The post-socialist transformation in East-Berlin as a facilitator and incubator for new ways of tourism
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This document examines the transformation of East Berlin post-1990, highlighting the impact of gentrification and tourism on the city's urban landscape. It discusses how changes in demand, both domestic and international, have led to rapid touristification, with Berlin emerging as a hotspot for the 'explorer tourist' seeking authentic experiences. The authors note the challenges posed by mass tourism and the need for effective management to balance local interests with tourism growth.
The post-socialist transformation in East-Berlin as a facilitator and incubator for new ways of tourism
- 1. The post-socialist transformation in East-Berlin as a facilitator and incubator for new ways of tourism Natalie Stors & Andreas Kagermeier Trier University, Germany 6th International Urban Geographies of Post-communist States Conference: 25 years of urban change Prague, 23-26 September 2015 Mitte Friedrichshain- Kreuzberg Pankow Charlottenburg- Wilmersdorf Spandau Steglitz- Zehlendorf Tempelhof- Schöneberg Neukölln Treptow- Köpenick Marzahn- Hellersdorf Lichten- berg Reinickendorf Berlin 1945-1990; divided city Natalie Stors & Andreas Kagermeier CATference: 25 years of urban change, Prague 29-26 September 2015, Slide 2 Source: authors own photos
- 2. Mitte Friedrichshain- Kreuzberg Pankow Charlottenburg- Wilmersdorf Spandau Steglitz- Zehlendorf Tempelhof- Schöneberg Neukölln Treptow- Köpenick Marzahn- Hellersdorf Lichten- berg Reinickendorf Berlin 1945-1990; divided city Natalie Stors & Andreas Kagermeier CATference: 25 years of urban change, Prague 29-26 September 2015, Slide 3 Source: authors own photos Mitte Friedrichshain- Kreuzberg Pankow Charlottenburg- Wilmersdorf Spandau Steglitz- Zehlendorf Tempelhof- Schöneberg Neukölln Treptow- Köpenick Marzahn- Hellersdorf Lichten- berg Reinickendorf Berlin 1945-1990; divided city Natalie Stors & Andreas Kagermeier CATference: 25 years of urban change, Prague 29-26 September 2015, Slide 4 Source: authors own photos
- 3. Mitte Friedrichshain- Kreuzberg Pankow Charlottenburg- Wilmersdorf Spandau Steglitz- Zehlendorf Tempelhof- Schöneberg Neukölln Treptow- Köpenick Marzahn- Hellersdorf Lichten- berg Reinickendorf 1990: Fall of the wall Natalie Stors & Andreas Kagermeier CATference: 25 years of urban change, Prague 29-26 September 2015, Slide 5 Source: authors own photos Mitte Friedrichshain- Kreuzberg Pankow Charlottenburg- Wilmersdorf Spandau Steglitz- Zehlendorf Tempelhof- Schöneberg Neukölln Treptow- Köpenick Marzahn- Hellersdorf Lichten- berg Reinickendorf 90ies: Gentrification of East Berlin 19th century quarters Natalie Stors & Andreas Kagermeier CATference: 25 years of urban change, Prague 29-26 September 2015, Slide 6 Source: authors own photos
- 4. Driving forces of the gentrification Domestic/local (East Berlin) demand Demand from West Berlin Demand due to the new function as capital => Gentrification faster and more intensive than in other Eastern European cities Natalie Stors & Andreas Kagermeier CATference: 25 years of urban change, Prague 29-26 September 2015, Slide 7 Restaurants, bars & clubs as part of the gentrification process Natalie Stors & Andreas Kagermeier CATference: 25 years of urban change, Prague 29-26 September 2015, Slide 8 Source: Krajewski 2004, p.17)
- 5. Tourist arrivals and overnight stays in Berlin 1992 – 2014 Natalie Stors & Andreas Kagermeier CATference: 25 years of urban change, Prague 29-26 September 2015, Slide 9 Source: Own design using data from Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg 2015 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Arrivals Overnight stays Tourist arrivals in Berlin 1992 – 2014 by region of origin Natalie Stors & Andreas Kagermeier CATference: 25 years of urban change, Prague 29-26 September 2015, Slide 10 0 2.000.000 4.000.000 6.000.000 8.000.000 10.000.000 12.000.000 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Germany Europe Other Source: Own design using data from Amt für Statistik Berlin-Brandenburg 2015
- 6. Tourist arrivals in Top Ten European Cities 2014 Natalie Stors & Andreas Kagermeier CATference: 25 years of urban change, Prague 29-26 September 2015, Slide 11 Source: Own design using data from ECM 2015, p. 3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 London Paris Berlin Rom Barcelona Madrid Prag Wien München Hamburg Mio. Arrivals Socialist heritage as tourist attractor Natalie Stors & Andreas Kagermeier CATference: 25 years of urban change, Prague 29-26 September 2015, Slide 12 Source: authors own photos
- 7. Restaurants, bars & clubs on devastated brownfield area Natalie Stors & Andreas Kagermeier CATference: 25 years of urban change, Prague 29-26 September 2015, Slide 13 Source: authors own photos Restaurants, bars & clubs on transformed former brownfield area Natalie Stors & Andreas Kagermeier CATference: 25 years of urban change, Prague 29-26 September 2015, Slide 14 Source: authors own photos
- 8. Restaurants, bars & clubs in gentrified quarters Natalie Stors & Andreas Kagermeier CATference: 25 years of urban change, Prague 29-26 September 2015, Slide 15 Source: authors own photos Shopping facilities in gentrified quarters Natalie Stors & Andreas Kagermeier CATference: 25 years of urban change, Prague 29-26 September 2015, Slide 16 Source: authors own photos
- 9. Driving forces of the touristification Explorer tourists (authentic experience, live like the locals) Transformation process giving opportunities (temporary usage, un(der)used space) Intensity of the gentrification process Domestic (German) demand (new capital and former traditional destination) International demand (Iconic place “Wall”) Natalie Stors & Andreas Kagermeier CATference: 25 years of urban change, Prague 29-26 September 2015, Slide 17 Berlin as a Tourist City: Top 10 sights Natalie Stors & Andreas Kagermeier CATference: 25 years of urban change, Prague 29-26 September 2015, Slide 18 Visitberlin.de 2015 Own map, based upon ArcGIS Webmap
- 10. Interests of the Explorer tourists Natalie Stors & Andreas Kagermeier CATference: 25 years of urban change, Prague 29-26 September 2015, Slide 19 Explorer tourists Insider tips Get into contact Life with/like local Stay in residential neighborhood Sleep in unique accommodation Explore off the beaten track Search for authenticity Theculturetrip.com 2015 Visitberlin.de 2015 The explorer tourist meets the Share Economy Natalie Stors & Andreas Kagermeier CATference: 25 years of urban change, Prague 29-26 September 2015, Slide 20 Explorer tourists Insider tips Get into contact Life with/like local Stay in residential neighborhood Sleep in unique accommodation Explore off the beaten track Authenticity Highest impact on accommodation sector Reason for switching from classic accommodations to private hosts? Apart from budget orientation: => unique & authentic experience?!
- 11. Airbnb in Germany Natalie Stors & Andreas Kagermeier CATference: 25 years of urban change, Prague 29-26 September 2015, Slide 21 Hamburg Hannover Bremen Düsseldorf Duisburg Essen Wuppertal Bonn Köln Münster Bielefeld Bochum Dortmund Frankfurt Stuttgart München Nürnberg Berlin Dresden Leipzig Offers per 100,000 inhab. less than 25 25 to less than 50 50 to less than 100 100 to less than 200 200 and more AirBnB offers 50100 1.000 5.000 10.000 Source: Own design using data from Skowronnek, Vogel & Parnow 2015 Data: 25.02.2014 City Airbnb-Offers Berlin 11.700 Paris 13.000 London 11.000 Skowronnek, A. et al. 2015; Data: 11.01.2015 Airbnb listings per 1,000 Inhab. less than 1 1 to less than 5 5 to less than 20 20 and more 0 200 75 25 5 Numer of Airbnb listings Mitte Friedrichshain- Kreuzberg Pankow Charlottenburg- Wilmersdorf Spandau Steglitz- Zehlendorf Tempelhof- Schöneberg Neukölln Treptow- Köpenick Marzahn- Hellersdorf Lichten- berg Reinickendorf Airbnb in Berlin Natalie Stors & Andreas Kagermeier CATference: 25 years of urban change, Prague 29-26 September 2015, Slide 22 Distribution of Airbnb-offers in Berlin on the LOR-level Source: Own design using data from SKOWRONNEK, VOGEL & PARNOW 2015 and Land Berlin 2015 Mitte Tempelhof- Prenzlauer Berg Fried- richs- hain Kreuzberg/Neukölln
- 12. (Mass)Tourism and its negative consequences in local neighborhoods Natalie Stors & Andreas Kagermeier CATference: 25 years of urban change, Prague 29-26 September 2015, Slide 23 (Berliner Kurier 2014) (Tagesspeigel.de 2015) (Berliner Zeitung.de 2015) Shifting attitude towards tourists Natalie Stors & Andreas Kagermeier CATference: 25 years of urban change, Prague 29-26 September 2015, Slide 24 Invitation for round table discussion: Help, tourists are coming, Green Party, 2011 (Sueddeutsche Zeitung.de, 2011) “Berlin doesn’t love you”- campaign sticker (Own pictures, 2012) No more suitcases-graffit (Die Zeit, 2012) „I hope that settles all“ says head of visitBerlin Burkhard Kieker 2011 (Spiegel.de, 2011)
- 13. Governmental initiatives Natalie Stors & Andreas Kagermeier CATference: 25 years of urban change, Prague 29-26 September 2015, Slide 25 More public toilets, dustbins, lights, street cleaning etc. Round table “nightlife” and/or nighttime mayor (like in Paris and Amsterdam) Social projects against drug abuse Green Party action plan proposal for „Warschauer Brücke“ 2014 Pantomime art-projects are intended to raise awareness for local residents’ needs Successful project in Paris, Genève and Brussels (rbb-online.de & Tagesspiegel.de 2015) (Green Party 2014) Conclusion Natalie Stors & Andreas Kagermeier CATference: 25 years of urban change, Prague 29-26 September 2015, Slide 26 • In the period from 1945-1990 Berlin had the particular role of the divided city with typical construction and economic practices in the Eastern part and a lack of investments in the West. • After the fall of the Berlin Wall extensive gentrification processes set off due to the twofold catch-up demand and the regained capital function. • A large, alternative bar and club scene was (re-)installed, which was one of the main starting points for the off the beaten track tourism-scene in Berlin, developing parallel to the well-established high class cultural tourism. • The cornucopia of high and subcultural attractions draws i.a. the explorer tourist who searches for ‘authentic’ parts of the city and personal encounters, e.g. by using Airbnb. • However, growing mass and party tourism provide new challenges for the government, since gentrifiers’ expectations and those of the partying crowd are difficult to reconcile. • First approaches to tame this party and neighbourhood tourism need to be carefully chosen by the government to avoid brand damage, since Berlin’s image is one of its most valuable but fragile goods. • And generally spoken, to steer and control increasing tourism figures is probably one of the most challenging tasks in tourism management in both, Eastern and Western metropolises nowadays and in the future.
- 14. Thank you for your attention … … and we are looking forward to a lively discussion! RSA - Tourism Research Network Workshop, BudapestNatalie Stors & Andreas Kagermeier 29th of January 2015, Slide 27