The Living World

The Living World

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  THE LIVING WORLD PREPARED BY: S.RATH PGT BIOLOGY K.V 3 BBSR www.cbse123.co.cc
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  CONTENTS Characteristics OfLiving Binomial Nomenclature Rules Of Nomenclature Taxonomic Categories Taxonomical Aids
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  CHARCTERISTICS OF LIVINGGrowth Reproduction Metabolism Cellular organisation of body Consciousness Interaction
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  BIODIVERSITY The number&types of organisms present on earth constitute biodiversity. Number of species that are known and described ranges between 1.7 to 1.8 million.
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  NOMENCLATURE & IDENTIFICATIONNomenclature-naming of a particular organism in such a manner that it is known by the same name all over the world. Identification-it is the correct description of an organism and its recognition in its scientific name.
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  BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE GivenBy Carolous Linnaeus Each Name Has Two Components First Name-generic Second Name-specific Epithet
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  UNIVERSAL RULES OFNOMENCLATURE Names are in Latin and written in italics.They are Latinised or derived from Latin irrespective of their origin. The first word is genus name and second word is specific epithet.
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  UNIVERSAL RULES OFNOMENCLATURE Both the words when handwritten are separately underlined or printed in italics to indicate their Latin origin. Genus starts with capital letter while specific epithet starts with small letter. Example- Mangifera indica
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  UNIVERSAL RULES OFNOMENCLATURE Name of the appears after specific epithet and it is written in abbreviated form. E.g Mangifera indica Linn.
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  CLASSIFICATION It isthe process by which any thing is grouped into conventional categories based on some easily observable characters.
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  PURPOSE OF CLASSIFICATIONOrganise vast number of plants,animals etc into categories that could be named, remembered & studied. Study of one organism of a group gives the idea about rest of the members of that group.
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  TAXA & TAXONOMYIt is the scientific term which indicates categories of organisms at different levels. Taxonomy -process of classification taking into account various characteristics such as external & internal structure,structure of cell,development process & ecological information of organisms.
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  SYSTEMATICS Systema(Latin word)-arrangementof organisms It is the study of organisms which include identification,nomenclature &classification of organisms.it also takes into account evolutionary relationships between organisms.
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  TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES Classificationinvolves hierarchy of steps in which each step represents a rank or category . Category is a part of overall taxonomic arrangement ,called taxonomic category .All categories together constitute the taxonomic hierarchy.Each category is termed as taxon.
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  TAXONOMIC CATEGORIES SPECIESGENUS FAMILY ORDER CLASS PHYLUM OR DIVISION KINGDOM
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  SPECIES Group ofindividuals having fundamental similarities in characteristics and successful reproduction takes place among themselves form a species. E.g: Panthera tigris ,Panthera leo Solanum tuberosum , Solanum nigrum .
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  GENUS It consistsof a group of related species which has more characters in common in comparison to species of other genera. Genera are aggregates of closely related species. E.g: Panthera leo , P pardus (leopard) , P tigris E.g: Solanum tuberosum , S nigrum
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  FAMILY It hasa group of related genera with less number of similarities as compared to genus and species. E.g:family Solanaceae includes genera solanum(tomato,potato) , petunia & datura. Family Felidae includes genera panthera (lion, tiger ,leopard) &Felis(cat)
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  ORDER It isthe assemblage of families which include a few similar characters in comparison to genus, family etc. E.g:order polynomial includes family solanaceae & convovulaceae . E.g: carnivora includes family felidae & cancidae (dog) .
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  CLASS It includesall related orders having less numbers of common characteristics. E.g: class mammalia includes order Primata (monkey, gorilla,gibbon) & carnivora. E.g:class Dicotyledonae includes order polymoniales & sapindales (mango)
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  PHYLUM or DIVISIONIt includes related classes. E.g:phylum Chordata includes classes fish ,amphibia, reptilia, aves &mammalia. Division angiospermae includes class dicotyledonae & monocotyledonae.
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  TAXONOMICAL AIDS HerbariumBotanical Garden Museum Zoological Park Key