THE METHOD OF DETECTING ONLINE PASSWORD ATTACKS BASED ON HIGH-LEVEL PROTOCOL ANALYSIS AND CLUSTERING TECHNIQUES

International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) Vol.11, No.6, November 2019
DOI: 10.5121/ijcnc.2019.11605 77
THE METHOD OF DETECTING ONLINE PASSWORD
ATTACKS BASED ON HIGH-LEVEL PROTOCOL
ANALYSIS AND CLUSTERING TECHNIQUES
Nguyen Hong Son1
and Ha Thanh Dung2
1
Faculty of Information Technology
Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology, Vietnam
2
Faculty of Information Systems and Remote Sensing
Ho Chi Minh City University of Natural Resources and Environments, Vietnam
ABSTRACT
Although there have been many solutions applied, the safety challenges related to the password security
mechanism are not reduced. The reason for this is that while the means and tools to support password
attacks are becoming more and more abundant, the number of transaction systems through the Internet is
increasing, and new services systems appear. For example, IoT also uses password-based authentication.
In this context, consolidating password-based authentication mechanisms is critical, but monitoring
measures for timely detection of attacks also play an important role in this battle. The password attack
detection solutions being used need to be supplemented and improved to meet the new situation. In this
paper we propose a solution that automatically detects online password attacks in a way that is based
solely on the network, using unsupervised learning techniques and protected application orientation. Our
solution therefore minimizes dependence on the factors encountered by host-based or supervised learning
solutions. The certainty of the solution comes from using the results of in-depth analysis of attack
characteristics to build the detection capacity of the mechanism. The solution was implemented
experimentally on the real system and gave positive results.
KEYWORDS
Online password attack detection, unsupervised learning, protocol analysis, DBSCAN clustering algorithm
1. INTRODUCTION
The password-based protection mechanism is still in common use today despite the availability of
biometric-based protection solutions. Therefore, the classic password attack is still a concern for
many people and the attack is still raging on the Internet every day. Password attacks are often
divided into several forms including brute force attacks, dictionary attacks, and rainbow table
attacks. The password attack is done offline or online and the purpose of the attack is to obtain
user’s password and administrator password, thereby mastering the system. Thus password
attacks are not only dangerous for personal accounts but also dangerous for web applications and
databases. Protection against password attacks has become a topic of particular concern and a
topic of new challenges. So far, many solutions have been applied from simple to complex, such
as limiting the number of false attempts[4], using CAPTCHA, IP-based authentication blockers.

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However, there have been many successful password attacks, as evidenced by the fact that many
social network users who have lost their accounts or websites that have been hijacked. In the
current password protection mechanism, every time a user enters a password into an Internet
application's form, the password will be converted into a hash code and the hash code is sent to
the server for comparison. Thus a lot of password hash codes are transmitted on the Internet from
the user community. These hash codes are based on one-way functions and are confident that
passwords can not be retrieved from them. Some hash algorithms are commonly used for
password hashing such as MD5, SHA-1, SHA-2, SHA-256, and SHA-512. However, when the
hashed password database is collected and an attempt to test with the assumed password from a
given dictionary in turn, finding a hash code is real, we said the password was cracked.
Unfortunately, such dictionaries are not so hard to find now. In addition, hackers do not have to
manipulate manually to perform this test, but there are many software programs that serve as an
effective support tool for attack activities, such as Cain and Abel, John the Ripper,
RainbowCrack, which includes handy online attack tools like THC Hydra[17], Hashcat[18],
Medusa, Ncrack, Brutus, and Patator.
Long and complex passwords with advanced hash functions will make password attacks more
difficult and take more time.The hindrance of hackers will be mitigated if they have a high-
powered computer to execute an attack program. The lifeline for hackers is that GPU virtual
machines with large capacities are plentiful and easy to hire at a reasonable cost from many cloud
providers. Besides, crypto currency technology is also designed to control a large amount of
repetitive activity in mining that essentially detects the hash code. It can be said that crypto
currency includes brute force technology. Both things just mentioned thus increase the threat
from password attacks.
While many systems use password mechanisms, it is not convenient to implement attack
protection mechanisms such as CAPTCHA, IP-based blockers. For example, FTP servers, FTP
servers in IoT systems, content management systems (CMS) such as Wordpress, Drupal, Joomla,
web hosting management systems (web panels) such as Plesk, Cpanel, and DirectAdmin.The
systems all need to have effective protection against password attacks in the context above. Such
systems often rely on host-based monitoring systems to detect online attacks but encounter
problems with the consumption of host capacity, or difficulties in accessing to logs of protected
systems. Thus, it makes host-based solutions more inadequate and unable to protect systems
effectively. Since then we have found that the network-based online attack monitoring system is a
viable solution to this problem.
In this paper, we will propose an approach to building an online password attack monitoring
system that relies entirely on the network without the need for protected systems, which is not
based on the host. First of all, we will propose a general model for construction with details of the
essential steps to successfully build an attack monitoring application running on a standalone
machine. In the model, it will exploit the strength of machine learning technology in unsupervised
direction, using advanced data clustering techniques to separate different groups of subjects. The
special thing of our proposal is to build an application-oriented attack detection application,
which is to protect specific systems. On that basis we will combine with protocol analysis in
traffic to pre-process data and build association rules to detect attacks. Another special feature is
that we do not use clustering in which abnormal data does not belong to any cluster or to small
clusters to detect abnormalities like other solutions often do [7] [9-10], in which [7] put
abnormalities into small clusters. We aim to create clusters for attack data for analysis and

79
detection. As an example of applying the solution, we have applied the model to build a password
attack detection application that protects FTP servers and employs this application on an actual
network to evaluate.
The rest of the paper is presented in the following sections: Section 2 is an overview of published
studies that address similar problems and especially those that have solutions close to us. Some
works related to the use of clustering techniques in recent times have also been generalized. Next
in Section 3, we will propose a model to build an attack detection application along with detailed
explanations of how to build components. Using the model to build the password attack detection
application for the FTP server is shown in Section 4. Section 5 presents the deployment and
experimentation of the attack detection application on actual network and results. The paper ends
with some conclusions in Section 6.
2. RELATED WORK
Strengthening the password mechanism has always been a special topic of concern, which is
reflected in many works proposing solutions to consolidate passwords [3][5-6][11][13-15]. In
[13] the authors proposed a random password generation scheme using Markov chain techniques
that are now known as Markov passwords. Markov passwords are generated according to a tree
structure that creates the most powerful password. In [3] the authors also conducted experiments
and evaluated the attack capability on Markov passwords and showed the effectiveness of this
type of password. In [5] the authors propose a new cryptographic technique based on min-entropy
key called Honey Encryption, which is believed to be able to resist brute force attacks.
However, practically no strong password mechanism can guarantee absolute safety against brute
force attacks. Many studies have proposed solutions to overcome this classic problem. The
authors in [16] consider using learning machines to detect brute force attacks via SSH protocol at
the network level. The solution creates a monitoring tool that detects attack signals through traffic
collected directly from the network layer. It makes the solution more scalable and so is called a
network-based solution. However, their solution uses a supervised learning mechanism through
the use of classifiers, so a good training data set is required. Similarly, the authors in [1] found
that the limitations of host-based attack detection solutions are being implemented in most web
application protection systems, thus suggesting a solution for detecting brute force attacks based
on network. In the solution, the authors get traffics directly from the network environment and
histogram the packet payloads on each network connection. Their proposal also uses HCA
(Hierarchical Cluster Analysis) clustering technique to cluster based on the distance between
clusters in the hierarchy. The detection phase is performed on large clusters, which will compare
the histograms of connections if multiple identical connections appear, brute force attacks are
present. In the solution, the histogram of connections is the main base of the detection but the
construction of histograms and comparisons may lead to many errors. In addition, there are some
network applications that repeat the connection but not the attack also give a significant amount
of similar histogram.
Another attack detection solution also uses machine learning and does not rely on hosts, the
authors in [7] also exploit unsupervised learning techniques to detect network attacks. The
solution uses clustering techniques and incorporates correlation analysis to detect network
attacks. The authors group anomalies into small clusters and implement multiple aggregation
methods to analyse the correlation and rank the anomalies, thereby providing a security
monitoring tool for administrators. Their proposal aims to detect all attacks and processing
systems through multiple stages that need to be configured appropriately and verified.

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Similarly, [9] also uses multivariate correlation and data mining clustering techniques to build a
solution for detecting network-based DDoS attacks. The author in [19] uses an unsupervised
machine learning algorithm to detect DDOS attacks in the incoming Internet data. However, the
solution that the author proposes is a host-based DDoS attack detection model. Another aspect, in
order to improve the efficiency of abnormal cluster detection, [12] point out that the lack of
monitoring of historical factors of clustering results will lead to errors, and proposed the
algorithm History-ORUNADA, an improvement of Real-time Online Unsupervised Network
Anomaly detection Algorithm (ORUNADA), to monitor and evaluate clustering results over
time. Concerning security for IoT systems at risk of brute force attacks, [2] highlighted the risk of
brute force attacks on FTP server systems that are commonly used in today's IoT systems;
especially pay attention to attacks from within. The authors in [2] have proposed solutions to
effectively identify attack patterns based on time-sensitive statistical relationship (also the
correlation method).
3. THE PROPOSED MODEL FOR DETECTING ONLINE PASSWORD ATTACKS
The requirements when designing a network-based brute force activity detection model is:
- Detection based on network traffic rather than based on host
- Specify the sources that are attacking brute force
- Discover online and early
- No original data source to learn
- Get to know the normal login activities
From the above requirements, the model will have to regularly monitor network traffic in the
protected area, for example in an enterprise network environment. Since there is no data set,
machine knowledge is not built from supervised learning, instead machine knowledge is built on
the principle of unsupervised learning. To fulfill other requirements such as indicating the source
of the attack, recognizing common logon operations or early attack detection, it is necessary to
rely on special characteristics from the network traffic data and specify useful features for the
application. Clustering is one of the important tasks in unsupervised learning and is commonly
used in current anomaly detection problems. Based on the requirement analysis, the proposed
model will use clustering techniques on network traffic data to serve the task of detecting brute
force activities on the protected network area.
The proposed model is described in Figure 1. According to the model, there will be four general
stages: collecting network traffic data on a protected environment according to the given time and
cycle, data pre-processing and extracting characteristics, clustering on data only includes
extracted features and cluster analysis for detection. It is just a look at the model as a normal
process in unsupervised learning applications, but the model proposed here will have specific
characteristics in stages to promote work efficiency.
First of all, the proposed model only captures selected packets according to the intended purpose
in the network traffic data collection stage. The reasons are that it is necessary to reduce online
processing data, limit the impact on resources and system performance when deployed, and the
applications that need to be protected are fully known. So only collect traffic packets related to
applications that need to be protected (with login session). In the data pre-processing and feature
extraction process, the developer continues to analyse to select the features wisely. Thorough

81
analysis of the evolution of network traffic in the interaction between the target system and the
cyber client community, especially the login session, can infer which traffic characteristics are the
best for the goals of the application. This means selecting features so that it is easy to separate the
phenomena or objects that need to be discovered. This will be illustrated through a specific case
we developed in the Section 4. In the next third stage, the data with k selected features is clustered
according to an appropriate clustering algorithm. Most solutions using clustering techniques to
detect abnormalities will separate normal data into clusters and single abnormal data does not
belong to any cluster. However, with the specificity of detecting online password attack traffic,
this type of data point will appear much so it is not individual or alone and can form a cluster.
Therefore, in order to know whether to attack or not, it is necessary to analyze clusters and in the
proposed model each cluster will be taken to the final processing stage. At the final stage of the
model, each cluster is analyzed and calculated the indicator parameters specified by the design.
The indicator parameters are determined based on the behavioral analysis of the attack
application in interaction with the target system. Those are specific parameters to recognize a
certain attack activity. The final processing step is like a detection procedure based on supervised
learning techniques. Because the detection program has been taught how the parameter specifies
an attack. A standard test (such as a combination rule) will be conducted based on the indicator
parameters to have a conclusion related to a brute force attack.
Figure 1. The proposed detection model

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In the proposed model to build applications that detect brute force attacks, suppose the developer
already knows protected target systems. This is entirely possible and very useful for developing
fast and accurate attack detection applications. The basis of the proposal is that most network
applications use one of the application layer protocols. It is possible for the packet capturing unit
to retain the packets related to the application layer protocol used in the system that will be
protected, and ignore unnecessary packets, contributing to reducing the amount of data processed
in next step. In the phase of feature selection, it is also necessary to result from analysing the
behaviour of the protocol since it will determine what is the unique characteristic of the traffic
data generated by the corresponding application.
Finally, based on a thorough analysis of the behaviour of the protocol and the characteristics of
the related attack, it is possible to identify certain indicators of the existence of attack operations
that are hidden in the data. These indicators serve as signs that provide knowledge to the
detection system used in the cluster analysis phase and to generate notifications. The address of
the attacker will be determined by using a reverse analysis technique based on known attack data.
4. APPLYING THE PROPOSED MODEL TO DEVELOP AN APPLICATION THAT
DETECT BRUTE FORCE ATTACK ON FTP SERVER
The function of the application is to monitor the campus network environment to detect and
indicate the source of brute force attacks on the FTP server. The application has been developed
based on the model proposed in Section 3. Accordingly, the first step is to capture the packet to
retrieve the data and only capture packets related to the FTP protocol because the protection
target is defined as the FTP server. Next will be selected characteristics and pre-processing of
data collected before conducting clustering. The work at this stage is to analyze in-depth the
traffic generated from the access and use of services on the FTP server. The initial FTP server
connections are all directed to port 21. Both the normal FTP client and the offensive attack
application undergo an attempt to log in via FTP protocol to port 21. Thus, the challenge here is
no knowing where is the usual FTP client and where is the password attack. It is necessary to
analyze the login session and extract the feature that has the specific nature of the brute force
attack application to detect it. Based on packet capture and observation in Figure 2, it is found
that each login session to the FTP server has 4 packets in the following order:
+ Request: USER
+ Response: 331 (Password required)
+ Request: PASS
+ Response: Status (530: Login failed, 230: Logged in successfully)
Through surveying the flow of brute force and non-brute force applications, the analysis on the
data obtained has some of the following characteristics:
- Application layer protocol: This is the protocol that the application uses to transmit information
in the application layer; this parameter cannot participate in calculations of the clustering
algorithm.
- Transport layer protocol: Default is TCP, not involved in the calculation of the clustering
algorithm.

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Figure 2. Traffic packets generated during the FTP server login session
- Port number: This is a port used for application in the transport layer, not involved in the
calculation of clustering algorithm.
- Total number of packets from client-server: It is the number of packets in the direction from the
client to the server of the connection (of an application) on the same access value during the
collection time.
- Total TCP packets enable SYN flag: It is the number of TCP packets turning on the SYN flag,
do not turn on the ACK flag of the connections (of an application) on the same access during the
collection time.
- Time between two login sessions: It is the interval between two attempts to log in to a server
during the recording time.
- The header length (hlen) of the packet created by the application.
- Time of each login session (unit of seconds): It is the time of communication between the client
and the server in a login attempt.
- Number of bytes of each login session: It is the total amount of bytes generated during a login
session.

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Figure 3. Clustering input data
Thus, in the above 9 features, the first 5 features can support the identification of normal
applications by the specific protocol specified for the application or the port number is allocated
separately for the application. However, for brute force attack applications, it is impossible to rely
on these features to determine because there is no standard for this type of application. The
solution is to combine the use of the last 4 features to cluster and attack prediction. Which will
extract the last three characteristics for the clustering algorithm's input data and use the other
feature to deduce the cluster is likely to be the application of brute force attack. Thus clustered
data has three dimensions and takes the form shown in Figure 3.
In the third stage will cluster on data according to the appropriate clustering algorithm. In the
stage, we propose to use the DBSCAN clustering algorithm. Before explaining the reason for
choosing DBSCAN clustering algorithm, it is necessary to overview the characteristics of
DBSCAN algorithm [8]. DBSCAN is a popular density-based clustering algorithm recently used
to detect clusters and extract events. The basic idea of DBSCAN is that a point in the cluster must
have number of neighbouring points at a given distance (Eps) not less than a MinPts value, which
is the density. Based on such clustering, DBSCAN can divide clusters of any shape and users do
not need to predetermine the number of clusters to be the algorithm's input parameter such as the
K-mean algorithm. The advantage of DBSCAN is the ability to identify and distinguish very well
among target groups. DBSCAN is particularly effective in spaces with few dimensions. Based on
the analysis to develop the application to detect brute force attack on the FTP server mentioned
above, use only 3 features for clustering so the clustering space has 3 dimensions. So applying the
DBSCAN algorithm to clustering in this application is perfectly suitable.
The clusters created from DBSCAN will be analyzed and calculated the indicator parameters. In
this application, based on the characteristics of the attack activity and normal operation, we
choose the indicator parameter: the number of equal time intervals in the cluster. When an attack
occurs, multiple logon sessions will fail and create points in the cluster with equal time series.
This is the sixth feature of the selected features to extract a session connected to the FTP server
shown above. When the indicator parameter reaches the threshold value which is a sign of an on-
going attack and based on the information from the attack session cluster, the reverse analysis on
the session data will determine the source of the attack.

85
5. TESTED ON ACTUAL NETWORK SYSTEMS AND RESULTS
Figure 4. Network diagram for testing.
The application was developed using the Perl programming language and tested on our enterprise
network, in principle, the network system is equivalent to the network described in Figure 4. The
attack detection application running on a monitoring computer is located on the enterprise
network partition so that it can catch the incoming and outgoing FTP server traffic. We
experimented with continuous capture and processing of 1000 packets, with the clustering
parameters Eps = 20 and MinPts = 10. Experiments were conducted in turn with the current
popular attack tools including Hashcat, Brutus, Hydra, Patator, Medusa, and Ncrack. Other
common applications are also run simultaneously to create a variety of traffic on the network.
The testing process will conduct each case as follows:
-Check the application to see if there is a mistake when running a normal application:
To test this case we use an FTP client to log in to the FTP server with a few failures before it
succeeds and use ping to check the situation where the application repeats the session with the
FTP server. As a result, both cases have no warning of attacks. As shown in Figure 5.

86
Figure 5. No attack warning.
- Check the ability to detect when attacking with different tools:
First attack the FTP server with the Medusa tool in the context of opening many other common
applications like ping, Skype, web browser (YouTube), messenger. As a result of Figure 6, the
application detected an attack and indicated the attack machine came from IP address
192.168.135.129 as it was.
Figure 6. Detecting the attack machine address when attacking with the Medusa tool.

87
Next, turn to use Hashcat, Brutus, Patator, and Ncrack from 192.168.135.29 to attack the FTP
server and run simultaneously with other applications. The results still detect and indicate the
attack machine.
When using THC Hydra runs from two different machines to attack the FTP server, and also
pings to the FTP server and runs various types of applications on other computers. The
monitoring machine results show the IP addresses of the attacking machines as shown in Figure
7.
Figure 7. Detecting attack machine addresses when attacking with Hydra tool.
To evaluate the accuracy of the application, we conducted a test data set. This data set is based on
collecting packet traffic from short-term automated attacks that are repeated many times
randomly by four computers on the network over a 10 hours period. Tested on the data set with
the change of clustering parameters, we tried many different Esp and MinPts parameter pairs.
Based on understanding the data in the application we selected the Esp values in the range [10-
80] and MinPts in the range [5-40] for testing. Some typical results are presented in Table 1.
The results show that the correct detection rate changes according to clustering parameters. High
precision ratio corresponds to the case of Esp = 20 and MinPts = 10. When MinPts increases to
15 units, the accuracy decreases slightly. Especially when Esp doubled, the correct detection rate
decreased significantly, and when both parameters increased, the rate decreased greatly.Thus,
when choosing appropriate clustering parameters, the detected results can achieve almost absolute
accuracy.
Table 1. The correct detection rates according to the clustering parameters
Esp MinPts True Positive
20 10 99%
20 15 98%
40 10 90%
40 15 82%
50 30 54%

88
6. CONCLUSIONS
The password attack detection model with many new features has been proposed. The model
aims to develop network-based automated detection applications that run on standalone machines
that do not need to access protected host information. The model also aims to exploit advanced
clustering techniques that can control any form of new password attack that occurs and does not
require a training data set. In particular, the solution is oriented to the protected application, thus
incorporating expert knowledge to protocol analysis to simplify the data before pretreatment,
select the optimal characteristics in pre-processing, and build standards (rules) for attack
detection effectively. Applying the model to build an application that detects password attacks on
the FTP server has been implemented, and testing the application on the real system has given
certain results. In the next research direction, we will improve the evaluation phase in which the
experiment of protecting many different applications with high noise level. The results will be
presented in subsequent publications.
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AUTHORS
Nguyen Hong Son, received his B.Sc. in Computer Engineering from The
University of Technology in HCM city, his M.Sc. and PhD in Communication
Engineering from the Post and Telecommunication Institute of Technology
Hanoi. His current research interests include communication engineering,
machine learning, data science, network security, and cloud computing.
Ha Thanh Dung, received his B.Sc inInformation Technology from VNU
Hanoi-University of Science, and his M.Sc in Data Transmission and Computer
Networks from Post and Telecommunication Institute of Technology in 2012.
His research areas are communication engineering, information systems,
machine learning, and network security.

THE METHOD OF DETECTING ONLINE PASSWORD ATTACKS BASED ON HIGH-LEVEL PROTOCOL ANALYSIS AND CLUSTERING TECHNIQUES

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