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The IPv6 Snort Plugin (at DeepSec 2014)

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Martin Schütte

This document discusses the development of an IPv6 plugin for the Snort intrusion detection system. It provides context on IPv6 security issues and attacks. It then describes how the plugin was implemented to add IPv6-specific rule options and decode/process IPv6 traffic. A neighbor discovery preprocessor was also created to monitor network changes using ICMPv6 messages. The plugin allows Snort to better detect IPv6 attacks and anomalies.

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The IPv6 Snort Plugin Martin Schütte 20 November 2014
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Context • Diploma thesis • 2011 at Potsdam University • part of “attack prevention and validated protection of IPv6 networks” Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 2 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion State s 1994 IPv4 Internet: • Research and Academic Networks • Known design & implementation errors • Little experience with protocol security • No urgency for improvement Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 3 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion State s today IPv6 Internet: • Research and Academic Networks • Known design & implementation errors • Little experience with protocol security • No urgency for improvement (?) I WANT YOU TO USE IPv6 – Vint Cerf www.cs.brown.edu/~adf/cerf/ Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 4 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Network Device s 1990s by Mike Chapman Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 5 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Network Devices s 2012 gumstix-based Somniloquy prototype, Yuvraj Agarwal et al. Smartphone pictures by PaulK and Egy.One Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 6 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion IPv6 Security / Design Issues • Main IPv6 RFCs from 1995/1998 ) many years of IPv4 security experience to catch up with ) designed for 1990s networks to solve 1990s problems • No consideration of: mobile usage • Few (yet already old) implementations • Very little in end user devices • Uncertainty hinders deployment Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 7 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Multiple Generations of Standards www.ernw.de Back to that IPv6’n’RFCs Time Bar … Neighbor Discovery RFC 1970 RFC 2410 3/17/14 #52 … RFC 6980 Address Selection Generation of IID RFC 3484 RFC 6724 EUI-64 Privacy Extensions draft-ietf-6man-stable-privacy- addresses-17 RFC 4861 … … NOW:  Please spot … for $OS in your environment.  Please spot … for $OTHER_OS in your environment.  Please spot … $EACH_TYPE_OF_NETWORK_DEVICE  Please spot … $STORAGE_DEVICES Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 8 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Where are we now? s 2014 • Adoption starts to take off • Yet another wave of RFCs • RA Guard in some switches • Implementation bugfixes • Enough to protect CPEs? Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 9 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Attacks Against IPv6 The usual: • Value ranges • Fragmentation • Denial of Service • Portscans • Errors in Application Layer IPv6 specific: • Autoconfiguration • Neighbor Discovery • Variable headers • Multicast • Routing • v4/v6 Transition Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 10 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Local Attacks Simple Denial of Service: 1. Host Alice starts Duplicate Address Detection: ”Anyone using IP X?” 2. Host Eve answers ”I have IP X.” 3. goto 1 Routing/Man in the Middle: 1. Host Eve sends ICMPv6 Redirect: ”This is router Bob, for google.com please use router Eve.” Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 11 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Remote Attacks • Denial of Service • Neighbor Cache Exhaustion • Oversized IPv6 Header Chains • Excessive Hop-by-Hop Options • Routing • RH0 source routing • Loop using IPv6 Automatic Tunnels Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 12 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Attack Collections: THC Toolkit by Marc Heuse Tools for specific attacks/tests: • Autoconfiguration DoS • Neighbor Cache • Routing/Redirect • Flood-Attacks • Multicast Listener Discovery • DHCPv6 • implementation6 Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 13 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Attack Collections: SI6 Networks’ IPv6 Toolkit by Fernado Gont Tools for security assessments: • Neighbor Discovery messages • Adresses • Flow Labels • Fragmentation • Jumbograms • ICMP Error messages • TCP segments Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 14 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Attack Collections: Chiron by Antonios Atlasis “IPv6 Attacking Framework”: • Neighbor Discovery messages • Scanner • IPv4-to-IPv6 Proxy • based on Scapy Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 15 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Countermeasures Very few; Depending on network and usage context. • Collect data for correlation and detection • Show anomalous network activity • Filter known-bad packets Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 16 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion How to Filter and Monitor a Network? Placement at: • Routers • Switches • Packet Filters • Hosts Implementation as: • Stand-alone tool • Add-on for existing application • Operating System module )High versatility: Intrusion Detection Systems Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 17 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Target System: Snort 2.9 • Widely used Open Source NIDS • Filter/inline mode (Intrusion Prevention System) • Plugin APIs • Decoder for common tunnel protocols ©2012 Snort, the Snort Pig are registered trademarks of Sourcefire, Inc. All rights reserved. Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 18 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Snort Packet Processing Overview Network DAQ/libpcap Packet Decoder Pre-processor Detection Engine Rules Alert, Log Output Logfiles, Database Snort Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 19 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Decoding Incoming Packet DecodeEthPkt Ethernet DecodeVlanPkt 802.1Q DecodePPPoEPkt PPPoE DecodePppPktEncapsulated PPP DecodeARP ARP DecodeIP IPv4 DecodeIPV6 IPv6 DecodeIPV6Extensions IPv6 Ext Hdrs DecodeIPV6Options IPv6 Options DecodeICMP ICMP DecodeUDP UDP DecodeTCP TCP DecodeICMP6 ICMPv6 Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 20 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Decoding Result: struct _Packet typedef struct _Packet { const DAQ_PktHdr_t *pkth; // packet meta data const uint8_t *pkt; // raw packet data EtherARP *ah; const EtherHdr *eh; /* standard TCP/IP/Ethernet/ARP headers */ const VlanTagHdr *vh; const IPHdr *iph , *orig_iph; /* and orig. headers for ICMP_*_UNREACH */ const IPHdr *inner_iph; /* if IP -in -IP , this will be the inner */ const IPHdr *outer_iph; /* if IP -in -IP , this will be the outer */ uint32_t preprocessor_bits; /* flags for preprocessors to check */ uint32_t preproc_reassembly_pkt_bits; uint8_t ip_option_count; /* number of options in this packet */ uint8_t tcp_option_count; uint8_t ip6_extension_count; uint8_t ip6_frag_index; IPOptions ip_options[MAX_IP_OPTIONS]; TCPOptions tcp_options[MAX_TCP_OPTIONS]; IP6Extension ip6_extensions[MAX_IP6_EXTENSIONS]; // ... } Packet; Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 21 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Rule Engine Example detection rule: var EXTERNAL_NET any var SMTP_SERVERS [192.0.2.123 , 2001: db8 :12:ab ::123] alert tcp $EXTERNAL_NET any -> $SMTP_SERVERS 25 ( flow:to_server ,established; content: "|0A|Croot |0A|Mprog "; metadata:service smtp; msg:"SMTP sendmail 8.6.9 exploit "; reference:bugtraq ,2311; reference:cve ,1999 -0204; classtype:attempted -user; sid :669; rev :9; ) Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 22 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion IPv6 Support technically yes, but … All major IDS have IPv6 support. What does that mean? • Fragment reassembly • TCP & UDP decoding)upper-layer checks • Decoder-warning on severe protocol errors Not: • check extensions (Routing Headers, Jumbograms) • support all rule options (fragbits) • IPv6 specific detection (ICMPv6/Neighbor Discovery) Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 23 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion IPv6 Signatures Existing rules work for IPv4 and IPv6 No keywords for IPv6-only fields, no IPv6-only rules provided alert ip icmp any -> any any (msg:"IPv6 ICMP Echo -Request ?"; itype :128; classtype:icmp -event; sid :2000001; rev :1;) Good for application layer checks Bad for protocol layer detection )need to develop a IPv6-Plugin Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 24 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Snort Customizations • Writing rules • Dynamic Detection API: compiled rule evaluations • Dynamic Preprocessor API: • add rule options • do something with a packet Network libpcap Packet Decoder Pre-processor Detection Engine Rules Alert, Log Output Logfiles, Database Snort Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 25 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion New IPv6 Rule Options Goal: Provide IPv6 access for signatures • Basic Header • Extension Headers • Neighbor Discovery Options Functionality: • Handler for option parsing on config (re-)load • Callbacks for option keywords • Called with rule parameter and current packet • Return match/no_match Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 26 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion IPv6 Rule Options alert icmp any any -> any any (itype :8; ipv: 4; msg:" ICMPv4 PING in v4 pkt"; sid :1000000; rev :1;) alert icmp any any -> any any (itype :8; ipv: 6; msg:" ICMPv4 PING in v6 pkt"; sid :1000001; rev :1;) alert icmp any any -> any any (itype :128; ipv: 4; msg:" ICMPv6 PING in v4 pkt"; sid :1000002; rev :1;) alert icmp any any -> any any (itype :128; ipv: 6; msg:" ICMPv6 PING in v6 pkt"; sid :1000003; rev :1;) Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 27 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Resulting Evaluation Tree Port Group ICMP any->any NC Rule Tree Root itype:8 itype:128 ipv:4 ipv:6 leaf leaf Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 28 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Rule Options of the IPv6-Plugin ipv IP version ip6_tclass Traffic Class ip6_flow Flow Label ip6_exthdr Extension Header ip6_extnum Num. of Ext Hdrs. ip6_ext_ordered Ext Hdrs. correctly ordered (bool) ip6_option Destination-/HbH-Option ip6_optval Destination-/HbH-Option Value ip6_rh Routing Header icmp6_nd Neighbor Discovery (bool) icmp6_nd_option Neighbor Discovery Option (Most rules accept comparison operators = ! < >) Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 29 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion More Examples alert ip any any -> any any (ip6_rh: !2; msg:" invalid routing hdr"; sid :1000004; rev :1;) alert ip any any -> any any (ip6_option: 0.0 xc2; msg:"ip6 option: Jumbo in HBH hdr"; sid :100066; rev :1;) # event threshold alert icmp any any -> any any (icmp6_nd; detection_filter: track by_dst , count 50, seconds 1; msg:" ICMPv6 flooding "; sid :100204; rev :1;) # log only one flooding event per second: event_filter gen_id 1, sig_id 100204 , type limit , track by_src , count 1, seconds 1 Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 30 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Preprocessor for Neighbor Discovery Tracking Goal: monitor network changes • new hosts • new routers • basic extensions/options check Functionality: • Reads ICMPv6 messages • Follows network state, i. e. (MAC, IP) tuple of: • On-link Routers • On-link Hosts • Ongoing DADs • Alert on change Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 31 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Configuration in snort.conf, all optional net_prefix subnet prefixes router_mac known router MAC addresses host_mac known host MAC addresses max_routers max routers in state (default: 32) max_hosts max hosts in state (default: 8 K) max_unconfirmed max unconfirmed nodes in state (default: 32 K) keep_state remember nodes for n minutes (default: 180) expire_run clean memory every n minutes (default: 20) disable_tracking only rules & stateless checks (default: false) Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 32 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Configuration “normal use” preprocessor ipv6 : net_prefix 2001:0 db8 :1::/64 router_mac 00:16:76:07: bc :92 Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 33 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Snort IPv6 Alerts: ND Tracking SID Message 1 RA from new router 2 RA from non-router MAC address 3 RA prefix changed 4 RA flags changed 5 RA for non-local net prefix 6 RA with lifetime 0 7 new DAD started 8 new host in network 9 new host with non-allowed MAC addr. 10 DAD with collision 11 DAD with spoofed collision Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 34 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Snort IPv6 Alerts: Packet Attributes SID Message 12 mismatch in MAC/NDP src ll addr. 13 extension header has only padding 14 option lengths̸= ext length 15 padding option data̸= zero 16 consecutive padding options Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 35 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion tester.pl Test Runner (snort -c -r) Logfile (unified2) Compare PCAP data snort.conf lines Expected SIDs Result Verify intended results for given packet samples. Extremely useful for development. (But too limited for real network testing). Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 36 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Output/Visualization • Big Problem • barnyard2 tool for Snort log processing (e. g. write SQL) • Few Open Source frontends (BASE & Snorby) • All using old SQL Schema, without IPv6 field Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 37 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Alternative: Use ELK and build your own • Very good general purpose Log Collectors: Elasticsearch/Logstash/Kibana, Graylog2, Splunk Kibana-Screenhot by Éric Leblond Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 38 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Performance Theory: • Stateless checks require processing • ND Tracking requires memory)DoS risk Practice: • Snort’s packet decoding does 90 % of the work • Configurable memory limit ~ 8 Mb • TCP stream reassembly is much more expensive Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 39 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Bugs Found in Snort (2.9.0) or: Real-World Problems of Major Commercial Security Products • Ping of Death, cannot process > 40 extension headers • wrong Endianness in GET_IPH_VER() • fragmentation breaks ICMP/UDP checksums • Routing Headers break ICMP/UDP checksums • fragbits rules not supported Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 40 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Extension Header Parsing in Snort 2.9.0 void DecodeIPV6Options(int type , const uint8_t *pkt , uint32_t len , Packet *p) { uint32_t hdrlen = 0; if(p->ip6_extension_count < IP6_EXTMAX) { switch (type) { case IPPROTO_HOPOPTS: hdrlen = sizeof(IP6Extension) + (exthdr ->ip6e_len << 3); } } /* missing else => hdrlen =0 => infinite mutual recursion */ DecodeIPV6Extensions (*pkt , pkt + hdrlen , len - hdrlen , p); } void DecodeIPV6Extensions(uint8_t next , const uint8_t *pkt , uint32_t len , Packet *p) { switch(next) { case IPPROTO_HOPOPTS: case IPPROTO_DSTOPTS: case IPPROTO_ROUTING: case IPPROTO_AH: DecodeIPV6Options(next , pkt , len , p); return; } } Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 41 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Conclusion • It works! • Dynamic Library (no need to recompile Snort) • Enables IPv6-specific detection signatures • Snort & IPv6-Plugin detect several THC attacks • Cannot solve fundamental problems: DoS and insecure Ethernet • Can raise visibility and awareness of network threat situation Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 42 / 43
IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Contact E-Mail: info@mschuette.name Project Page: http://mschuette.name/wp/snortipv6/ Source Code: https://github.com/mschuett/spp_ipv6 Thanks to: heavy lifting for complex web and mobile systems Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 43 / 43

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The IPv6 Snort Plugin (at DeepSec 2014)

  • 1. The IPv6 Snort Plugin Martin Schütte 20 November 2014
  • 2. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Context • Diploma thesis • 2011 at Potsdam University • part of “attack prevention and validated protection of IPv6 networks” Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 2 / 43
  • 3. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion State s 1994 IPv4 Internet: • Research and Academic Networks • Known design & implementation errors • Little experience with protocol security • No urgency for improvement Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 3 / 43
  • 4. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion State s today IPv6 Internet: • Research and Academic Networks • Known design & implementation errors • Little experience with protocol security • No urgency for improvement (?) I WANT YOU TO USE IPv6 – Vint Cerf www.cs.brown.edu/~adf/cerf/ Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 4 / 43
  • 5. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Network Device s 1990s by Mike Chapman Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 5 / 43
  • 6. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Network Devices s 2012 gumstix-based Somniloquy prototype, Yuvraj Agarwal et al. Smartphone pictures by PaulK and Egy.One Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 6 / 43
  • 7. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion IPv6 Security / Design Issues • Main IPv6 RFCs from 1995/1998 ) many years of IPv4 security experience to catch up with ) designed for 1990s networks to solve 1990s problems • No consideration of: mobile usage • Few (yet already old) implementations • Very little in end user devices • Uncertainty hinders deployment Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 7 / 43
  • 8. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Multiple Generations of Standards www.ernw.de Back to that IPv6’n’RFCs Time Bar … Neighbor Discovery RFC 1970 RFC 2410 3/17/14 #52 … RFC 6980 Address Selection Generation of IID RFC 3484 RFC 6724 EUI-64 Privacy Extensions draft-ietf-6man-stable-privacy- addresses-17 RFC 4861 … … NOW:  Please spot … for $OS in your environment.  Please spot … for $OTHER_OS in your environment.  Please spot … $EACH_TYPE_OF_NETWORK_DEVICE  Please spot … $STORAGE_DEVICES Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 8 / 43
  • 9. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Where are we now? s 2014 • Adoption starts to take off • Yet another wave of RFCs • RA Guard in some switches • Implementation bugfixes • Enough to protect CPEs? Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 9 / 43
  • 10. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Attacks Against IPv6 The usual: • Value ranges • Fragmentation • Denial of Service • Portscans • Errors in Application Layer IPv6 specific: • Autoconfiguration • Neighbor Discovery • Variable headers • Multicast • Routing • v4/v6 Transition Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 10 / 43
  • 11. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Local Attacks Simple Denial of Service: 1. Host Alice starts Duplicate Address Detection: ”Anyone using IP X?” 2. Host Eve answers ”I have IP X.” 3. goto 1 Routing/Man in the Middle: 1. Host Eve sends ICMPv6 Redirect: ”This is router Bob, for google.com please use router Eve.” Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 11 / 43
  • 12. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Remote Attacks • Denial of Service • Neighbor Cache Exhaustion • Oversized IPv6 Header Chains • Excessive Hop-by-Hop Options • Routing • RH0 source routing • Loop using IPv6 Automatic Tunnels Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 12 / 43
  • 13. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Attack Collections: THC Toolkit by Marc Heuse Tools for specific attacks/tests: • Autoconfiguration DoS • Neighbor Cache • Routing/Redirect • Flood-Attacks • Multicast Listener Discovery • DHCPv6 • implementation6 Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 13 / 43
  • 14. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Attack Collections: SI6 Networks’ IPv6 Toolkit by Fernado Gont Tools for security assessments: • Neighbor Discovery messages • Adresses • Flow Labels • Fragmentation • Jumbograms • ICMP Error messages • TCP segments Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 14 / 43
  • 15. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Attack Collections: Chiron by Antonios Atlasis “IPv6 Attacking Framework”: • Neighbor Discovery messages • Scanner • IPv4-to-IPv6 Proxy • based on Scapy Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 15 / 43
  • 16. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Countermeasures Very few; Depending on network and usage context. • Collect data for correlation and detection • Show anomalous network activity • Filter known-bad packets Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 16 / 43
  • 17. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion How to Filter and Monitor a Network? Placement at: • Routers • Switches • Packet Filters • Hosts Implementation as: • Stand-alone tool • Add-on for existing application • Operating System module )High versatility: Intrusion Detection Systems Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 17 / 43
  • 18. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Target System: Snort 2.9 • Widely used Open Source NIDS • Filter/inline mode (Intrusion Prevention System) • Plugin APIs • Decoder for common tunnel protocols ©2012 Snort, the Snort Pig are registered trademarks of Sourcefire, Inc. All rights reserved. Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 18 / 43
  • 19. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Snort Packet Processing Overview Network DAQ/libpcap Packet Decoder Pre-processor Detection Engine Rules Alert, Log Output Logfiles, Database Snort Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 19 / 43
  • 20. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Decoding Incoming Packet DecodeEthPkt Ethernet DecodeVlanPkt 802.1Q DecodePPPoEPkt PPPoE DecodePppPktEncapsulated PPP DecodeARP ARP DecodeIP IPv4 DecodeIPV6 IPv6 DecodeIPV6Extensions IPv6 Ext Hdrs DecodeIPV6Options IPv6 Options DecodeICMP ICMP DecodeUDP UDP DecodeTCP TCP DecodeICMP6 ICMPv6 Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 20 / 43
  • 21. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Decoding Result: struct _Packet typedef struct _Packet { const DAQ_PktHdr_t *pkth; // packet meta data const uint8_t *pkt; // raw packet data EtherARP *ah; const EtherHdr *eh; /* standard TCP/IP/Ethernet/ARP headers */ const VlanTagHdr *vh; const IPHdr *iph , *orig_iph; /* and orig. headers for ICMP_*_UNREACH */ const IPHdr *inner_iph; /* if IP -in -IP , this will be the inner */ const IPHdr *outer_iph; /* if IP -in -IP , this will be the outer */ uint32_t preprocessor_bits; /* flags for preprocessors to check */ uint32_t preproc_reassembly_pkt_bits; uint8_t ip_option_count; /* number of options in this packet */ uint8_t tcp_option_count; uint8_t ip6_extension_count; uint8_t ip6_frag_index; IPOptions ip_options[MAX_IP_OPTIONS]; TCPOptions tcp_options[MAX_TCP_OPTIONS]; IP6Extension ip6_extensions[MAX_IP6_EXTENSIONS]; // ... } Packet; Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 21 / 43
  • 22. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Rule Engine Example detection rule: var EXTERNAL_NET any var SMTP_SERVERS [192.0.2.123 , 2001: db8 :12:ab ::123] alert tcp $EXTERNAL_NET any -> $SMTP_SERVERS 25 ( flow:to_server ,established; content: "|0A|Croot |0A|Mprog "; metadata:service smtp; msg:"SMTP sendmail 8.6.9 exploit "; reference:bugtraq ,2311; reference:cve ,1999 -0204; classtype:attempted -user; sid :669; rev :9; ) Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 22 / 43
  • 23. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion IPv6 Support technically yes, but … All major IDS have IPv6 support. What does that mean? • Fragment reassembly • TCP & UDP decoding)upper-layer checks • Decoder-warning on severe protocol errors Not: • check extensions (Routing Headers, Jumbograms) • support all rule options (fragbits) • IPv6 specific detection (ICMPv6/Neighbor Discovery) Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 23 / 43
  • 24. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion IPv6 Signatures Existing rules work for IPv4 and IPv6 No keywords for IPv6-only fields, no IPv6-only rules provided alert ip icmp any -> any any (msg:"IPv6 ICMP Echo -Request ?"; itype :128; classtype:icmp -event; sid :2000001; rev :1;) Good for application layer checks Bad for protocol layer detection )need to develop a IPv6-Plugin Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 24 / 43
  • 25. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Snort Customizations • Writing rules • Dynamic Detection API: compiled rule evaluations • Dynamic Preprocessor API: • add rule options • do something with a packet Network libpcap Packet Decoder Pre-processor Detection Engine Rules Alert, Log Output Logfiles, Database Snort Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 25 / 43
  • 26. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion New IPv6 Rule Options Goal: Provide IPv6 access for signatures • Basic Header • Extension Headers • Neighbor Discovery Options Functionality: • Handler for option parsing on config (re-)load • Callbacks for option keywords • Called with rule parameter and current packet • Return match/no_match Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 26 / 43
  • 27. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion IPv6 Rule Options alert icmp any any -> any any (itype :8; ipv: 4; msg:" ICMPv4 PING in v4 pkt"; sid :1000000; rev :1;) alert icmp any any -> any any (itype :8; ipv: 6; msg:" ICMPv4 PING in v6 pkt"; sid :1000001; rev :1;) alert icmp any any -> any any (itype :128; ipv: 4; msg:" ICMPv6 PING in v4 pkt"; sid :1000002; rev :1;) alert icmp any any -> any any (itype :128; ipv: 6; msg:" ICMPv6 PING in v6 pkt"; sid :1000003; rev :1;) Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 27 / 43
  • 28. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Resulting Evaluation Tree Port Group ICMP any->any NC Rule Tree Root itype:8 itype:128 ipv:4 ipv:6 leaf leaf Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 28 / 43
  • 29. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Rule Options of the IPv6-Plugin ipv IP version ip6_tclass Traffic Class ip6_flow Flow Label ip6_exthdr Extension Header ip6_extnum Num. of Ext Hdrs. ip6_ext_ordered Ext Hdrs. correctly ordered (bool) ip6_option Destination-/HbH-Option ip6_optval Destination-/HbH-Option Value ip6_rh Routing Header icmp6_nd Neighbor Discovery (bool) icmp6_nd_option Neighbor Discovery Option (Most rules accept comparison operators = ! < >) Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 29 / 43
  • 30. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion More Examples alert ip any any -> any any (ip6_rh: !2; msg:" invalid routing hdr"; sid :1000004; rev :1;) alert ip any any -> any any (ip6_option: 0.0 xc2; msg:"ip6 option: Jumbo in HBH hdr"; sid :100066; rev :1;) # event threshold alert icmp any any -> any any (icmp6_nd; detection_filter: track by_dst , count 50, seconds 1; msg:" ICMPv6 flooding "; sid :100204; rev :1;) # log only one flooding event per second: event_filter gen_id 1, sig_id 100204 , type limit , track by_src , count 1, seconds 1 Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 30 / 43
  • 31. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Preprocessor for Neighbor Discovery Tracking Goal: monitor network changes • new hosts • new routers • basic extensions/options check Functionality: • Reads ICMPv6 messages • Follows network state, i. e. (MAC, IP) tuple of: • On-link Routers • On-link Hosts • Ongoing DADs • Alert on change Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 31 / 43
  • 32. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Configuration in snort.conf, all optional net_prefix subnet prefixes router_mac known router MAC addresses host_mac known host MAC addresses max_routers max routers in state (default: 32) max_hosts max hosts in state (default: 8 K) max_unconfirmed max unconfirmed nodes in state (default: 32 K) keep_state remember nodes for n minutes (default: 180) expire_run clean memory every n minutes (default: 20) disable_tracking only rules & stateless checks (default: false) Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 32 / 43
  • 33. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Configuration “normal use” preprocessor ipv6 : net_prefix 2001:0 db8 :1::/64 router_mac 00:16:76:07: bc :92 Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 33 / 43
  • 34. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Snort IPv6 Alerts: ND Tracking SID Message 1 RA from new router 2 RA from non-router MAC address 3 RA prefix changed 4 RA flags changed 5 RA for non-local net prefix 6 RA with lifetime 0 7 new DAD started 8 new host in network 9 new host with non-allowed MAC addr. 10 DAD with collision 11 DAD with spoofed collision Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 34 / 43
  • 35. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Snort IPv6 Alerts: Packet Attributes SID Message 12 mismatch in MAC/NDP src ll addr. 13 extension header has only padding 14 option lengths̸= ext length 15 padding option data̸= zero 16 consecutive padding options Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 35 / 43
  • 36. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion tester.pl Test Runner (snort -c -r) Logfile (unified2) Compare PCAP data snort.conf lines Expected SIDs Result Verify intended results for given packet samples. Extremely useful for development. (But too limited for real network testing). Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 36 / 43
  • 37. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Output/Visualization • Big Problem • barnyard2 tool for Snort log processing (e. g. write SQL) • Few Open Source frontends (BASE & Snorby) • All using old SQL Schema, without IPv6 field Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 37 / 43
  • 38. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Alternative: Use ELK and build your own • Very good general purpose Log Collectors: Elasticsearch/Logstash/Kibana, Graylog2, Splunk Kibana-Screenhot by Éric Leblond Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 38 / 43
  • 39. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Performance Theory: • Stateless checks require processing • ND Tracking requires memory)DoS risk Practice: • Snort’s packet decoding does 90 % of the work • Configurable memory limit ~ 8 Mb • TCP stream reassembly is much more expensive Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 39 / 43
  • 40. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Bugs Found in Snort (2.9.0) or: Real-World Problems of Major Commercial Security Products • Ping of Death, cannot process > 40 extension headers • wrong Endianness in GET_IPH_VER() • fragmentation breaks ICMP/UDP checksums • Routing Headers break ICMP/UDP checksums • fragbits rules not supported Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 40 / 43
  • 41. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Extension Header Parsing in Snort 2.9.0 void DecodeIPV6Options(int type , const uint8_t *pkt , uint32_t len , Packet *p) { uint32_t hdrlen = 0; if(p->ip6_extension_count < IP6_EXTMAX) { switch (type) { case IPPROTO_HOPOPTS: hdrlen = sizeof(IP6Extension) + (exthdr ->ip6e_len << 3); } } /* missing else => hdrlen =0 => infinite mutual recursion */ DecodeIPV6Extensions (*pkt , pkt + hdrlen , len - hdrlen , p); } void DecodeIPV6Extensions(uint8_t next , const uint8_t *pkt , uint32_t len , Packet *p) { switch(next) { case IPPROTO_HOPOPTS: case IPPROTO_DSTOPTS: case IPPROTO_ROUTING: case IPPROTO_AH: DecodeIPV6Options(next , pkt , len , p); return; } } Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 41 / 43
  • 42. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Conclusion • It works! • Dynamic Library (no need to recompile Snort) • Enables IPv6-specific detection signatures • Snort & IPv6-Plugin detect several THC attacks • Cannot solve fundamental problems: DoS and insecure Ethernet • Can raise visibility and awareness of network threat situation Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 42 / 43
  • 43. IPv6 Security Issues IDS/Snort IPv6 Plugin Conclusion Contact E-Mail: [email protected] Project Page: http://mschuette.name/wp/snortipv6/ Source Code: https://github.com/mschuett/spp_ipv6 Thanks to: heavy lifting for complex web and mobile systems Martin Schütte IPv6 Snort Plugin DeepSec, 2014-11-20 43 / 43