The IoT and registration of MRI brain diagnosis based on genetic algorithm and convolutional neural network

Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Vol. 25, No. 1, January 2022, pp. 273~280
ISSN: 2502-4752, DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v25.i1.pp273-280  273
Journal homepage: http://ijeecs.iaescore.com
The IoT and registration of MRI brain diagnosis based on
genetic algorithm and convolutional neural network
Ahmed Shihab Ahmed1
, Hussein Ali Salah2
1
Department of Basic Sciences, College of Nursing, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
2
Department of Computer Systems, Technical Institute-Suwaira, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, Iraq
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Jul 16, 2021
Revised Oct 24, 2021
Accepted Nov 26, 2021
The technology of the multimodal brain image registration is the key method
for accurate and rapid diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases. For
achieving high-resolution image registration, a fast sub pixel registration
algorithm is used based on single-step discrete wavelet transform (DWT)
combined with phase convolution neural network (CNN) to classify the
registration of brain tumors. In this work apply the genetic algorithm and
CNN clasifcation in registration of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
image. This approach follows eight steps, reading the source of MRI brain
image and loading the reference image, enhencment all MRI images by
bilateral filter, transforming DWT image by applying the DWT2, evaluating
(fitness function) each MRI image by using entropy, applying the genetic
algorithm, by selecting the two images based on rollout wheel and crossover
of the two images, the CNN classify the result of subtraction to normal or
abnormal, “in the eighth one,” the Arduino and global system for mobile
(GSM) 8080 are applied to send the message to patient. The proposed model
is tested on MRI Medical City Hospital in Baghdad database consist 550
normal and 350 abnormal and split to 80% training and 20 testing, the
proposed model result achieves the 98.8% accuracy.
Keywords:
Arduino global system for
mobile
Convolution neural network
Discrete wavelet transform
Genetic algorithm
Internet of things
Registration of magnetic
resonance imaging brain
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Hussein Ali Salah
Department of Computer Systems, Technical Institute-Suwaira, Middle Technical University
Muasker Al Rashid Street, Baghdad, Iraq
Email: hussein_tech@mtu.edu.iq
1. INTRODUCTION
Currently, medical imaging systems have a crucial role in the clinical workflow, due to their ability to
reflect anatomical and physiological features which are not otherwise available for inspection [1], [2]. Medical
image technology uses a variety of different concepts to quantify the spatial distributions of the physical
characteristics of humans and help to better understanding to complex or unusual diseases. Data processing is
essential for computer assistance medical diagnose [3], [4]. The method to integrate complementary
information from more than one image of a certain organ into one composite image can provide useful
information. The number of available modalities and the data volume of data in medical images makes it very
difficult to explicitly use them at different levels of complementary data [5], [6]. Moreover, each method
offers a partial amount of knowledge, and often two or more modes from the same patient are employed to get
well-understood sensed material. The first one can provide decent structural details (i.e. brilliant contrast to the
bones) is computed tomography (CT) scanner, while the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides good
data on weak tissue (soft tissue). Two modalities are frequently used in brain visualization (such as white
matter and grey matter [7]-[9]. The word ‘‘registration’’ illustrates that is, finding a match between two image
registration is used to determine geometric transitions to provide a normal or reference image in the created

 ISSN: 2502-4752
Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci, Vol. 25, No. 1, January 2022: 273-280
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image [10], [11]. The technique of registration of images can be divided into three types, the optimization of
similarity measures, geometric transformation, and interpolation. The measure of similarity represents the key
step in the recording of images [12]-[14]. The registration procedure is of immense importance. MRI is
currently the most important way of obtaining soft tissue imaging especially in oncology, since the image
contrasts and resolution of lesions and healthy tissue are significantly improved [15], [16]. The MRI is
considered to be more accurate to assess the level of cancer infiltration than computed tomography [17]-[19].
The registration of biomedical images has many approaches, gold standard uses region-of-interest markers,
and other methods include correlation of geometrical characteristics [20], [21]. Intensity-based methods are
more worked in recent years to quantify correlations between an image with the intensity values (color or gray
level). The consistency of recording medical images depends on the options made using the method of
processing, interpolation, similarity calculation, and optimization. A specific use of the genetic algorithm is the
primary original characteristic of the method (from encoding to genetic space screening) [22], [23]. Genetic
algorithm (GA) relies upon ‘‘survival of the fittest’’ principle and a global selection of the best for the new
generation by crossover and mutation operators select the world's best new generation. The optimization
scheme is initialized by updating the generations with a random population of solutions and searches for
optima [24], [25]. Neural networks are playing a significant part in medical diagnosis and classification of
brain and tumors diseases. The neural network methods were implemented to relay the neural architecture of
the image segmentation network, also a hybrid image segmentation neural network with fuzzy [26], [27].
The main motivations of this work is incremental growth in the internet of things (IoT) technology
to be anywhere, anytime results in increasing demand for automation in e-health. The need for automatic
diagnosis applications with less time complexity and accuracy is highly preferred. Big data and data science
are a new hot topic addressed by soft computing techniques for their applicability to deal with vagueness and
uncertain data besides learning capability. The objectives of this work to develop a transmission model for the
IoT environment based on the cellular network that enables clinical diagnostic automation. The main
contributions is developing a MRI algorithm based on wavelet and fusion technology inside GA with
convolution neural network (CNN) for detection high accuracy of the proposed work. The main problem of
work is introduce automatic system for detection and daignosis MRI brain with high accuracy. In this study, a
hybrid system was proposed, which consists of two stages, the first stage is image registration that includes the
genetic algorithm, and the second stage is image detection that includes CNN and connected in by using global
system for mobile (GSM8080) for send massage to patient an IoT environment. This work aims to develop a
soft computing model for image registration as a first stage in the automatic diagnosis system. Then, it
proposes and incorporates a detection stage to automate the diagnosis process, which will prove the accuracy
of the proposed registration stage in the clinical workflow based on the IoT environment.
2. RELATED WORKS
Anaraki et al. [28], proposed a CNN-based method and genetic algorithm for classifying various
grading of glioma by MRI. In the proposed method, CNN's architecture is developed by the use of a genetic
algorithm, as opposed to current techniques of selection the (DNN) architecture, which relies upon on trial
and error or through the adoption common structures that are defined in advance. Furthermore, to minimize
prediction error variance, bagging as an ensemble algorithm was used on the optimum model that genetic
algorithm developed. To indicate the results briefly, in one case study, a 90.9% accuracy is gotten to classify
three grades of glioma in different case study, Pituitary, Meningioma, and Glioma tumor types are
categorized with the total accuracy at 94.2%. Shahamat and Abadeh [29], introduced 3D-CNN for classifying
brain magnetic resonance imaging into two pre-determined classifications. Moreover, a method of genetic
algorithm based brain masking was suggested as a visualization technique providing a clear understanding to
three-dimension convolutional neural network function. This method is composed two steps. In the first one,
a set of brain MRI scans will be utilized for training the three-dimension convolutional neural network. In the
second one, a genetic algorithm is implemented to detect brain regions in MRI scanning. The regions are
brain areas mostly used by 3D-CNN for extracting significant and discriminative traits from these areas. To
apply GA to magnetic resonance imaging scans of brain, a new approach of chromosomal encoding is
suggested. Furthermore, an evaluation is conducted to this proposed framework by the use Alzheimer's
disease Neuroimaging initiative (ADNI) (including one hundred forty individuals to disease classification of
Alzheimer) and autism brain imaging data exchange (ABIDE) (including one thousand individuals for
Autism classification) brain MRI datasets. Experimental results showed a five-fold classification accuracy of
0.70 for the dataset of Autism brain imaging data exchange and 0.85 for the dataset of Alzheimer's disease
Neuroimaging initiative. Those regions are interpreted as brain segments, which 3D-CNN typically uses to
extract features to classify brain diseases. Experimental results showed that along with interpretability of

Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci ISSN: 2502-4752 
The IoT and registration of magnetic resonance imaging brain diagnosis based on … (Ahmed Shihab Ahmed)
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model, this method increases the classification model's final performance in number of cases concerning the
parameters of the model
Sajjad et al. [30] introduced multi-grade brain tumor classification system based CNN. Firstly:
segmenting tumor regions from images of magnetic resonance imaging by the use of deep learning technique.
Secondly: augmenting data widely can be used to train the system proposed in order to avoid any problem
related to lacking data when handling with MRI to classify multi-graded brain tumors. Thirdly: a pre-trained
CNN model is fine-tuned using augmented data for brain tumor grade classification. Thirdly, CNN model
trained in advance is fine-tuned using by the use of augmented data to classify the degree of brain tumor.
Chang et al. [31] information related to MRI and molecular data, for 259 patients, from cancer
imaging archives were obtained, those individuals were having glioma, either high or low-grade. CNN was
trained for classifying 1p/19q codeletion, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutation status, and O6-
methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter hypermethylation status. Principal component
analysis of the final convolutional neural network layer was used to extract the key imaging features to
classify cases accurately. Results: the process of classification is highly accurate: IDH1 mutation status, 94%.
The authors Rahman et al. [32] implemented IoT to facilitate farming, particularly for those who want a
smart approach to agriculture. This study focuses on real-time surveillance with the low cost-effective
security solution. Make the most of computer resources such encryption and decryption time, battery usage,
and so on, divide the data utilized in the IoT environment into three categories of sensitivity: low, medium,
and high sensitive data [33]. In this paper, a framework is provided for encrypting data based on the level of
sensitivity utilizing machine learning K-nearest neighbors (K-NN). Tanh et al. [34] enhanced security
protocols presented a viable solution for comprehensive protection of IoT systems from network security
assaults. Algorithmic enhancement favorably contributes to this crucial work by combining security solutions
on the levels of the IoT with code optimization. Also, enhance and combine the DTLS Protocol with the
overhearing mechanism, and then conduct tests to demonstrate effectiveness, feasibility, cost-efficiency, and
applicability on popular IoT network models. Presents NB-IoT testing approach that is tailored to the local
radio network planning requirements [35]. Adducing the major findings about the viability of employing an
in-band scenario for deploying NB-IoT over a 4G network in a suburban setting based on the acquired data.
Rajbongshi et al. [36], Erwin et al. [37] suggested different types of leaf diseases, such as anthracnose, gall
machi, powdery mildew, and red rust, are employed in the dataset, which includes 1500 photos of damaged
and healthy mango leaves. A new category has been added to the dataset. Also looked at the overall
performance matrices and discovered that the DenseNet201 beats other models by achieving the highest
accuracy of 98.00%. Fadil et al. [38] The medical images are enhanced using the fuzzy C-means clustering
(FCM) approach. There are two stages to the enhancing procedure. On the picture pixels, the suggested
technique performs a cluster test. The difference in gray level between the various items is then increased to
achieve the medical picture enhancing goal. Various photos were used to test the experimental outcomes.
3. THE PROPOSED MODEL COMPONENTS OF MRI BRAIN DIAGNOSIS
In this proposed work, the genetic algorithm and CNN are used to determine the brain tumor
classification based on the principle of registration and this is achieved by loading the (source and reference)
image. After that, image is processed in regard with smoothing, reducing noise, by using Gaussian filter.
Genetic algorithm is also applied to achieve the principle of registration, then, CNN is used to classify the
brain tumor. Eventually, sending a massage to a patient explaining the tumor grade depending on GSM
Arduino to achieve the principle of IoT, as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2.
Figure 1. Describe the proposed approach of work

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Figure 2. The work flow of MRI brain diagnosis
4. MRI BRAIN DIAGNOSIS SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
This work proposed the automatic model to detect the brain tumor and send a message to patient,
that can achieved by using MATLAB 2020a and Arduino with GSM8080. It uses database from Medical
City Hospital in Baghdad, for 80 patients, (800) images are diagnosed to two classes normal 55 persons and
35 patients. The source image and reference image are loaded as shown in Figure 3, the genetic algorithm is
applied to achieve the registration, then the output of genetic algorithm is subtracted from source MRI image
then, the database is divided to 80 training and 20 testing based on cross-validation. In addition to, the CNN
is applied to classify the image and send it to patient by GSM as shown, in Figures 3-5.
Figure 3. The Gui of Matlab show the result of proposed work
Figure 4. The Arduino and GSM are connected to Matlab

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Figure 5. The message sent to patient
The CNN training model is introduced, the volume of entered MRI is 100*100* 31, and training setup of
CNN works, as shown here, momentum is 0.9 and learning rate is 0.001 and the architecture of network is
composed 4 pooling layers and 4 convolution layers and, two fully connected layers follow those layers. A Relu
layer comes after a convolution layer, an activation function for improving the CNNs performance. In the network
training, regularization with the weight decay five×ten−four was used. Initially, the learning rate was set to 0.001,
the training was stopped after 1000 epoch, and the dropout ratio was set to zero.0, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Analysis result of CNN model
Layer Name Activations Learnable
1 Image input 100*100*1 -
2 Convolution1 96*96*1
Weight 5*5*1*20,
Bias 1*1*20
3 Relu1 96*96*1 -
4 Pool max1 48*48*20 -
5 Convolution2 44*44*20
Weight 5*5*20*20
Bias 1*1*20
6 Relu2 44*44*20 -
7 Pool max2 22*22*20 -
8 Fully Connected Layer 1*1*1024 -
11 SoftMax Layer 1*1*2 -
12 Classification Layer - -
After building the network architecture as shown in Table 2, the hybrid Mamdani fuzzy and CNN
train model starts in epoch (1), the parameter of Elapsed time is 2 second, parameter of accuracy is 28.13%
and the parameter of mini batch loss is 1.4149. At the epoch 14 the parameter of accuracy reached to 92.19%,
parameter of mini batch loss 0.2024 and the elapsed time is 05:41 minute. At the epoch 28 the parameter of
accuracy reached to 99.22%, parameter of mini batch loss 0.0576 and the elapsed time is 11:08 minute. At
the epoch 41 the parameter of accuracy reached to 100%, parameter of mini batch loss 0.0021 and the
elapsed time is 16.32 minute.
After training the models for recognition of a brain tumor, the classification results are as shown in
Table 3, a detailed classification of the test samples is listed. The true and reference columns represent the

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true situation, while the row values are the predicted true, the model or the model has to predict false as
shown in Table 3. In Table 4 present the compare the proposed work with other researcher.
Table 2. Show the train on CNN
Epoch Iteration
Time Elapsed
(hh:mm: ss)
Mini-batch
Accuracy
Mini-batch
loss
Base Learning
Rate
1 1 00:00:02 28.13 % 1.4149 0.0010
5 50 00:01:52 46.06 % 0.9088 0.0010
10 100 00:03:43 84.38 % 0.4804 0.0010
14 150 00:05:41 92.19 % 0.2024 0.0010
19 200 00:07:32 98.44 % 0.1102 0.0010
23 250 00:09:20 86.72 % 0.3928 0.0010
28 300 00:11:08 99.22 % 0.0576 0.0010
32 350 00:12:56 100.00 % 0.0936 0.0010
37 400 00:14:44 100.00 % 0.0361 0.0010
41 450 00:16:32 100.00 % 0.0021 0.0010
46 500 00:18:20 100.00 % 0.0003 0.0010
50 550 00:20:03 100.00 % 0.0005 0.0010
55 600 00:21:46 100.00 % 0.0003 0.0010
60 650 00:23:41 100.00 % 0.0003 0.0010
64 700 00:25:39 100.00 % 0.0002 0.0010
69 750 00:27:31 100.00 % 0.0002 0.0010
73 800 00:29:24 100.00 % 0.0003 0.0010
78 850 00:31:18 100.00 % 0.0002 0.0010
82 900 00:33:12 100.00 % 0.0002 0.0010
Noted:
Training on single CPU
Initialization image normalization
Table 3. Test phase statistic measures for the CNN
Statistic Description CNN
Accuracy Rate of correctly predicted
ACC= TP+ TN / (TP+ TN+ FP+ FN)
98.88%
True positive Number of correctly predicted. 55
True Negative Number of malicious object which are correctly classified 34
False positive Number of incorrectly predicted 0
False Negative Number of malicious object which are incorrectly predicted 4
Misclassification Rate the percentage of incorrectly predicted
Misclassification Rate =(FP+FN)/total
1.12
Specificity calculated as the number of correct negative predictions Specificity= TN/(TN+FP) 0.9814
Precision calculated as the number of correct positive
Precision =TP /(TP+FP)
1
Table 4. Compare the proposed work with other work
Author Accuracy Methods
Anaraki et al. [28] 94.2% GA-CNN
Zacharaki et al. [39] 85% Svm+Knn
Cheng et al. [40] 91.28% Svm+Knn
Paul et al. [41] 91.43% CNN
Afshar et al. [42] 90.89% CNN
Ertosun and Rubin [43] 96% CNN
Sultan et al. [44] 96.13 CNN
Chandra and Bajpai [45] - fractional filter (mask design) for benign brain tumor detection
Swati et al. [46] 94.82% pre-trained deep CNN model and propose a block-wise fine-tuning strategy
based on transfer learning
Proposed work 98.8% Genetic Algorithm and Convolution Neural Network
5. CONCLUSION
This work proposes building automatic IoT to detect and classify brain MRI based on deep learning
and arduino GSM. Moreover, the principle of registration is applied to MRI using genetic algorithm, as
following, reading the source image and loading the reference mage, reducing the noise of MRI image by
bilateral filter, the genetic algorithm is applied to obtain the best fusion image from source and reference
image, computing the similarly by subtracting the result of registration image to get the best feature of image,
CNN is applied to classify brain tumor, and sending message to patient by GSM. The proposed model is

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tested on MRI Medical City Hospital in Baghdad, database consists of 550 normal and 350 abnormal images
and split to 80% training and 20 testing, the proposed model result achieves the 98.8% accuracy. In the future
work we can apply the IoT technique and registration of skin cancer based on K-means cluster and self
organizing maps by using a data set of medical images.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Ahmed Shihab Ahmed is a computer scientist specialized in the field of image
processing and decision support systems. He received the four-year B.Sc. degree in Computer
Science in 2000 from Al-Rafidain University College, Iraq. In 2015, he concluded a Master in
Computer Science (MCS) from Middle East University, Jordan. He has been working as a
programmer at University of Baghdad from 2004 until 2014 and then worked as an assistant
lecturer at University of Baghdad from 2015 until now. His main research interests include:
artificial neural network, image processing, decision support systems. He can be contacted at
email: ahmedshihabinfo@conursing.uobaghdad.edu.iq.
Hussein Ali Salah received the four-year B.Sc. degree in Computer Science in 2000
from Al- Rafidain University College, Iraq. In 2004, he concluded a Master in Computer Science
(MCS) from Baghdad University, college of science. He received the Ph.D. degree in Computer
Science IT in 2016 from Politehnica’ University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania. His main
research interests include data mining, decision support system, web design and intelligent DSS.
He has worked as a head of the computer systems department, Middle Technical University,
Technical Institute-Suwaira, Wasit/Iraq from 2016 until now. He can be contacted at email:
hussein_tech@mtu.edu.iq.

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