The Responsive National State, 1871 1914
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1) Several European nations established social reforms and expanded voting rights in response to rising nationalism and the socialist threat of revolution. 2) In Germany, Bismarck enacted social security laws to prevent the spread of socialism and conciliated liberals while targeting Catholics in the Kulturkampf. 3) In France, moderate republicans established free public education to spread republican ideals and undermine the Catholic Church's influence, while the Dreyfus Affair increased tensions between republicans and Catholics.
The Responsive National State, 1871 1914
- 1. THE RESPONSIVE NATIONAL STATE, 1871-1914 Eastview High School – AP European History * Ch25 – The Age of Nationalism (1850-1914) Section 5 – The Responsive National State * McKay, et al., 8 th edition
- 2. Essential Questions How does nationalism evolve so that it appealed not only to predominately middle-class liberals but also to the broach masses of society? How do governments work with socialists to prevent the radical revolution which Marx predicts?
- 3. The German Empire Bismarck conciliated liberals, waged Kulturkampf against Catholics, 1870 1878. A drop in world agricultural prices led Germany to high tariffs to protect German farmers.
- 4. German Social Reforms In 1883 1884 Bismarck passed social security laws to prevent the spread of socialism. These included old-age pensions and national health and accident insurance. In 1890 the new German Emperor, William II, fired Bismarck.
- 5. Republican France Gambetta combined eloquence with the personal touch as he preached a republic of truly equal opportunity. Rebellion in Paris against conservative cession of Alsace-Lorraine to Germans, March 1871 (Paris Commune). Defeated in bloody fighting. Moderate republicans Leon Gambetta, Jules Ferry established free compulsory education for girls and boys (1886), legalized unions. Teachers in new public school system spread republican ideas, undermined grip of Catholic Church schools on rural thinking.
- 6. The Dreyfus Affair In 1898 99 Dreyfus affair increased tension between republicans and Catholics (Alfred Dreyfus was a Jewish army captain falsely accused of treason).
- 7. Great Britain & Ireland Who wrote On Liberty? Who was Benjamin Disraeli? Who was David Lloyd George? Who was William Gladstone? Extension of franchise in 1832, 1867, 1884 (universal male suffrage). Between 1906 1914 Liberal party defeated aristocratic conservatives in House of Lords, raised taxes on rich to fund national health insurance, unemployment benefits, pensions, and so on.
- 8. Protestants of Ulster in Ireland Irish nationalists demanded political autonomy and Irish Protestants in north resisted. The Protestants of the northern counties of Ulster refused to submerge themselves to a Catholic and independent Ireland just as Irish Catholics had refused to submit to a Protestant Britain.
- 9. Austro-Hungarian Empire Due to ethnic divisions the Austro-Hungarian Empire was unable to harness nationalism as other major European states did after 1870.
- 10. Jewish Emancipation and Modern Anti-Semitism What are the rising causes of anti-Semitism? Who was Karl Lueger? Jews gradually gained their civil rights, France 1791 and Germany 1871. Jews became prominent in journalism, medicine, law, finance, railroad building. Stock market crash of 1873 catalyzed vicious anti-Semitism. Conservative and extremist nationalist politicians used anti-Semitism to mobilize support; for example, in Vienna. In Russia from 1881 government officials used anti-Semitism to channel popular resentment. They encouraged pogroms.
- 11. Questions for your review What was the Kulturkampf? What was the name of the German customs union? What was the motive for Bismarck’s social reforms? What was the Dreyfus Affair? What were the accomplishments of the Liberal party in Great Britain? Which of the major powers of Europe was unable to harness the strength of modern nationalism? Who was Karl Lueger? What are the causes of rising anti-Semitism? Who was Theodore Herzl?