The Ring programming language version 1.7 book - Part 7 of 196
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The Ring 1.7 release includes several new features and improvements: 1. A new "Load Package" command allows loading Ring libraries into separate namespaces to avoid conflicts. 2. New ringvm_see() and ringvm_give() functions allow redefining the behavior of the See and Give commands. 3. New ring_state_new() and ring_state_mainfile() functions enable running Ring programs from other Ring programs while controlling state deletion. 4. The Trace library debugger now includes a "callstack" command, and Ring Notepad, RingQt, and other tools received updates and enhancements.
![Ring Documentation, Release 1.7
hello=0 it=0 is=0 me=0
func GetHello
See "Hello" + nl
func braceEnd
See "Goodbye!" + nl
We can execute code written in strings using the Eval() function
cCode = "See 'Code that will be executed later!' "
Eval(cCode) # execute the code to print the message
We can create a list then execute code generated from that list
aWords = ["hello","it","is","me"]
for word in aWords cCode=word+"=0" eval(cCode) next
We can read text files using the Read(cFileName) function and we can write files using the Write(cFileName,cString)
function.
See "Enter File Name:" Give cFileName See Read(cFileName) # Print the file content
The next example presents how to create a class that defines two instructions The first instruction is : I want window
The second instruction is : Window title = Expression Also keywords that can be ignored like the ‘the’ keyword
New App
{
I want window
The window title = "hello world"
}
Class App
# Attributes for the instruction I want window
i want window
nIwantwindow = 0
# Attributes for the instruction Window title
# Here we don't define the window attribute again
title
nWindowTitle = 0
# Keywords to ignore, just give them any value
the=0
func geti
if nIwantwindow = 0
nIwantwindow++
ok
func getwant
if nIwantwindow = 1
nIwantwindow++
ok
func getwindow
if nIwantwindow = 2
nIwantwindow= 0
see "Instruction : I want window" + nl
ok
if nWindowTitle = 0
nWindowTitle++
3.7. Define Natural Statements 32](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/61pdfsamfayedringdoc1-180710035225/85/The-Ring-programming-language-version-1-7-book-Part-7-of-196-1-320.jpg)
![Ring Documentation, Release 1.7
The next screen shot from the ring_list.ssf file (Generate ring_list.c and ring_list.h)
3.12 Smart Garbage Collector
Avoid memory problems :-
• Invalid Memory Access
• Memory leaks
• Uninitialized Memory Access
• Dangling pointer
Rules :-
• Global variables always stay in the memory, until you delete these variables using the assignment statement.
• Local variables always deleted after the end of the function.
• The programmer have full control on when to delete the variable from the memory using the Assignment state-
ment.
Example:
aList = [1,2,3,4,5]
aList = "nice"
After the second line directly, The list [1,2,3,4,5] will be deleted from the memory and we will have a string “nice”
• The programmer can call the function callgc() to force running the garbage collector.
• If we have a reference to a variable (when we pass objects and lists to functions), then deleting variables will be
based on reference counting, if no references everything will be deleted, but if we have a reference, the data will
stay in memory.
3.12. Smart Garbage Collector 36](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/61pdfsamfayedringdoc1-180710035225/85/The-Ring-programming-language-version-1-7-book-Part-7-of-196-5-320.jpg)
![Ring Documentation, Release 1.7
x = 100
? "Hello, World!"
load package "testloadpackage.ring"
? x
test()
File: testloadpackage.ring
? "Hello from testloadpackage.ring"
x = 1000
test()
func test
? x
Output:
Hello, World!
Hello from testloadpackage.ring
1000
100
1000
4.3 ringvm_see() and ringvm_give() functions
Using the ringvm_see() function we can redefine the behavior of the See command
Also we can use ring_see() to have the original behavior
Example:
see "Hello world" + nl
see 123 + nl
see ["one","two","three"]
see new point {x=10 y=20 z=30}
func ringvm_see t
ring_see("We want to print: ")
ring_See(t)
class point x y z
Output:
We want to print: Hello world
We want to print: 123
We want to print: one
two
three
We want to print: x: 10.000000
y: 20.000000
z: 30.000000
Using the ringvm_give() function we can redefine the behavior of the Give command
Also we can use ring_give() to have the original behavior
4.3. ringvm_see() and ringvm_give() functions 39](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/61pdfsamfayedringdoc1-180710035225/85/The-Ring-programming-language-version-1-7-book-Part-7-of-196-8-320.jpg)
The Ring programming language version 1.7 book - Part 7 of 196
- 1. Ring Documentation, Release 1.7 hello=0 it=0 is=0 me=0 func GetHello See "Hello" + nl func braceEnd See "Goodbye!" + nl We can execute code written in strings using the Eval() function cCode = "See 'Code that will be executed later!' " Eval(cCode) # execute the code to print the message We can create a list then execute code generated from that list aWords = ["hello","it","is","me"] for word in aWords cCode=word+"=0" eval(cCode) next We can read text files using the Read(cFileName) function and we can write files using the Write(cFileName,cString) function. See "Enter File Name:" Give cFileName See Read(cFileName) # Print the file content The next example presents how to create a class that defines two instructions The first instruction is : I want window The second instruction is : Window title = Expression Also keywords that can be ignored like the ‘the’ keyword New App { I want window The window title = "hello world" } Class App # Attributes for the instruction I want window i want window nIwantwindow = 0 # Attributes for the instruction Window title # Here we don't define the window attribute again title nWindowTitle = 0 # Keywords to ignore, just give them any value the=0 func geti if nIwantwindow = 0 nIwantwindow++ ok func getwant if nIwantwindow = 1 nIwantwindow++ ok func getwindow if nIwantwindow = 2 nIwantwindow= 0 see "Instruction : I want window" + nl ok if nWindowTitle = 0 nWindowTitle++ 3.7. Define Natural Statements 32
- 2. Ring Documentation, Release 1.7 ok func settitle cValue if nWindowTitle = 1 nWindowTitle=0 see "Instruction : Window Title = " + cValue + nl ok To complete the previous example, use read() to get the content of a file that contains I want window The window title = "hello world" Then use eval() to execute the content of that file!. Also, you can update the methods GetWindow() and SetTitle() to create Real windows using the GUI Library 3.8 Define Declarative Languages We learned how to use Natural statements to execute our code and using the same features we can use nested structures to execute our code. The next example from the Web library, generate HTML document using the Bootstrap library. No HTML code is written directly in this example, we created a similar language (just as example) Then using this declarative language that uses nested structures, we generated the HTML Document.. The idea in this example is that the GetDiv() and GetH1() methods return an object that we can access using {} and after each object access the method BraceEnd() will be executed to send the generated HTML to the parent object until we reach to the root where BraceEnd() will print the output. Load "weblib.ring" Import System.Web Func Main BootStrapWebPage() { div { classname = :container div { classname = :jumbotron H1 { text("Bootstrap Page") } } div { classname = :row for x = 1 to 3 div { classname = "col-sm-4" H3 { html("Welcome to the Ring programming language") } P { html("Using a scripting language is very fun!") } } next } } } 3.8. Define Declarative Languages 33
- 3. Ring Documentation, Release 1.7 The classes that power the declarative interface looks like this Class Link from ObjsBase title link Func braceend cOutput = nl+GetTabs() + "<a href='" + Link + "'> "+ Title + " </a> " + nl Class Div from ObjsBase Func braceend cOutput += nl+'<div' addattributes() AddStyle() getobjsdata() cOutput += nl+"</div>" + nl cOutput = TabMLString(cOutput) 3.9 Syntax Flexibility Ring comes with many styles for writing your source code! Also you can change the language keywords and operators and create your custom style! 3.10 Transparent Implementation Ring comes with transparent implementation. We can know what is happening in each compiler stage and what is going on during the run-time by the Virtual Machine Example : ring helloworld.ring -tokens -rules -ic See "Hello, World!" Output ================================================================== Tokens - Generated by the Scanner ================================================================== Keyword : SEE Literal : Hello, World! EndLine ================================================================== ================================================================== Grammar Rules Used by The Parser ================================================================== Rule : Program --> {Statement} Line 1 Rule : Factor --> Literal Rule : Range --> Factor Rule : Term --> Range Rule : Arithmetic --> Term Rule : BitShift --> Arithmetic Rule : BitAnd --> BitShift 3.9. Syntax Flexibility 34
- 4. Ring Documentation, Release 1.7 Rule : BitOrXOR --> BitAnd Rule : Compare --> BitOrXOR Rule : EqualOrNot --> Compare Rule : LogicNot -> EqualOrNot Rule : Expr --> LogicNot Rule : Statement --> 'See' Expr ================================================================== ================================================================== Byte Code - Before Execution by the VM ================================================================== PC OPCode Data 1 FuncExE 2 PushC Hello, World! 3 Print 4 ReturnNull ================================================================== Hello, World! 3.11 Visual Implementation The Ring programming language is designed using the PWCT visual programming tool and you will find the visual source of the language in the folder “visualsrc” - *.ssf files and the generated source code (In the C Language) in the src folder and the include folder. The next screen shot from the ring_vm.ssf file (Generate ring_vm.c and ring_vm.h) 3.11. Visual Implementation 35
- 5. Ring Documentation, Release 1.7 The next screen shot from the ring_list.ssf file (Generate ring_list.c and ring_list.h) 3.12 Smart Garbage Collector Avoid memory problems :- • Invalid Memory Access • Memory leaks • Uninitialized Memory Access • Dangling pointer Rules :- • Global variables always stay in the memory, until you delete these variables using the assignment statement. • Local variables always deleted after the end of the function. • The programmer have full control on when to delete the variable from the memory using the Assignment state- ment. Example: aList = [1,2,3,4,5] aList = "nice" After the second line directly, The list [1,2,3,4,5] will be deleted from the memory and we will have a string “nice” • The programmer can call the function callgc() to force running the garbage collector. • If we have a reference to a variable (when we pass objects and lists to functions), then deleting variables will be based on reference counting, if no references everything will be deleted, but if we have a reference, the data will stay in memory. 3.12. Smart Garbage Collector 36
- 6. Ring Documentation, Release 1.7 3.13 No Global Interpreter (VM) Lock - No GIL When we use threads in Ring applications, We don’t have global interpreter (VM) lock (No GIL) So threads can work in parallel and execute Ring instructions at the same time This is better for threads and concurrency (More Faster!) 3.13. No Global Interpreter (VM) Lock - No GIL 37
- 7. CHAPTER FOUR WHAT IS NEW IN RING 1.7? In this chapter we will learn about the changes and new features in Ring 1.7 release. 4.1 List of changes and new features Ring 1.7 comes with many new features! • New Command: Load Package • ringvm_see() and ringvm_give() functions • ring_state_new() and ring_state_mainfile() functions • Better Trace Library • Better Ring Notepad • Better RingQt • Better Ring2EXE • Better RingZip • Better Documentation • Better Ring VM • RingLibuv Extension 4.2 New Command: Load Package Using the ‘load’ command we can use many ring source files in the same project But all of these files will share the same global scope Now we have the “Load Package” command too Using “Load Package” we can load a library (*.ring file) in new global scope This is very useful to create libraries that avoid conflicts in global variables Example: File: loadpackage.ring 38
- 8. Ring Documentation, Release 1.7 x = 100 ? "Hello, World!" load package "testloadpackage.ring" ? x test() File: testloadpackage.ring ? "Hello from testloadpackage.ring" x = 1000 test() func test ? x Output: Hello, World! Hello from testloadpackage.ring 1000 100 1000 4.3 ringvm_see() and ringvm_give() functions Using the ringvm_see() function we can redefine the behavior of the See command Also we can use ring_see() to have the original behavior Example: see "Hello world" + nl see 123 + nl see ["one","two","three"] see new point {x=10 y=20 z=30} func ringvm_see t ring_see("We want to print: ") ring_See(t) class point x y z Output: We want to print: Hello world We want to print: 123 We want to print: one two three We want to print: x: 10.000000 y: 20.000000 z: 30.000000 Using the ringvm_give() function we can redefine the behavior of the Give command Also we can use ring_give() to have the original behavior 4.3. ringvm_see() and ringvm_give() functions 39
- 9. Ring Documentation, Release 1.7 Example: see "Name: " give name see "Hello " + name func ringvm_give see "Mahmoud" + nl return "Mahmoud" Output: Name: Mahmoud Hello Mahmoud 4.4 ring_state_new() and ring_state_mainfile() functions Using ring_state_new() and ring_state_mainfile() we can run Ring programs from Ring programs But unlike ring_state_main(), Here we can control when to delete the Ring state! This is important when we run GUI programs from GUI programs Because they will share the GUI Library (RingQt), And In this case the caller will call qApp.Exec() So the sub program, will not stop and will return to the Main program Here deleting the State of the sub programs will lead to a problem when we run the sub program events So keeping the state is important for sub GUI programs hosted in GUI programs. 4.5 Better Trace Library The Trace library is updated, In the Debugger at break points we have now the “callstack” command This command will print the functions call stack. Example: load "tracelib.ring" func main ? "Hello from main!" test1() func test1 ? "Hello from test1!" test2() func test2 ? "Hello from test2!" test3() func test3 ? "Hello from test3!" breakpoint() 4.4. ring_state_new() and ring_state_mainfile() functions 40
- 10. Ring Documentation, Release 1.7 4.6 Better Ring Notepad Ring Notepad comes with the next updates 1. Support *.cf extension 2. Using Hash function (SHA256) for better “Save Changes?” message 3. Ring Notepad - X Button - Ask for saving changes? 4.7 Better RingQt The next classes are added to RingQt 1. QStackedWidget 2. QCalendarWidget 3. QOpenGLFunctions 4. QOpenGLContext 5. QSurfaceFormat 6. QOpenGLWidget 7. QOpenGLVersionProfile 8. QOpenGLFunctions_3_2_Core 9. QVector2D 10. QVector3D 11. QVector4D 4.6. Better Ring Notepad 41