collective force for
D

KEY IMPLICATIONS
KEY IMPLICATIONS FROM THE TEAM AT GLOBAL PULSE
FUTURE OF MOBILE
TECHNOLOGY

DATA-DRIVEN
DEVELOPMENT

DATA EXHAUST TO
DETECT EARLY SIGNALS

Mobile phones are now being used to
send remittances, redeem food vouchers,
provide guidance to new mothers, share
agricultural price information between
farmers and offer educational assistance
to children. To monitor and evaluate
the performance of these services,
government ministries and UN agencies
often collect statistical information about
how these services are used. We believe
that through deeper analysis of this data,
governments will be able to detect the
early signals that vulnerable populations
may be in trouble. Once a pattern of
concern has emerged, governments will
be able to rapidly send teams to those
communities to conduct household
surveys, and collect the statistical
evidence needed for policy responses. We
also see enormous progress with the use
of mobile phones and other technologies
to accelerate the collection of data that
was previously collected and documented
in print.

We live in a new information age,
where innovation is accelerating at a
breathtaking pace. Today, there are
new tools to capture and use data
that have never before been applied
to development. Mobile phones, for
example, are increasingly playing a
critical role in global development and
humanitarian crisis response. Mobile
phones in the developing world are not
only being used to speed up collection of
household surveys and census data, but
also by farmers to share price information
with potential buyers, by community
health workers to request lab diagnostics
for patients, and by ordinary citizens to
report on problems in their communities.

As communities in the developing
world increasingly adopt and use these
technologies, they are beginning to
generate ambient data as by-products of
their everyday activities. This “information
exhaust” may hold the key to detecting
early signals of emerging vulnerabilities
or incipient harm. The explosion in the
volume and diversity of data has been
met by advances in methodologies to help
make sense of it all. New tools exist to
collect, ﬁlter, integrate, fuse, analyze, map
and visualize information.

E

KEY IMPLICATIONS
KEY IMPLICATIONS FROM THE TEAM AT GLOBAL PULSE

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TARGETING DEVELOPMENT
RESOURCES MORE EFFECTIVELY

TECHNOLOGY TO CLOSE
THE INFORMATION GAP

PROTECTING COUNTRIES
AGAINST DEVELOPMENT REVERSALS

The current climate of increasing ﬁscal
austerity and limited resources is being felt
by decision makers at every level. Realtime information, drawn from a variety of
sources, can allow leaders to better plan
and target interventions in times of crisis
to ensure that populations most at risk are
the ﬁrst to receive support.

While many of the most vulnerable
communities in developing countries are
still outside mobile phone coverage, there
is little doubt that Southern innovation
in the use of mobile technologies is
booming. Many private sector actors
are driving this Southern information
revolution. The enormous opportunity
presented by these emerging markets
will inevitably lead to lower costs and
greater accessibility to technologies and
information services, even in communities
where today it seems unimaginable.
These emerging technologies represent
an extraordinary opportunity to close
the information gap and provide the
data needed to protect the world’s most
vulnerable populations.

In an age of increasing global volatility,
hard-won development gains are in
danger of being eroded much faster
than in the past. Real-time actionable
information can help the international
community to detect the impact of a
crisis early on when there is still time to
prevent irreversible harm.

F

HUMAN
SENSOR
NETWORKS
Mobile populations passively sharing location-related data

PSFK presents


IMPLICATIONS

An increasing number of personal technologies are equipped
with sensors that have the capacity to collect geographicallytagged data while people simply go about their daily routines.
Phones, laptops and cars equipped with sensors such as GPS
receivers and accelerometers can collect, share and analyze
this data in real-time. This passive feedback system requires
minimal infrastructure and transforms people into sensory

•

Citizens become participants in data collection without
having to alter normal routines.

•

Passive research seamlessly integrates into daily life;
reflects the actual needs and behaviors of communities.

•

Increased volume, frequency and type of data enables
greater efficiency; ability to tailor products and services.

nodes with little effort on their part.
•

•

2

The efficiency of existing personal technology is
maximized leading to a reduced need to build costly
technological infrastructure.
Value can be derived from nearly any action or activity.
A walk down a street can generate meaningful data for
an organization.

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CONVERTING BIKES INTO MOBILE
SENSING UNITS

WEARABLE DEVICE MONITORS ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS

ASTHMA INHALER MONITORS AIR QUALITY

NETWORKED PERSONAL LAPTOPS PROVIDES
EARTHQUAKE ALERTS

CONCEPT ENVISIONS POSTAL TRUCKS WITH TELEMATICS
TO MEASURE ENVIRONMENT

TAXI DRIVERS USED TO FIND FASTEST DRIVING ROUTE

Mobile populations passively sharing location-related data
3

PSFK presents

CONVERTING BIKES INTO MOBILE SENSING UNITS
The Copenhagen Wheel concept transforms ordinary bicycles
into mobile sensing units that can map pollution levels, trafﬁc congestion, and road conditions in real-time. As a person
cycles, the wheel’s sensing unit captures their effort level and
information about immediate surroundings, including: road
conditions, carbon monoxide, NOx, noise, ambient temperature
and relative humidity.

4

Riders can access this data through their phone and even
share the information with their community, contributing to
a dynamic database of real-time environmental conditions.
WWW.SENSEABLE.MIT.EDU/COPENHAGENWHEEL

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WEARABLE DEVICE MONITORS ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
French technology company, Sensaris, has developed a
wearable device that monitors environmental conditions
for its user. Sensors detect levels of air quality, noise, and
humidity, mapping these alongside accelerometer and
GPS data.

These devices are intended for use by groups of
individuals looking to contribute to larger communityoriented applications, including city noise mapping
and urban planning initiatives.
WWW.SENSARIS.COM

5

PSFK presents

“With participatory sensing, individuals and community members act as data
collectors and as data users. This data helps groups understand what’s going
on in their specific context, create evidence for change, or tell a story.”
Deborah Estrin
Director of Center for Embedded Networked Sensing (CENS)
Professor of Computer Science, UCLA

“Metcalfe’s law says the value of a network is proportional to the square of the
number of connected nodes. As new nodes are added to our networks, both
mechanical (sensors) and human observers (like Project Noah members), we
slowly build a data network that has the capability to reflect the ever changing
tides of life on earth. In one sense it becomes a 911 service for the planet, in that
cries for help that previously went unnoticed, can now be heard.”
Martin Ceperley
Chief Technology Officer, Networked Organisms

10

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PERSONAL
CENSUS
Individual insights facilitate collective knowledge

PSFK presents

PERSONAL CENSUS

IMPLICATIONS

Growing access to mobile technology around the world now
enables an unprecedented monitoring of an individual’s current
state of being. Mobile phones and tablet PCs can be directed to
collect personal data, giving individuals deeper levels of insight
into their habits and behaviors. Through a variety of platforms,
people can actively collect and measure information about
what they’re doing, their health, and even their mood. They can

•

Citizens can understand their well-being through
the collection and interpretation of personal data.

•

Communities can leverage data and analysis to
receive deep levels of insight about the collective
habits and behaviors of peers.

•

People can be incentivized to self-monitor through
comparison, or benchmarking.

•

Validated personal experience through exploration
of shared community data.

•

A deeper and more holistic understanding
of communities enables a more fair allocation of
resources and faster response times.

also share this information anonymously with a larger network
so that it can be analyzed at a local or even national level—allowing organizations to monitor relative health of communities
and respond to their changing needs.

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PERSONAL CENSUS

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INTIMATE DETAILS PROVIDE POPULATION STATISTICS

PERSONAL FINANCE SITE SHOWS
COMMUNITY SPENDING HABITS

UNDERSTANDING HAPPINESS ACROSS THE UK

APP AGGREGATES WEB BEHAVIOR

CHEAP AND DISCRETE MOBILE STD TESTS

ONLINE TOOL INSTANTLY VISUALIZES
PERSONAL CONNECCTIONS

Individual insights facilitate collective knowledge
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PSFK presents

INTIMATE DETAILS PROVIDE POPULATION STATISTICS
The online dating site OKCupid is no longer simply in the
business of matching like-minded individuals. Based on
hundreds of millions of user interactions, intimate details
from over 3.5 million anonymous users are being converted
into data to generate incredibly insightful statistics

14

about interpersonal relationships spanning race, gender,
and sexuality—uncovering social dynamics previously left
only to speculation.
BLOG.OKCUPID.COM

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PERSONAL CENSUS

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PERSONAL FINANCE SITE SHOWS COMMUNITY SPENDING HABITS
Personal ﬁnance site Bundle.com aggregates ﬁnancial
data from the US Government, Citi Bank and other third party
providers to give users access to accurate, real-time spending
comparisons. With this data, users can explore average transaction amounts and locations in categories such as shopping,
food and drink, and transportation.

This information is also mined in order to recommend
restaurants based on the purchases of similar spenders
and to estimate change in expense if moving to other cities.
WWW.BUNDLE.COM

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JOIN THE DISCUSSION ON

PERSONAL CENSUS
“Making data public is less interesting to me than the capacity of the public
to make data. I think that when one goes through the process of trying to
measure something, one actually begins to understand how one directly
affects that process, or what potential one has to facilitate change.”
Usman Haque
Founder and CEO, Pachube / Connected Environments

“Data gathered from typically ofﬂine devices, such as the Withings Scale, is
great because it doesn’t involve a change in behavior, but simply a new sensor.”
Andrew Kortina
Co-Founder, Venmo

“Information coming from the ground and from the crowd has a great deal
of relevance. Traditionally, we look at information as something that comes
from a top-down perspective; from a media organization, a corporation or
a government. Nowadays, it’s information that ﬂows from the bottom-up
that’s changing the world.”
Erik Hersman
Co-Founder, Ushahidi

20

SOCIAL
SENTIMENT
Online buzz as indicator of ofﬂine status

PSFK presents

SOCIAL SENTIMENT
The use of online social networks has spread around the world.
People connect with one another through regular updates on
computers and mobile devices. When analyzed in bulk, it is
possible to calculate the current status of entire communities
and identify changes happening in real-time through webbased and social media search queries. This conversational
data can also be used to predict what lies ahead.

IMPLICATIONS
The ubiquity of social media platforms has led to a
democratization of the medium, enabling it to be used
as a social barometer.

•

New types of data, such as photo-uploads, can be
tapped to add dimensionality.

•

Adding the texture of information created from
every-day social interactions can provide new ways
to explore human needs and behaviors.

•

Massive quantities of data can be held up against historic
models to allow policy makers and planners to prepare for
contingencies that might otherwise be invisible.

•

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•

Real-time information has allowed us to move beyond correlation to prediction.

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SOCIAL SENTIMENT

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ONLINE SEARCH QUERIES PREDICT
SPREAD OF GLOBAL FLU

ALGORITHM DETECTS POLITICAL CONFLICTS THROUGH
REAL-TIME LOCATION AND “TONE” ANALYSIS

SEARCH ENGINE IDENTIFIES PATTERNS TO PREDICT
FUTURE EVENTS

ONLINE BUZZ ACCURATELY PREDICTS BOX OFFICE
REVENUE

FACEBOOK AS PROXY FOR POLITICAL ELECTIONS

STATUS UPDATES PREDICT ROMANTIC CHANGE

Online buzz as indicator of ofﬂine status
23

PSFK presents

ONLINE SEARCH QUERIES PREDICT SPREAD OF GLOBAL FLU
There is a close relationship between how many people search for
flu-related topics and how many people actually have flu symptoms. Before visiting a clinic, many flu sufferers visit web sites for
information about symptoms and remedies.

24

Google Flu Trends use these search queries to estimate
current flu activity around the world in near real-time.
WWW.GOOGLE.ORG/FLUTRENDS

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SOCIAL SENTIMENT

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RESEARCHERS USE ALGORITHM TO DETECT POLITICAL CONFLICTS
THROUGH REAL-TIME LOCATION AND “TONE” ANALYSIS
A team of researchers at the University of Illinois has performed
a study within the emerging field of ‘Culturomics,’ which explores
the use of location and media sentiment to draw real-time conclusions about the appearance and growth of political conflicts.

The study presents ‘Culturomics 2.0,’ which translates text-based
geographic references into mappable coordinates and crossreferences that information with numerically quantified ‘tone’ to
provide a new level of real-time data and insight.
WWW.BIT.LY/UM9MSO

25


SOCIAL SENTIMENT
“When data is published with greater frequency, it makes sense that we’ll
be able to predict seasonal trends.”
Andrew Kortina
Co-Founder, Venmo

“Predictive systems could be used to anticipate demand for commodities, goods,
and services—helping businesses optimize what they’re producing and having
tighter feedback loops. Rather than trying to convince people they need something, producers could respond to what people are actually saying.”
Andrew Hoppin
Chief Information Ofﬁcer, New York State Senate

“If you have information in multiple dimensions, you can begin to understand the
dynamics of complex socio-technical systems. Through better understanding we
can better predict future change.”
Deborah Estrin

30

SEE
SOMETHING,
TEXT
SOMETHING
Active reporting for collective well-being

PSFK presents


IMPLICATIONS

Systems that track change can leverage power of people.
Crowd-sourced services that allow people to report on the situation around them are ensuring communities’ collective wellbeing by rapidly documenting potentially harmful incidents.

•

Promotes civic engagement by lowering barrier
of entry, allowing individual voices to be heard.

•

Mobile technology gives a voice to disenfranchised
or marginalized groups.

•

Systems can be tailored to the needs of those

Often using mobile phone technology, these information monitoring systems not only provide real-time, location speciﬁc data,
but also boost civic engagement by establishing direct channels
of communication from the ground up.

32

speciﬁcally affected by them.
•

Real-time systems provide the ability to actively
respond to and mitigate problems.

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TRACKING SEXUAL HARASSMENT

USING SMS REPORTING TO MAP ELECTION FRAUD

CITIZEN SCIENTISTS BUILD NETWORK OF
LOCAL PLANTS AND ANIMALS

CROWDSOURCING REPORTS FOLLOWING OIL SPILL

PROJECT GATHERS REPORTS ON PEOPLE’S GOOD ACTS

PUBLIC FRUIT MAPPING

Active reporting for collective well-being
33

PSFK presents

TRACKING SEXUAL HARASSMENT
HarassMap is a system in Egypt for reporting sexual harassment via SMS. The tool gives women a way to anonymously
report icidents as soon as they happen, by instantly mapping
the reports online.

34

By empowering individuals to act, the system serves as an
advocacy, prevention, and response tool, highlighting the
severity and pervasiveness of the problem.
WWW.HARASSMAP.ORG

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USING SMS REPORTING TO MAP ELECTION FRAUD
During Haitian Elections, which were held on March 20, 2011, a
participatory democracy network called Mwen Konte monitored
election fraud through the use of anonymously reported SMS
messages. Approximately 1,500 contributors monitored election
stations and were encouraged to send an SMS when they noticed irregularities and fraud taking place in the voting process.

The results were plotted on a map to provide context and insight
into where abuses were taking place.
WWW.BIT.LY/UDV65L

35


“We’re enrolling young people who have cell phones and asking them simple
things like, “Is the water point in your village working today?” The collected data
is analyzed then re-distributed through agreements with newspaper, radio, and
TV stations, so that the young person in the village who actually collected the
information feels connected on a national level. By doing this, we not only inform
them of their entitlements, but engage them in a process of monitoring them.”
Sharad Sapra
UNICEF County Representative, Uganda

“We look at people and their mobile phones as a very interesting opportunity to
allow individuals and communities to engage in systematic data collection that
documents and addresses important things in their lives.”
Deborah Estrin

“The data is captured in real-time. You’re not going around and asking people to
give retrospective reports. You’re asking people, in the moment, what’s going on
with them right now.”
Deborah Estrin

40

MOBILE
COMMUNITIES

Building and maintaining virtual communities with simple technology

PSFK presents

MOBILE COMMUNITIES
The simplicity and ubiquity of mobile phones makes them
an ideal platform for organizing communities and coordinating
efforts in response to an event. During times of crisis, or
simply for strengthening existing communities, handsets
can function as a conduit for collaboration and connectivity.
Through new applications and services, networks between
people can be established at the touch of a button.

IMPLICATIONS
Regular tasks become faster through individually-owned,
mobile technology. Speed not only changes response time,
but fundamentally changes the nature of the tasks, and
relationships of those involved.

•

Systems should be easily adopted; viable for social use, yet
equipped for crisis management.

•

Through these fast-forming, often temporary communities,
vital information and alerts can quickly be
communicated to large, dispersed populations, ensuring
that all citizens remain in the loop.

•

42

•

These connections fundamentally change the nature
of people’s interactions and expand what is possible. Leveraging the power of the directed, collaborative
effort from a community can bring about real change.

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MOBILE COMMUNITIES

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COLLABORATION TOOL FACILITATES
ON-THE-GROUND COMMUNICATION

MOBILE MAILING LISTS

TEMPORARY NETWORKS BUILT AROUND ANY EVENT

REAL-TIME TEAM UPDATES

USING THE MOBILE WEB TO CONNECT COMMUNITIES

GROUP CHATTING APP CONNECTS PEOPLE
BASED ON PROFILE AND LOCATION

Building and maintaining virtual communities with simple technology
43

PSFK presents

COLLABORATION TOOL FACILITATES ON-THE-GROUND COMMUNICATION
GeoChat is a service for coordinating the efforts of different
relief organizations. It lets team members interact to
maintain shared geospatial awareness of who is doing
what where—over any device, on any platform, over any
network, using SMS, email, or a web browser.

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Through this system, on-the-ground help can ensure
an organized, rapid response following a crisis.
WWW.INSTEDD.ORG

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MOBILE COMMUNITIES

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MOBILE MAILING LISTS
Patatat lets groups form information communities through text
messages. Using a web browser, users enter a list of phone
numbers, Patatat will then broadcast messages to the entire
group via SMS.

When someone replies, these messages are also sent
to everyone on the list, creating a reliable method for
group communication.
WWW.PATATAT.COM

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MOBILE COMMUNITIES
“There are a few very simple approaches to keeping people engaged. First, you
do things that matter to them. Second, you let them see the data and learn from
it. Third, you tie it into social media, and rely on game mechanics to make it
fun. I think we will also start see some form of micro-payment system begin to
emerge—like frequent ﬂyer miles, or perhaps even actual payments.”
Deborah Estrin

“There is a lot more information being captured and shared than we can actually
handle. During the recent Tanzanian elections,our platform was quickly overrun
with the number of SMS messages coming into the system—5,000 in one day.
It’s quickly moving from information collection, to the ability to curate that
information effectively.”
Erik Hersman

“How do you create a small business model around a data collection system?
One of the ideas that we are exploring is like a frequent ﬂier program. If you
participate in collecting data, you get a few minutes of free talk time, which
you can use yourself or sell to others. If you share even more information, you
get a solar cell phone charger, which you can then use to charge other people’s
phones. It’s important to look for innovative approaches that can make micro
business models out of these small things.”
Sharad Sapra
UNICEF Country Representative, Uganda

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INSTANT
MAPPING
Local tools for creating a shared visual experience

PSFK presents

INSTANT MAPPING

IMPLICATIONS

Maps are a universal tool that have the ability to convey significant quantities of information, often transcending language
and cultural barriers. This intuitive nature has made maps the
medium of preference for creating a shared visual experience.
A growing number of open source tools and lo-fi solutions
offer local communities the ability to rapidly generate maps
and provide real-time instructions for navigating uncharted

•

Maps contain a universal language. They are easily
understood by people of all languages and literacy levels.

•

Open and accessible tools help ensure that maps
remain a relevant and useful resource for locals and
visitors alike by enabling flexible solutions that can
easily evolve alongside the changing face of any region.

•

Collaborative mapping initiatives encourage citizens
to learn more about their surroundings and get involved
with their local communities through the exploration of
unfamilar neighborhoods and environments.

•

Simple mapping systems can serve as valuable
navigation tools for areas without established
roadways or infrastructure.

or changing landscapes. This type of information becomes
invaluable for individuals during times of crisis as they try to
gain insights into their own communities.

52

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INSTANT MAPPING

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CO N S U LTI N G

LO-FI SOLUTION FOR AERIAL MAPPING

REMOTE CONTROL AIRPLANE CREATES LOCAL MAPS

OPEN SOURCE CARTOGRAPHY

COMMUNITY BASED MAPPING PROJECT

ONLINE MARKETPLACE FOR GEO-DATA

PICTURE-BASED NAVIGATION

Local tools for creating a shared visual experience
53

PSFK presents

LO-FI SOLUTION FOR AERIAL MAPPING
Grassroots Mapping is a series of participatory mapping projects focused on communities involved in land disputes. Initiated
by the MIT Media Lab‘s Center for Future Civic Media, the project utilizes balloons, kites, and other simple and inexpensive
tools to produce aerial imagery, inverting the traditional power
structure of cartography.

The resulting images are geotagged and stitched into maps
which are 100x higher resolution that those offered by Google
and available at an extremely low cost. These maps have been
used to support residents’ claims to land title and most recently
to document the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in order to assess
the situation and assist with the response.
WWW.GRASSROOTSMAPPING.ORG

54

WWW.PSFK.COM

INSTANT MAPPING

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CO N S U LTI N G

REMOTE CONTROL AIRPLANE CREATES LOCAL MAPS
The Swinglet CAM is a safe and easy-to-use flying camera that
takes high-resolution pictures automatically—plus it can take
off, fly and land all on its own. The drone can be programmed to
follow a pre-determined flight path based on a maximum of 20
GPS coordinates with an operational range of up to 12.5 miles.

With simple drag & drop functions, it is possible to
pre-program—as well as update during the flight—the position,
altitude and behavior of the unmanned drone. In addition to
mapping, potential applications include traffic updating,
security, crop and species monitoring.
WWW.SENSEFLY.COM

55


INSTANT MAPPING
“Maps provide a snapshot understanding, a simpliﬁed understanding,
but they’re not the only way. From the beginning at Ushahidi, we worked
with maps and time-lines together. We think that time and space are
both relevant for real-time information.”
Erik Hersman

“It’s all about situational awareness. If you can tell what’s going on around
you, and can get alerts from your neighbor about what’s going on around them,
you have a much better understanding of what’s actually going on. Therefore,
decision-making power is increased when you have relevant information.”
Erik Hersman

“We try to use metaphors that are familiar to people—and terms in which they
are already thinking. So maps are an obvious medium.”
Deborah Estrin

60

CONTEXT
CARTOGRAPHY
Creating information landscapes though the union of data and place

PSFK presents

CONTEXT CARTOGRAPHY
Through the union of data and location, multiple layers
of real-time information can be displayed geographically,
providing enhanced situational context for ground crews and
policy makers alike. Highly speciﬁc types of information can
be especially useful on a large scale to help facilitate decisionmaking processes at the level of businesses,
institutions and governments.

IMPLICATIONS
Information gives decision makers at an institutional
level quick and accurate information.

•

Rapidly changing/evolving strategies can be
geographically mapped and used to inﬂuence
approachest to a response.

•

The union of data with place helps ensure that resources
are being distributed equitably across a region and that
they’re tracked while en route to a destination.

•

By understanding where an event or situation originated,
response organizations are better equipped to manage or
prevent similar events from occuring in the future.

•

Mapping the scale of distant events alongside familar
environments promotes greater understanding through
local context.

•

62

•

Knowing what is happening at any given time becomes
more meaningful when this information is also linked
to place.

WWW.PSFK.COM

CONTEXT CARTOGRAPHY

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CO N S U LTI N G

GLOBAL HEALTH BASED ON LOCAL INFORMATION

CREATIVE DATA OVERLAYS ON INTERACTIVE MAPS

VISUALIZING COMPLEX SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DATA

SHARED VISUAL EXPERIENCE FOR
DISASTER RESPONSE TEAMS

PUTTING SOCIAL ENTERPRISE ON THE MAP

MAPS CREATED AROUND MAJOR EVENTS

Creating information landscapes though the union of data and place
63

PSFK presents

GLOBAL HEALTH BASED ON LOCAL INFORMATION
HealthMap brings together disparate data sources to achieve
a uniﬁed and comprehensive view of the current global state
of infectious diseases and their effect on human and animal
health. The website integrates outbreak data of varying reliability, ranging from news sources to curated personal accounts to
validated ofﬁcial alerts.

64

Through an automated text processing system, the data
is aggregated by disease and displayed by location for
user-friendly access to the original alert.
WWW.HEALTHMAP.ORG

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CONTEXT CARTOGRAPHY

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CO N S U LTI N G

CREATIVE DATA OVERLAYS ON INTERACTIVE MAPS
Polymaps is an open-source JavaScript library of controls that
simpliﬁes and standardizes the creation of interactive online
maps. Created as a collaboration between Stamen Design and
SimpleGeo, the goal of the project is to better support complex,
large-scale data overlays.

Polymaps can load data at a full range of scales, so it
is ideal for showing information starting from a country
level, and descending to states, cities, neighborhoods,
and individual streets.
WWW.POLYMAPS.ORG

65


CONTEXT CARTOGRAPHY
“The biggest challenge is to cut down the delay on basic actionable data.
On the ground, it’s micro-level data that is most useful. We are looking for
data that comes frequently and in large numbers. We’re not looking at any
data that cannot be connected to a relevant context in very simple terms.”
Sharad Sapra

“Data without context is meaningless. You get a whole bunch of numbers,
a whole bunch of locations, a whole bunch of news. But if there’s no context,
data is meaningless.”
Adam Leibsohn
Founder, Voyurl

“The minute an observation is made, it is geo-coded, time-stamped, uploaded
to a database, put on a chart, as well as on a map, with no manual intervention.
The data doesn’t sit dormant—the data goes straight from a human making an
observation to a proper visualization.”
Deborah Estrin
Director of Center for Embedded Networked Sensing (CENS) /

70

TIMELINE
NARRATIVES
Reconstructing temporal events to create richer narratives

PSFK presents

TIMELINE NARRATIVES
A critical component of any response to a complex situation
is a firm understanding of how that particular event has
unfolded. Because online and offline discussions take place
around every major event, analyzing these conversations can
provide valuable insights into how and when things occurred.
Studying these instant histories helps organizations understand how best to respond and provides clues as to how to
prevent similar situations in the future.

72

IMPLICATIONS
•

An up-to-date timeline that is scalable to the
moment creates instant prioritization of responses
and allocation of resources.

•

The ability to track a conversation over time provides
useful trend information that can be used to form timely
and appropriate responses.

•

Comprehension of the history of an event, and what
lead to its occurrence provides useful insights for
conflict resolution.

WWW.PSFK.COM

TIMELINE NARRATIVES

prepared for

CO N S U LTI N G

ANALYZING HOW NEWS CHANGES OVER TIME

OPEN SOURCE PLATFORMS FOR
VIEWING TEMPORAL DATA

REAL-TIME SOCIAL MEDIA SEARCH AND ANALYSIS

CROWD SOURCED CRISIS INFORMATION

VISUALIZING 311 CALLS ACCORDING TO TIME OF DAY

SOFTWARE ANALYZES NFL FAN TWEETS
TO INTERPRET ACTION

Reconstructing temporal events to create richer narratives
73

PSFK presents

ANALYZING HOW NEWS CHANGES OVER TIME
Time Explorer is designed to help users discover how
entities such as people and locations associated with a
query change over time. By searching time expressions
extracted automatically from text, the application allows

74

users to explore not only how topics evolved in the past,
but also how they will continue to evolve in the future.
FBMYA01.BARCELONAMEDIA.ORG:8080/FUTURE

WWW.PSFK.COM

TIMELINE NARRATIVES

prepared for

CO N S U LTI N G

OPEN SOURCE PLATFORM FOR VIEWING TEMPORAL DATA
Time Flow is an open-source platform currently under development to help journalists analyze online temporal data. Designed
by Fernanda Viégas and Martin Wattenberg of Flowing Media,
the application offers a variety of view modes to explore data,
including timelines, calendars, lists, and tables.

It offers an easy way to chart actual documentation of events,
to provide more detailed, accurate and therefore less inﬂammatory media coverage.
WWW.FLOWINGMEDIA.COM/TIMEFLOW.HTML

75


TIMELINE NARRATIVES
“Even with the democratization of technology, intermediaries still
remain important for gathering and acting on the information provided
by individuals.”
Chris Anderson
Editor, Wired

“You need to make data accessible to make it useful—that’s why you see a
lot of visualizations default to maps or time-lines. The mental construct and
visual language is immediately, and globally recognizable.”
Adam Leibsohn
Founder, Voyurl

80

INTELLIGENT

INFRASTRUCTURE
Resource management through smart systems

PSFK presents


IMPLICATIONS

Low cost, reliable sensor technology is being integrated
into urban environments such as buildings, bridges and
roads, generating massive amounts of data. This access
to real-time information enables governments, communities
and individuals to receive information in real-time
and make faster, more informed decisions.

•

Local communities immediately beneﬁt from understanding
which resources are available for sharing.

•

Volume and frequency of input allows municipalities
to make more informed decisions relating to energy
needs and urban planning. Ability to identify macro/micro
usage trends.

•

Better able to manage structures, monitor decay and
prevent accidents.

•

Resources like energy and trafﬁc systems can
be dynamically managed in real-time allowing for
reaction to changing patterns in the data.

•

Communities can better understand their behavior
and the impact it has on their neighborhoods.

•

The volume and frequency of input allows municipalities to
identify macro and micro trends in population behavior.

Functioning like a central nervous system for the built environment, these smart systems connect the real and virtual
worlds using knowledge gleaned from data to optimize and
automate all types of processes.

82

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CO N S U LTI N G

UBIQUITOUS SENSORS
MONITOR MUNICIPAL STRUCTURES

BUILDING SELF-MONITORS USE OF RESOURCES

WIRELESS PARKING SYSTEM
HIGHLIGHTS AVAILABLE SPOTS

SOLAR TRASH CANS CAN
COMPACT CONTENTS WHEN FULL

WIDGETS SEND ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION

DATA BROKERAGE FOR THE INTERNET OF THINGS

Resource management through smart systems
83

PSFK presents

UBIQUITOUS SENSORS MONITOR MUNICIPAL STRUCTURES
HP Labs has announced a project they’ve dubbed
CeNSE (Central Nervous System for the Earth), an
attempt to develop a planet-wide infrastructure built
from billions of small, cheap, and durable sensors.

These sensors will be able to attach to bridges and buildings to
warn of structural strains or inclement weather conditions, and
will be scattered along roadsides to monitor trafﬁc and road
conditions.
WWW.HPL.HP.COM/RESEARCH/INTELLIGENT_INFRASTRUCTURE

84

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CO N S U LTI N G

BUILDING SELF-MONITORS USE OF RESOURCES
IBM has specially designed its headquarters in France to lower
its environmental footprint through intelligent consumption of
utilities. Sensors automatically regulate the lighting and indoor
temperature depending on the external environment to reduce
unnecessary use of electricity,

and monitor the overall use of water to provide different rates
of ﬂow as individual areas of the building approach predetermined limits.
WWW.IBM.COM/SMARTERPLANET/US/EN/GREEN_BUILDINGS/IDEAS

85


“Technological networks of free ﬂowing data allow us, as a society, to have eyes
and ears around the globe, feeding information into the collective consciousness
and conscience. As we gradually build our sensing capabilities, we are laying the
groundwork of an infrastructure that will lead to a better understanding of the
complex dynamics and correlations of the world we live in.”
Martin Ceperley

“Development dollars continue to be pumped into building new “things” instead
of maintaining what they already have. Things get built, work for a year, then
break and never get repaired because there is no communication platform to
alert the proper authorities. FLOW created a sensor network connecting all the
wells and pumps in Africa to counter just that...”
Andrew Hoppin

“There has been a lot of excitement about public transit data opening up—citizens
are making applications to make their use of public transit more efﬁcient by creating
better tools for viewing schedules in real-time, on the go. Aggregating macro-data
about these systems could be helpful in urban planning and allocating resources for
new systems.”
Andrew Kortina
Co-Founder, Venmo

90

NETWORKING
NATURE
Connecting people with the planet

PSFK presents

NETWORKING NATURE

IMPLICATIONS

Monitoring change in nature can provide insights into both
environmental and human change. By connecting the natural
world to the internet, communities and organizations are
better able to monitor and respond to nature’s ebb and flow
in real-time.

•

Wired plants and crops can report on their health
and indicate the correct time to harvest.

•

Audio sensing can detect minor changes in the environment to warn of avalanches, mudslides or earthquakes.

•

Citizens become engaged in creating two-way
data flows; use information to better understand
their immediate surroundings.

•

•

Heightened awareness of natural cycles increases
ability to determine long and short term trends.

•

Real-time weather information enables businesses
to work with nature and minimize inefficiencies.

•

Better ablility to monitor invasive species and deal with
cross border issues.

•

92

Communities reconnect with nature and understand
their impact better.

Natural sensors can be used to increase agricultural yields.

WWW.PSFK.COM

NETWORKING NATURE

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CO N S U LTI N G

TREE TALKS ABOUT ITS LIVING CIRCUMSTANCES

ACOUSTIC SENSORS DETECT LANDSLIDES

AUDIO FEEDBACK FROM THE DEEP OCEAN

REAL-TIME CROP MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

NETWORKED TECHNOLOGIES MONITOR OCEAN HEALTH

NETWORKED PLANTS OFFSET CARBON FOOTPRINT

Connecting people with the planet
93

PSFK presents

TREE TALKS ABOUT ITS LIVING CIRCUMSTANCES
A 100 year old Belgian tree has been given the means to
speak and share its opinion about its surroundings. The tree
has been connected to a ﬁne dust meter, ozone meter, light
meter, weather station, webcam, and microphone.

94

Collected data is converted into human language and sent as
regular updates to followers on YouTube, Flickr, Twitter, Facebook, and Soundcloud.
WWW.TALKING-TREE.COM

WWW.PSFK.COM

NETWORKING NATURE

prepared for

CO N S U LTI N G

ACOUSTIC SENSORS DETECT LANDSLIDES
Engineers at Loughborough University in the UK have
developed sensors that monitor soil acoustics and are capable
of predicting landslides.

A network of sensors are buried in a hillside, registering movements in the soil by listening for tiny amounts of noise caused by
the friction of particles against one another. Once triggered, the
systems sound an alarm.
WWW.LBORO.AC.UK

95


NETWORKING NATURE
“When people get more involved in the process of measuring things like
temperature, or environmental aspects, over long periods of time, they
become more attuned to other cyclical aspects of nature; the diurnal cycle,
the monthly cycle, the annual cycles, and hopefully, better understand their
capacity to effect change upon them.”
Usman Haque
Founder and CEO, Pachube / Connected Environments

“Our society is using more technology than ever to monitor the pulse of the
natural world, sharing data and observations with a speed never before possible.
Invasive species, and their effects, can now be closely identiﬁed, studied, and
remedied before widespread ecosystem troubles emerge—allowing ample time
to enact policies to help mitigate further damage.”
Martin Ceperley

“By fostering a global network of nature watchers, we are extending the internet’s
reach and immediacy beyond the human species. As members grow, I envision an
army of citizen scientists, ready to use their cameras and mobile phones to tackle
the latest issues at a moment’s notice.”
Martin Ceperley

100

DATA
DEMOCRACY
Institutional accountability through open policies

PSFK presents

DATA DEMOCRACY

IMPLICATIONS

City administrations, institutions, and companies are publicly sharing data generated within their systems to add
new levels of transparency and accountability. Access to
this information not only strengthens civic engagement, but
establishes a collaborative agenda at all levels of government
that empowers citizens through greater access and agency.

•

Citizens are given the access and agency to engage
with the data that specifically influences them.

•

Communities are empowered to leverage local data
and build bespoke services.

•

Increased transparency and accountability.

•

Transparency facilitates confidence. Turns
citizens/consumers into collaborators, uncovering
new perspectives and potential applications not
previously considered.

•

Open data, and open source technology, provide
the infrastructure backbone necessary to run a scalable,
global and yet, ultimately localized system.

102

WWW.PSFK.COM

DATA DEMOCRACY

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CO N S U LTI N G

EMPOWERING DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
WITH THEIR OWN DATA

OPENING UP ELECTIONS IN AFGHANISTAN

DATA SCIENCE TOOLKIT OFFERS LOW COST
BIG-DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS

SHARING PUBLIC HEALTH OPERATIONAL DATA

MAKING IT EASY TO BUY AND SHARE DATA OF ALL TYPES

GOOGLE SERVICE BRINGS DATA TO LIFE

Institutional accountability through open policies
103

PSFK presents

EMPOWERING DEVELOPING COUNTRIES WITH THEIR OWN DATA
The Ujima Project offers journalists, NGOs, and concerned citizens access to a collection of databases, documents and other
resources that are not typically publicly available. The aim of the
project is to bring transparency to the workings of governments,
multinational, non-governmental organizations and business
enterprises in developing countries.

104

The project operates on the premise of reverse transparency,
acquiring information on foreign aid, developmental contracts,
weapon sales, lobbying, and other activities from outside
sources—predominantly the United States and the European
Union—and providing it in an easily searchable format.
WWW.UJIMA-PROJECT.ORG

WWW.PSFK.COM

DATA DEMOCRACY

prepared for

CO N S U LTI N G

OPENING UP ELECTIONS IN AFGHANISTAN
AfghanistanElectionData.org was created by the National Democratic Institute, in partnership with Development Seed, to make
data from national elections in Afghanistan more accessible and
transparent. The tool allows users to browse the raw vote count
from the recent election on a national view and quickly drill down
to a provincial, district, or even polling center view.

The number of votes are shown down to the level of
an individual ballot box.
WWW.AFGHANISTANELECTIONDATA.ORG

105


DATA DEMOCRACY
“Citizenship is much more than just having a passport or a birth certificate.
Citizenship is engaging in the development process and in issues that affect
people’s lives—it’s as simple as aggregating data and putting it in public domain.”
Sharad Sapra

“Government is woefully inefficient right now. Better information management
and more open information creation and sharing could be silver bullets to destroy
the deficits. Efficiency through transparency seems to be the theme here.”
Andrew Hoppin

“Every service that captures data is hell bent on capturing as much of it as
it can and keeping it in it’s own little walled garden. But when you keep that
data in walled gardens, you limit it’s true potential.”
Adam Leibsohn
Founder, Voyurl

110

PSFK presents

ABOUT PSFK
PSFK is the world’s go-to source for
new ideas and inspiration.
The New York City based trends and
innovation company publishes a daily
news site, provides research and business
consultancy, manages a network of
experts, and hosts idea-generating
events. PSFK aims to inspire readers,
clients and guests to make things better—
whether that’s better products, better
services, better lives or a better world.
www.psfk.com
www.purplelist.com

112

FUTURE OF REAL-TIME INFORMATION TEAM
PROJECT DIRECTORS
Piers Fawkes, PSFK
piers@psfk.com
646.520.4672
Chris van der Walt, UN Global Pulse
Strategic Communications Advisor
vanderwalt@un.org
LEAD CONSULTANT
Jeff Squires
RESEARCH & ANALYSIS
Scott Lachut
Francisco Hui
Dan Gould
Kyle Studstill
Dory Carr-Harris
Jamie Clawson
Jackie Rangel
PHOTOGRAPHY
Louis Caldarola
www.louiscaldarola.com

CONTACT
Jeff Weiner, PSFK
Director of Business Development
jeff.weiner@psfk.com
646.520.4665
42 Bond Street
6th Floor
New York, NY 10012 USA
www.psfk.com

FOR COPIES OF THIS REPORT VISIT:
www.psfk.com/future-of-real-time

Version 2
October 2011

WWW.PSFK.COM

CONTACT

prepared for

CO N S U LTI N G

FOR COPIES OF THIS REPORT VISIT

www.psfk.com/future-of-real-time

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The future of real time information

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