The Ring programming language version 1.7 book - Part 28 of 196

The Ring programming language version 1.7 book - Part 28 of 196

• 1.
  Ring Documentation, Release1.7 31.18 IsXdigit() Function We can test a character or a string using the IsXdigit() Function Syntax: IsXdigit(value) ---> 1 if the value is a hexdecimal digit character or 0 if not Example: see isxdigit("0123456789abcdef") + nl + # print 1 isxdigit("123z") # print 0 31.19 Conversion The next functions can be used for conversion • number() • string() • ascii() • char() • hex() • dec() • str2hex() • hex2str() 31.20 Number() Function We can convert strings to numbers using the Number() function or the + operator. Syntax: Number(string) ---> Number 0 + string ---> Number Example: see number("5") + 5 + nl # print 10 see 0 + "10" + 2 # print 12 31.21 String() Function We can convert numbers to strings using the String() function or the + operator. Syntax: String(number) ---> String "" + number ---> String 31.18. IsXdigit() Function 242
• 2.
  Ring Documentation, Release1.7 Example: see string(5) + 5 + nl # print 55 see "" + 10 + 2 # print 102 31.22 Ascii() Function We can get the ASCII code for a letter using the Ascii() function Syntax: Ascii(character) ---> ASCII Code Example: See ascii("m") + nl + # print 109 ascii("M") # print 77 31.23 Char() Function We can convert the ASCII code to character using the Char() function. Syntax: Char(ASCII Code) ---> character Example: See char(109) + nl + # print m char(77) # print M 31.24 Hex() Function We can convert decimal to hexadecimal using the Hex() function. Syntax: Hex(decimal) ---> hexadecimal Example: See hex(10) + nl + # print a hex(200) # print c8 31.25 Dec() Function We can convert hexadecimal to decimal using the Dec() function Syntax: Dec(hexadecimal) ---> decimal 31.22. Ascii() Function 243
• 3.
  Ring Documentation, Release1.7 Example: See dec("a") + nl + # print 10 dec("c8") # print 200 31.26 Str2hex() Function We can convert string characters to hexadecimal characters using the Str2hex() function. Syntax: Str2hex(string) ---> hexadecimal string Example: See str2hex("hello") # print 68656c6c6f 31.27 Hex2str() Function We can convert hexadecimal characters to string using the Hex2str() function Syntax: Hex2Str(Hexadecimal string) ---> string Example: See hex2str("68656c6c6f") # print hello 31.26. Str2hex() Function 244
• 4.
  CHAPTER THIRTYTWO MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS In thischapter we are going to learn about the mathematical functions 32.1 List of functions The Ring programming language comes with the next mathematical functions Function Description sin(x) Returns the sine of an angle of x radians cos(x) Returns the cosine of an angle of x radians tan(x) Returns the tangent of an angle of x radians asin(x) Returns the principal value of the arc sine of x, expressed in radians acos(x) Returns the principal value of the arc cosine of x, expressed in radians atan(x) Returns the principal value of the arc tangent of x, expressed in radians atan2(y,x) Returns the principal arc tangent of y/x, in the interval [-pi,+pi] radians sinh(x) Returns the hyperbolic sine of x radians cosh(x) Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x radians tanh(x) Returns the hyperbolic tangent of x radians exp(x) Returns the value of e raised to the xth power log(x) Returns the natural logarithm of x log10(x) Returns the common logarithm (base-10 logarithm) of x ceil(x) Returns the smallest integer value greater than or equal to x floor(x) Returns the largest integer value less than or equal to x fabs(x) Returns the absolute value of x. pow(x,y) Returns x raised to the power of y sqrt(x) Returns the square root of x random(x) Returns a random number in the range [0,x] unsigned(n,n,c) Perform operation using unsigned numbers decimals(n) Determine the decimals digits after the point in float/double numbers 32.2 Example See "Mathematical Functions" + nl See "Sin(0) = " + sin(0) + nl See "Sin(90) radians = " + sin(90) + nl See "Sin(90) degree = " + sin(90*3.14/180) + nl See "Cos(0) = " + cos(0) + nl See "Cos(90) radians = " + cos(90) + nl 245
• 5.
  Ring Documentation, Release1.7 See "Cos(90) degree = " + cos(90*3.14/180) + nl See "Tan(0) = " + tan(0) + nl See "Tan(90) radians = " + tan(90) + nl See "Tan(90) degree = " + tan(90*3.14/180) + nl See "asin(0) = " + asin(0) + nl See "acos(0) = " + acos(0) + nl See "atan(0) = " + atan(0) + nl See "atan2(1,1) = " + atan2(1,1) + nl See "sinh(0) = " + sinh(0) + nl See "sinh(1) = " + sinh(1) + nl See "cosh(0) = " + cosh(0) + nl See "cosh(1) = " + cosh(1) + nl See "tanh(0) = " + tanh(0) + nl See "tanh(1) = " + tanh(1) + nl See "exp(0) = " + exp(0) + nl See "exp(1) = " + exp(1) + nl See "log(1) = " + log(1) + nl See "log(2) = " + log(2) + nl See "log10(1) = " + log10(1) + nl See "log10(2) = " + log10(2) + nl See "log10(10) = " + log10(10) + nl See "Ceil(1.12) = " + Ceil(1.12) + nl See "Ceil(1.72) = " + Ceil(1.72) + nl See "Floor(1.12) = " + floor(1.12) + nl See "Floor(1.72) = " + floor(1.72) + nl See "fabs(1.12) = " + fabs(1.12) + nl See "fabs(1.72) = " + fabs(1.72) + nl See "pow(2,3) = " + pow(2,3) + nl see "sqrt(16) = " + sqrt(16) + nl Program Output: Mathematical Functions Sin(0) = 0 Sin(90) radians = 0.89 Sin(90) degree = 1.00 Cos(0) = 1 Cos(90) radians = -0.45 Cos(90) degree = 0.00 Tan(0) = 0 Tan(90) radians = -2.00 Tan(90) degree = 1255.77 asin(0) = 0 acos(0) = 1.57 atan(0) = 0 atan2(1,1) = 0.79 sinh(0) = 0 sinh(1) = 1.18 cosh(0) = 1 32.2. Example 246
• 6.
  Ring Documentation, Release1.7 cosh(1) = 1.54 tanh(0) = 0 tanh(1) = 0.76 exp(0) = 1 exp(1) = 2.72 log(1) = 0 log(2) = 0.69 log10(1) = 0 log10(2) = 0.30 log10(10) = 1 Ceil(1.12) = 2 Ceil(1.72) = 2 Floor(1.12) = 1 Floor(1.72) = 1 fabs(1.12) = 1.12 fabs(1.72) = 1.72 pow(2,3) = 8 sqrt(16) = 4 32.3 Random() Function The Random() function generate a random number and we can set the maximum value (optional). Syntax: Random(x) ---> Random number in the range [0,x] Example: for x = 1 to 20 see "Random number : " + random() + nl + "Random number Max (100) : " + random(100) + nl next Program Output: Random number : 31881 Random number Max (100) : 80 Random number : 5573 Random number Max (100) : 63 Random number : 2231 Random number Max (100) : 43 Random number : 12946 Random number Max (100) : 39 Random number : 22934 Random number Max (100) : 48 Random number : 4690 Random number Max (100) : 52 Random number : 13196 Random number Max (100) : 65 Random number : 30390 Random number Max (100) : 87 Random number : 4327 Random number Max (100) : 77 Random number : 12456 Random number Max (100) : 17 Random number : 28438 32.3. Random() Function 247
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  Ring Documentation, Release1.7 Random number Max (100) : 13 Random number : 30503 Random number Max (100) : 6 Random number : 31769 Random number Max (100) : 94 Random number : 8274 Random number Max (100) : 65 Random number : 14390 Random number Max (100) : 90 Random number : 28866 Random number Max (100) : 12 Random number : 24558 Random number Max (100) : 70 Random number : 29981 Random number Max (100) : 77 Random number : 12847 Random number Max (100) : 63 Random number : 6632 Random number Max (100) : 60 32.4 Unsigned() Function We can use unsigned numbers using the Unsigned() function. Syntax: Unsigned(nNum1,nNum2,cOperator) --> result of cOperator operation on nNum1,nNum2 Example: see oat_hash("hello") + nl # Jenkins hash function - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenkins_hash_function func oat_hash cKey h = 0 for x in cKey h = unsigned(h,ascii(x),"+") h = unsigned(h,unsigned(h,10,"<<"),"+") r = unsigned(h,6,">>") h = unsigned(h, r,"^") next h = unsigned(h,unsigned(h,3,"<<"),"+") h = unsigned(h,unsigned(h,11,">>"),"^") h = unsigned(h,unsigned(h,15,"<<"),"+") return h Output: 3372029979.00 32.5 Decimals() Functions We can determine the decimals numbers count after the point in float/double numbers using the decimals() function. Syntax: 32.4. Unsigned() Function 248
• 8.
  Ring Documentation, Release1.7 Decimals(nDecimalsCount) Example: x = 1.1234567890123 for d = 0 to 14 decimals(d) see x + nl next Output: 1 1.1 1.12 1.123 1.1235 1.12346 1.123457 1.1234568 1.12345679 1.123456789 1.1234567890 1.12345678901 1.123456789012 1.1234567890123 1.12345678901230 32.6 Using _ in numbers We can use _ between numbers digits. Example: x = 1_000_000 see type(x)+nl see x+1+nl Output: NUMBER 100000001 32.7 Using f after numbers We can use the ‘f’ letter after numbers. Example: x = 19.99f see type(x) + nl Output: NUMBER 32.6. Using _ in numbers 249
• 9.
  CHAPTER THIRTYTHREE FILES In this chapterwe are going to learn about files functions. • Read() • Write() • Dir() • Rename() • Remove() • fopen() • fclose() • fflush() • freopen() • tempfile() • tempname() • fseek() • ftell() • rewind() • fgetpos() • fsetpos() • clearerr() • feof() • ferror() • perror() • fgetc() • fgets() • fputc() • fputs() • ungetc() • fread() 250
• 10.
  Ring Documentation, Release1.7 • fwrite() • fexists() • Numbers and Bytes 33.1 Read() Function We can read the file content using the Read() function Syntax: Read(cFileName) ---> String contains the file content Example: see read("myfile.txt") The read function can read binary files too Example: see read("myapp.exe") 33.2 Write() Function We can write string to file using the Write() function The write function can write binary data to binary files. Syntax: Write(cFileName,cString) # write string cString to file cFileName Example: # copy file cFile = read("ring.exe") write("ring2.exe",cFile) 33.3 Dir() Function We can get the folder contents (files & sub folders) using the Dir() function. Syntax: Dir(cFolderPath) ---> List contains files & sub folders. This function returns a list and each list item is a list of two items • File/sub folder name • Type (0 = File , 1 = Folder/Directory) Example: 33.1. Read() Function 251