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the principles of teaching speaking
This document discusses teaching speaking skills in a second language classroom. It begins by outlining the objectives and reasons for teaching speaking, such as its importance for language learning and students' evaluations of their progress. It then defines speaking and describes its features. Next, it defines teaching speaking and the rationale for using communicative approaches and collaborative learning. Some examples of communicative activities are then provided, such as discussions, role-plays, simulations and storytelling. Guidelines for teachers on conducting speaking activities are also outlined.
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Introduction to teaching speaking objectives, including sound understanding of definitions and features.
Speaking is essential in language learning, with learners assessing progress through speaking proficiency.
Speaking defined as a process, featuring elements of spoken discourse like planning, variation, and interaction.
Teaching speaking focuses on fluency, sound production, organization of thoughts, and effective communication.
Need for communicative skills in teaching speaking, focusing on real-life interactions and varied purposes.
Method based on real-life communication, with collaborative tasks enhancing oral language in ESL settings.
Various speaking scenarios like chatting, classroom discussions, and presentations, showcasing speaking types.
Guidelines for maximizing student speaking opportunities, feedback, and involvement in various settings.
List of activities to enhance speaking skills, such as discussions, role plays, simulations, and storytelling.
Effective strategies for conducting discussions, ensuring equal participation, and fostering critical thinking.
Utilizing role play for students to practice social contexts, including preparation, performance, and feedback stages.
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the principles of teaching speaking
- 1. TEACHING SPEAKING IN THESECOND LANGUAGE CLASSROOMS TEFL 2 (2011)
- 2. Objectives By the endof this lesson you are expected to be able to demonstrate sound understanding of: 1. The reasons for teaching speaking 2. The definition of “Speaking” 3. The special features of spoken language 4. The definition of “Teaching Speaking” 5. The rationales for teaching speaking using communicative approach and collaborative learning
- 3. 6. The basicfeatures of communicative language teaching & collaborative learning 7. Some communicative activities to promote speaking 8. Things a teacher should/should not do in teaching speaking
- 4. 1. REASONS FORTEACHING SPEAKING Speaking is a crucial part of second language learning and teaching. The mastery of speaking skills in English is a priority for many second- language or foreign-language learners.
- 5. Our learners oftenevaluate their success in language learning as well as the effectiveness of their English course on the basis of how much they feel they have improved in their spoken language proficiency. Oral skills have hardly been neglected in today’s EFL/ESL courses (witness the huge number of conversation and other speaking course books in the market)
- 6. 2. WHAT IS“SPEAKING”? Speaking is : "the process of building and sharing meaning through the use of verbal and non-verbal symbols, in a variety of contexts" (Chaney, 1998, p. 13).
- 7. 3. Some Featuresof Spoken Discourse in daily life: • Composed of idea units (combined short phrases and clauses) • May be planned (e.g., a lecture) or unplanned (e.g., a conversation) • Employs more vague (rather unclear) or generic (simple) words than written language
- 8. • Employs fixedphrases, fillers, and hesitation markers; • Contains slips and errors reflecting online processing; • Involves reciprocity (i.e., interactions are jointly constructed); • Shows variation (e.g., between formal and casual speech), reflecting speaker roles, speaking purpose, and the context. (Luoma, 2004)
- 9. 4. WHAT IS“TEACHING SPEAKING”? Teaching speaking is to teach our learners to: Produce the English speech sounds and sound patterns Use word and sentence stress, intonation patterns and the rhythm of the second language. Select appropriate words and sentences according to the proper social setting, audience, situation and subject matter.
- 10. Organize their thoughtsin a meaningful and logical sequence. Use language as a means of expressing values and judgments. Use the language quickly and confidently with few unnatural pauses, which is called as fluency. (Nunan, 2003)
- 11. 5. THE RATIONALESFOR TEACHING SPEAKING COMMUNICATIVELY For many years, teaching speaking has been undervalued and English language teachers have continued to teach speaking just as a repetition of drills or memorization of dialogues.
- 12. Today's world requiresthat the goal of teaching speaking should improve students' communicative skills, Only in that way, students can express themselves and learn how to follow the social and cultural rules appropriate in each communicative circumstance.
- 13. students learn tospeak in the second language by "interacting“ it is necessary for learners to recognize: 1. the very different functions speaking performs in daily communication, and 2. the different purposes for which our students need speaking skills. communicative language teaching & collaborative learning
- 14. 6. Communicative LanguageTeaching & Collaborative Learning Communicative language teaching is based on real-life situations that require communication. By using this method in ESL classes, students will have the opportunity of communicating with each other in the target language.
- 15. ESL teachersshould create a classroom environment where students have real-life communication, authentic activities, and meaningful tasks that promote oral language. This can occur when students collaborate in groups to achieve a goal or to complete a task.
- 16. 7. EXAMPLES OFVARIOUS TYPES OF SPEAKING IN REAL-LIFE SITUATIONS • Chatting to a passenger sitting next to you during a plane • Chatting to a school friend in a canteen • A student chatting to his or her teacher while waiting for an class • Telling a friend about an amusing weekend experience, and hearing him or her recount a similar experience he or she once had.
- 17. • Classroom groupdiscussions and problem-solving activities • A class activity during which students design a poster • Discussing needed computer repairs with a technician • Discussing sightseeing plans with a hotel clerk or tour guide • Making a telephone call to obtain flight information • Asking someone for directions on the street
- 18. • Buying somethingin a shop • Ordering food from a menu in a restaurant • Giving a class report about a group/individual assignment • Conducting a class debate • Giving a speech of welcome • Making a presentation • Giving a long talk
- 19. 9. Suggestions forTeachers in Teaching Speaking • Provide maximum opportunity to students to speak the target language by providing a rich environment that contains collaborative work, authentic materials and tasks, and shared knowledge. • Try to involve each student in every speaking activity; for this aim, practice different ways of student participation.
- 20. • Reduce teacherspeaking time in class while increasing student speaking time. Step back and observe students. • Indicate positive signs when commenting on a student's response. • Ask eliciting questions such as "What do you mean? How did you reach that conclusion?" in order to prompt students to speak more.
- 21. • Provide writtenfeedback like "Your presentation was really great. It was a good job. I really appreciated your efforts in preparing the materials and efficient use of your voice…“ • Do not correct students' pronunciation mistakes very often while they are speaking. Correction should not distract student from his or her speech. • Involve speaking activities not only in class but also out of class; contact other people who can help.
- 22. • Circulate aroundclassroom to ensure that students are on the right track and see whether they need your help while they work in groups or pairs. • Provide the vocabulary beforehand that students need in speaking activities. • Diagnose problems faced by students who have difficulty in expressing themselves in the target language and provide more opportunities to practice the spoken language.
- 23. 8. Some Typesof Communicative Activities to Get Students to Speak 1. Discussions 8. Story Completion 2. Role Play 9. Reporting 3. Simulations 10.Playing Cards 4. Information Gap 11.Picture Narrating 5. Brainstorming 12.Picture Describing 6. Storytelling 13.Find the Difference 7. Interviews
- 24. 1. Discussion - Adiscussion can be held for various reasons: to arrive at a conclusion, to share ideas about an event, or to find solutions in their discussion groups’ - Before the discussion, it is essential that the purpose of the discussion activity is set by the teacher. In this way, the discussion points are relevant to this purpose, so that students do not spend their time chatting with each other about irrelevant things.
- 25. For example,students can become involved in agree/disagree discussions. In this type of discussions, the teacher can form groups of students, preferably 4 or 5 in each group, and provide controversial sentences like “people learn best when they read vs. people learn best when they travel”. Then each group works on their topic for a given time period, and presents their opinions to the class.
- 26. • It isessential that the speaking should be equally divided among group members. • At the end, the class decides on the winning group who defended the idea in the best way. • This activity fosters critical thinking and quick decision making, and students learn how to express and justify themselves in polite ways while disagreeing with the others.
- 27. • For efficientgroup discussions, it is always better not to form large groups, because quiet students may avoid contributing in large groups. • The group members can be either assigned by the teacher or the students may determine it by themselves, • but groups should be rearranged in every discussion activity so that students can work with various people and learn to be open to different ideas. • Lastly, in class or group discussions, whatever the aim is, the students should always be encouraged to ask questions, paraphrase ideas, express support, check for clarification, and so on.
- 28. 2. Role Play •In role-play, students pretend they are in various social contexts and have a variety of social roles. • In role-play activities, the teacher gives information to the learners such as who they are and what they think or feel. • Thus, the teacher can tell the student that "You are Ahmad, you go to the doctor and tell him what happened last night, and…" (Harmer, 1984)
- 29. Stages in aRole-Play Lesson 1. Introduction. Explain the role-play setting, roles involved, duration, requirements, etc. 2. Assessment. Make it clear to all students what aspects are to be assessed in the role play (e.g. language accuracy, effort, imagination, costumes, properties, etc) 3. Preparation. Allow enough time for students to prepare their dialogues (if not available yet) 4. Check Understanding. the teacher should ensure that students understand what they have to do and are confident with the vocabulary used on the role play handout before they begin. 5. Practice. students are given time practice their dialogue (in or out of class), and create the right mood. 6. Performance. 7. Feedback & Comment.