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The human brain
The human brain is the most complex organ in the body. It is made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. The cerebrum is divided into four lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital - each responsible for different functions like planning, sensation, memory, and vision. Within the cerebrum lies the limbic system which regulates emotion and memory. The brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls involuntary actions. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. Specific areas of the brain are associated with vision, language, emotion, memory, and other cognitive and motor functions.
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Introduction to the human brain's complexity and functions, including thought, movement, and sensory processing.
Description of neurons’ components (dendrites, cell body, axon) and the protective layers (meninges) around the brain.
External structure of the brain and detailed roles of cerebrum lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, and limbic.
Details of the limbic system and important structures like cerebellum, thalamus, and hypothalamus, responsible for various bodily functions.
Specific functions in vision, taste, cognition, emotion, speech, language, motor, and sensory processes.
Distinction between left and right hemispheres in terms of emotional perception and cognitive functions, along with neocortex structure.
Thank you note, highlighting the importance of understanding brain structure and function.
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The human brain
- 1. ORGANISATION OF THEHUMAN BRAIN
- 2. Introduction • The humanbrain is by far the most complex and highly organized structure of the body. • This organ allows us to think, move, feel, see, hear, taste, and smell. • It controls our body, receives, analyzes, and stores information. • The brain produces electrical signals, which, together with chemical reactions, let the parts of the body communicate. Nerves send these signals throughout the body.
- 3. The Neuron Dendrites: Collects information fromother neurons. Cell Body Axon: Transmits information to other neurons.
- 4. The Meninges The meningesare layers of tissue that separate the skull and the brain. Skull Dura mater Arachnoid Layer Pia Mater Brain
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- 6. The Cerebrum The largestportion of the brain is the cerebrum. It consists of two hemispheres that are connected together at the corpus callosum. The cerebrum is often divided into five lobes that are responsible for different brain functions. Corpus callosum
- 7. Lobes of theCerebrum Parietal Lobe Temporal Lobe Frontal Lobe Limbic Lobe Occipital Lobe
- 8. Frontal Lobe The frontallobe is the area of the brain responsible for higher cognitive functions. These include: • Problem solving • Spontaneity • Memory • Language • Motivation • Judgment • Impulse control • Social and sexual behavior.
- 9. Temporal Lobe The temporallobe plays a role in emotions, and is also responsible for smelling, tasting, perception, memory, understanding music, aggressiveness, and sexual behavior. The temporal lobe also contains the language area of the brain.
- 10. Parietal Lobe The parietallobe plays a role in our sensations of touch, smell, and taste. It also processes sensory and spatial awareness, and is a key component in eye-hand co-ordination and arm movement. The parietal lobe also contains a specialized area called Wernicke’s area that is responsible for matching written words with the sound of spoken speech.
- 11. Occipital Lobe The occipitallobe is at the rear of the brain and controls vision and recognition.
- 12. Limbic Lobe The limbiclobe is located deep in the brain, and makes up the limbic system.
- 13. The Limbic System A.Cingulate gyrus B. Fornix C. Anterior thalamic nuclei D. Hypothalamus E. Amygdaloid nucleus F. Hippocampus The limbic system is the area of the brain that regulates emotion and memory. It directly connects the lower and higher brain functions.
- 14. Cerebellum The cerebellum isconnected to the brainstem, and is the center for body movement and balance.
- 15. Thalamus Thalamus means “innerroom” in Greek, as it sits deep in the brain at the top of the brainstem. The thalamus is called the gateway to the cerebral cortex, as nearly all sensory inputs pass through it to the higher levels of the brain.
- 16. Hypothalamus The hypothalamus sitsunder the thalamus at the top of the brainstem. Although the hypothalamus is small, it controls many critical bodily functions: • Controls autonomic nervous system • Center for emotional response and behavior • Regulates body temperature • Regulates food intake • Regulates water balance and thirst • Controls sleep-wake cycles • Controls endocrine system The hypothalamus is shaded blue. The pituitary gland extends from the hypothalamus.
- 17. Brain Functions • Vision •Taste • Cognition • Emotion • Speech • Language • Hearing • Motor Cortex • Sensory Cortex • Autonomic Functions
- 18. Vision The visual cortexresides in the occipital lobe of the brain. Sensory impulses travel from the eyes via the optic nerve to the visual cortex. Damage to the visual cortex can result in blindness.
- 19. Taste The gustatory complex (greencircle) is the part of the sensory cortex (purple area) that is responsible for taste.
- 20. Cognition The prefrontal cortexis involved with intellect, complex learning, and personality. Injuries to the front lobe can cause mental and personality changes.
- 21. Emotion Emotions are anextremely complex brain function. The emotional core of the brain is the limbic system. This is where senses and awareness are first processed in the brain. Mood and personality are mediated through the prefrontal cortex. This part of the brain is the center of higher cognitive and emotional functions. Prefrontal cortex Limbic system
- 22. Speech Broca’s area iswhere we formulate speech and the area of the brain that sends motor instructions to the motor cortex. Injury to Broca’s area can cause difficulty in speaking. The individual may know what words he or she wishes to speak, but will be unable to do so. Broca’s Area
- 23. Language Wernicke’s area isa specialized portion of the parietal lobe that recognizes and understands written and spoken language. Wernicke’s area surrounds the auditory association area. Damage to this part of the brain can result in someone hearing speech, but not understanding it. Wernicke’s Area Auditory Association Area
- 24. Motor Cortex The motorportion of the cerebrum is illustrated here. The light red area is the premotor cortex, which is responsible for repetitive motions of learned motor skills. The dark red area is the primary motor area, and is responsible for control of skeletal muscles. Different areas of the brain are associated with different parts of the body. Injury to the motor cortex can result in motor disturbance in the associated body part.
- 25. Sensory Cortex The sensoryportion of the cerebrum is illustrated here. Different areas of the brain are associated with different parts of the body, as can be seen below. Injury to the sensory cortex can result in sensory disturbance in the associated body part.
- 26. Left and RightHemispheres Optimistic half Positive emotions- control Pessimistic half Emotional perceptions
- 27. The Neocortex The cerebralcortex is a thin layer of cells about 1.5 to 4 mm thick. The cortex provides the connections and pathways for the highest cognitive functions, such as language and abstract thinking. The cerebral cortex contains about 25 billion neurons, more than 62,000 miles of axons, and 300,000,000,000,000 synapses. Neocortex layer The thin layer of the neocortex is dense with neurons.
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