The Management Spectrum 4 Ps in Project Management
- 2. Outline The Management Spectrum 4 Ps in Project Management W5 HH Principle
- 3. The Project Management Spectrum Effective software project management focuses on the four’s: People Product Process Project
- 4. The People
- 5. The People “People factor” is very important in success of a software project. “Companies That sensibly manage their investment in people will prosper in the long run” Tim & Tom. Cultivation of motivated and highly skilled software people has always been important for software organizations.
- 6. The People (Contd.) People involved in Software Process are: Stakeholders Team Leaders Software Team
- 7. The People - The Stakeholders They can be categorized into one of the following: Senior Managers they define business issues that often have significant influence on business Project (technical) managers they must plan, motivate, organize and control the practitioners who do software work Practitioners They deliver the technical skills necessary to engineer a product or application Customers They specify the requirements for the software to be engineered End Users They interact with the software after it is released for production use
- 8. The People - The Team Leaders Competent Practitioners often make poor team leaders as they lack the right mix of people skills. In his excellent book of technical leadership, Jerry Weinberg suggests a MOI model of Leadership Motivation encourage technical people (by “push” or “pull” ) to produce Organization Apply , improve processes efficiently Ideas or Innovation Make people feel creative Be Creative
- 9. The People - The Team Leaders Characteristics of a effective project managers: Problem Solving Diagnostic Skill to solve Ability to design solution Managerial Identity Take charge and control the project Allow good technical people to follow their instincts Achievement Reward Initiative & accomplishment Encourage Controlled risk taking Influence and team building Influence the team Read people’s mind and react to their needs Be controlled in stress situations
- 10. The People - The Software Teams Organizations/Structure of teams: Democratic decentralized No permanent leader Communication is horizontal Suitable for small projects requiring less than 5 to 6 engineers, research-oriented projects Advantages At different times, different members within the team provide technical leadership. High morale and job satisfaction due to autonomy, hence less employee turnover. Disadvantages Team members may waste time arguing about trivial points due to absence of any authority in the team.
- 11. The People - The Software Teams (Contd.) Controlled centralized Defined team leader Problem solving , communication and management by team leader Communication is vertical Advantages The senior engineer/leader partitions tasks, verifies and integrates the products developed by members. Disadvantages Too much responsibility & authority is assigned to leader, possibility of single point of failure
- 12. The People - The Software Teams (Contd.) Controlled decentralized Draws upon the ideas from both earlier structures Defined Leader Horizontal communication Problem solving is a group activity Suitable for large organizations
- 13. The People - The Software Teams (Contd.) 1. Controlled Centralized 2. Democratic decentralized 3. Controlled decentralized
- 14. The People - The Software Teams Mantei describes seven factors that should be considered when planning team structure: Difficulty of task Size of resultant code (no. of lines) Time that team will stay together Degree of modularization Required quality and reliability of the system being built Rigidity of delivery date (schedule) Degree of communication
- 15. Reading assignment Pg. 634 (6th edition) Organizational paradigms suggested by Constantine Pg. 635, 636 (6th edition) What is a “jelled” team? Why do teams fail to jell
- 16. The People - Agile Teams Agile software development encourages customer satisfaction and early incremental delivery of software with overall simplicity. Agile teams are small, highly motivated teams. They adopt many characteristics of successful software project teams and avoid toxins that create problems. They are self organizing and do not necessarily maintain a single team structure (use elements of Constantine’s paradigms) Agile process models give significant autonomy to agile teams.
- 17. The People - Agile Teams (Contd.) Planning is kept to minimum. The agile team is allowed to select its own approach (e.g., process, methods, tools). The agile team may have daily team meetings to coordinate and synchronize the day’s work. With each passing day, this self organization and collaboration move the team towards a completed software increment.
- 18. The People - Communication & coordination Issues Formal approaches Writings (SE documentation, Customer requests, etc.) Structured meetings (e.g., Status review meetings) Design and code inspections Other non-interactive and impersonal comm. channels Informal approaches (more personal) Interpersonal networking Sharing of ideas on ad hoc basis Seeking help from inside or outside the project team when problem arises Electronic Communication (e.g., e-mail, electronic bulletin boards, video conferencing)
- 19. PM-CMM The “people-factor” is so important that SEI has developed People Management Capability Maturity Model (PM-CMM). Developed by SEI “to enhance the readiness of s/w organizations to undertake increasingly complex applications by helping to attract, grow, motivate, deploy, and retain the talent needed to improve their software development capability” In simple words - to enhance the people’s capabilities through personnel development
- 20. PM-CMM (Contd.) Key Practice Areas of PM-CMM Recruiting Selection Performance Management Training Compensation Career development Organization and work design Team/culture development Organizations that achieve high levels of maturity in PM-CMM have a higher likelihood of implementing effective software engineering practices
- 21. The Product
- 22. The Product The product and the problem it is intended to solve must be examined at very beginning of the software project. Before project planning product objectives & scope must be established, alternative solutions should be considered (to select best approach within constraints), technical and management constraints should be identified. Without the above, cost estimates, risk assessment, realistic work breakdown and scheduling is impossible.
- 23. The Product - Software Scope Scope is defined by Context (1st step) Functional location of the software product into a large system, product or business context Constraints involved Information Objectives (2nd step) What data objects are required as i/p or o/p Function and Performance (3rd step) What function does the software system perform on i/p to produce o/p What level of performance is required
- 24. The Product - Software Scope (Contd.) The scope of product must be established and bounded. Bounded scope means establishing quantitative data (e.g., no. of simultaneous users, max. allowable response time) are explicitly stated constraints and limitations (e.g., product cost restricts memory size) are noted and mitigating factors (e.g., algorithms are well understood) described
- 25. The Product - Problem Decomposition Also called partitioning OR problem elaboration The problem that the product is addressing must be decomposed This activity is at core of requirements analysis Divide and conquer policy for complex problems Decompose problem in tasks Decomposition in 2 major areas Functionality that must be delivered Process that will be used to deliver product
- 26. Problem Decomposition (Contd.) A complex problem is partitioned into smaller problems that are more manageable. Decomposition make planning easier. Software functions, defined in scope, are evaluated and refined to provide more detail before estimation (part of planning) begins.
- 27. The Process
- 28. The Process A software process provides the framework from which a comprehensive plan for software development can be established. Common process framework activities which are applicable to all software projects are: Communication Planning Modeling Construction Deployment
- 29. The Process (Contd.) Process models Linear sequential, Prototyping, RAD, Spiral, Formal …
- 30. The Process (Contd.) The problem is to select the process model that is appropriate for the software to be engineered by the project team. Project manager must decide about which model to use depending on customers who have requested the product & people who will work on it characteristics of the product project environment in which people will work Project planning begins after process model is selected and later process decomposition takes place.
- 31. The Process (Contd.) Process decomposition The way a process is decomposed depends on project complexity Decomposition involves outlining of work tasks involved in each process framework activity Example of decomposition for ‘communication’ activity for a simple project: Develop a list of clarification issues Meet with customer to discuss clarification issues Jointly develop statement of scope Review the statement of scope with all concerned Modify the statement of scope id required
- 32. The Project
- 33. The Project The software projects must be planned and controlled effectively to avoid complexities. The project managers and engineers must understand the critical success factors and develop a common sense approach for planning, monitoring and controlling the project.
- 34. The Project - Signs of Projects Risk John Reel describes ten signs that indicate that project is in jeopardy: Software people don’t understand customer needs Product scope is poorly defined Changes are managed poorly The chosen technology changes Business needs change Deadlines are unrealistic
- 35. The Project - Signs of Projects Risk (Contd.) Users are resistant Sponsorship is lost Team lacks skills Managers avoid best practices
- 36. The Project - How to avoid problems? John Reel suggests the following: Start on the right foot Involves detailed understanding of project setting realistic objectives & expectations Selecting the right team Facilitating the team Maintain Momentum Provide incentives Reduce bureaucracy and give autonomy to team members but with supervision Track Progress Assess progress as work products are produced
- 37. The Project - How to avoid problems? (Contd.) Make smart decisions When possible, use existing software components / COTS software Choose standard approaches and keep it simple Avoid risks and allocate more time than needed for complex/risky tasks Conduct a postmortem analysis Compare planned and actual schedule Collect and analyze project metrics (standards) Get feedback from team and customers Establish record of lessons learnt for each project
- 38. W5 HH Principle
- 39. W5 HH Principle - Introduction Suggested by Barry Boehm in one of his papers Excellent planning outline for project managers and software team Applicable to all sizes of software projects It is an approach to address project objectives Milestones & schedule Responsibilities Management & technical approaches Required resources
- 40. W5 HH principle Why is the system being develop? Answer to this questions help assess validity of business reason for the software work. It answers if the business purpose justifies the expenditure of people, time and money What will be done? Answer to this question establishes the task set required for project When will it be done? Answer to this question helps the team establish a project schedule by identifying when tasks have to be conducted and when milestones are to be reached
- 41. W5 HH principle (Contd.) Who is responsible for a function ? Answer to this question establishes roles and responsibility of each team member Where are they organizationally located ? Answer to this question indicates that all roles and responsibilities are not limited to the software team itself, the customers, users and stakeholders also have responsibilities. How will be job done technically and managerially ? Once product scope is establishes, a technical and management strategy must be defined for it. How much of each resource is needed ? Answer to this question is derived by developing estimates based on answers to earlier questions.
- 42. Reference Today’s lecture material was taken from Chapter 21- Project Management of Software Engg. A Practitioner’s Approach by Roger Pressman Team Structures Portion taken from Gary Pollice lectures on Software Project Management
- 43. THE END
Editor's Notes
- #11: Also called Chief Programmer Team
- #12: Also called Mixed Team Organization
- #16: Agile software development is a group of software development methodologies based on iterative and incremental development, where requirements and solutions evolve through collaboration between self-organizing, cross-functional teams (Wikipaedia)