The Ring programming language version 1.9 book - Part 31 of 210
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This document provides documentation on mathematical functions available in the Ring programming language. It lists common trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential and other mathematical functions along with examples of their usage syntax and output. Key functions covered include sin(), cos(), tan(), log(), exp(), sqrt(), random(), ceil(), floor(), and others. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating trigonometric functions with radians and degrees as well as functions returning random numbers, absolute values, powers and more.
![Ring Documentation, Release 1.9
32.8 EpochTime() Function
Syntax:
EpochTime( cDate, cTime ) ---> Epoch Seconds
Example:
###-------------------------------------------------------------
# EpochTime()
# Example --- EpochSec = EpochTime( Date(), Time() )
# Call Format: EpochSec = EpochTime( "15/07/2016", "10:15:30" )
# EpochSec = 1468577730
#---------------------------------------------------------------
Func EpochTime(Date, Time)
arrayDate = split(Date, "/")
arrayTime = split(Time, ":")
Year = arrayDate[3] ; Month = arrayDate[2] ; Day = arrayDate[1]
Hour = arrayTime[1] ; Minute = arrayTime[2] ; Second = arrayTime[3]
cDate1 = Day +"/"+ Month +"/"+ Year
cDate2 = "01/01/" + Year
DayOfYear = DiffDays( cDate1, cDate2)
### Formula
tm_sec = Second * 1
tm_min = Minute * 60
tm_hour = Hour * 3600
tm_yday = DayOfYear * 86400
tm_year = Year - 1900
tm_year1 = ( tm_year - 70) * 31536000
tm_year2 = ( floor(( tm_year - 69) / 4 )) * 86400
tm_year3 = ( floor(( tm_year - 1) / 100 )) * 86400
tm_year4 = ( floor(( tm_year + 299) / 400 )) * 86400
### Result
EpochSec = tm_sec + tm_min + tm_hour + tm_yday +
tm_year1 + tm_year2 - tm_year3 + tm_year4
return EpochSec
32.8. EpochTime() Function 269](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/301ring-181106093620/85/The-Ring-programming-language-version-1-9-book-Part-31-of-210-1-320.jpg)
![Ring Documentation, Release 1.9
IsNumber(value) ---> 1 if the value is a number or 0 if not
Example:
see isnumber(5) + nl + # print 1
isnumber("hello") + nl # print 0
33.4 IsList() Function
Using the IsList() function we can know if the value is a list or not
Syntax:
IsList(value) ---> 1 if the value is a list or 0 if not
Example:
see islist(5) + nl + # print 0
islist("hello") + nl + # print 0
islist([1,3,5]) # print 1
33.5 Type() Function
We can know the type of a value using the Type() Function.
Syntax:
Type(value) ---> The Type as String
Example:
see Type(5) + nl + # print NUMBER
Type("hello") + nl + # print STRING
Type([1,3,5]) # print LIST
33.6 IsNULL() Function
We can check the value to know if it’s null or not using the IsNULL() function
Syntax:
IsNULL(value) ---> 1 if the value is NULL or 0 if not
Example:
see isnull(5) + nl + # print 0
isnull("hello") + nl + # print 0
isnull([1,3,5]) + nl + # print 0
isnull("") + nl + # print 1
isnull("NULL") # print 1
33.4. IsList() Function 271](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/301ring-181106093620/85/The-Ring-programming-language-version-1-9-book-Part-31-of-210-3-320.jpg)
![CHAPTER
THIRTYFOUR
MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS
In this chapter we are going to learn about the mathematical functions
34.1 List of functions
The Ring programming language comes with the next mathematical functions
Function Description
sin(x) Returns the sine of an angle of x radians
cos(x) Returns the cosine of an angle of x radians
tan(x) Returns the tangent of an angle of x radians
asin(x) Returns the principal value of the arc sine of x, expressed in radians
acos(x) Returns the principal value of the arc cosine of x, expressed in radians
atan(x) Returns the principal value of the arc tangent of x, expressed in radians
atan2(y,x) Returns the principal arc tangent of y/x, in the interval [-pi,+pi] radians
sinh(x) Returns the hyperbolic sine of x radians
cosh(x) Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x radians
tanh(x) Returns the hyperbolic tangent of x radians
exp(x) Returns the value of e raised to the xth power
log(x) Returns the natural logarithm of x
log10(x) Returns the common logarithm (base-10 logarithm) of x
ceil(x) Returns the smallest integer value greater than or equal to x
floor(x) Returns the largest integer value less than or equal to x
fabs(x) Returns the absolute value of x.
pow(x,y) Returns x raised to the power of y
sqrt(x) Returns the square root of x
random(x) Returns a random number in the range [0,x]
srandom(x) Initialize random number generator
unsigned(n,n,c) Perform operation using unsigned numbers
decimals(n) Determine the decimals digits after the point in float/double numbers
34.2 Example
See "Mathematical Functions" + nl
See "Sin(0) = " + sin(0) + nl
See "Sin(90) radians = " + sin(90) + nl
See "Sin(90) degree = " + sin(90*3.14/180) + nl
See "Cos(0) = " + cos(0) + nl
278](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/301ring-181106093620/85/The-Ring-programming-language-version-1-9-book-Part-31-of-210-10-320.jpg)
The Ring programming language version 1.9 book - Part 31 of 210
- 1. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9 32.8 EpochTime() Function Syntax: EpochTime( cDate, cTime ) ---> Epoch Seconds Example: ###------------------------------------------------------------- # EpochTime() # Example --- EpochSec = EpochTime( Date(), Time() ) # Call Format: EpochSec = EpochTime( "15/07/2016", "10:15:30" ) # EpochSec = 1468577730 #--------------------------------------------------------------- Func EpochTime(Date, Time) arrayDate = split(Date, "/") arrayTime = split(Time, ":") Year = arrayDate[3] ; Month = arrayDate[2] ; Day = arrayDate[1] Hour = arrayTime[1] ; Minute = arrayTime[2] ; Second = arrayTime[3] cDate1 = Day +"/"+ Month +"/"+ Year cDate2 = "01/01/" + Year DayOfYear = DiffDays( cDate1, cDate2) ### Formula tm_sec = Second * 1 tm_min = Minute * 60 tm_hour = Hour * 3600 tm_yday = DayOfYear * 86400 tm_year = Year - 1900 tm_year1 = ( tm_year - 70) * 31536000 tm_year2 = ( floor(( tm_year - 69) / 4 )) * 86400 tm_year3 = ( floor(( tm_year - 1) / 100 )) * 86400 tm_year4 = ( floor(( tm_year + 299) / 400 )) * 86400 ### Result EpochSec = tm_sec + tm_min + tm_hour + tm_yday + tm_year1 + tm_year2 - tm_year3 + tm_year4 return EpochSec 32.8. EpochTime() Function 269
- 2. CHAPTER THIRTYTHREE CHECK DATA TYPE AND CONVERSION In this chapter we are going to learn about the functions that can be used for • Checking Data Type • Checking Character • Conversion 33.1 Check Data Type The next functions can be used to check the data type • isstring() • isnumber() • islist() • type() • isnull() 33.2 IsString() Function Using the IsString() function we can know if the value is a string or not Syntax: IsString(value) ---> 1 if the value is a string or 0 if not Example: see isstring(5) + nl + # print 0 isstring("hello") + nl # print 1 33.3 IsNumber() Function Using the IsNumber() function we can know if the value is a number or not Syntax: 270
- 3. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9 IsNumber(value) ---> 1 if the value is a number or 0 if not Example: see isnumber(5) + nl + # print 1 isnumber("hello") + nl # print 0 33.4 IsList() Function Using the IsList() function we can know if the value is a list or not Syntax: IsList(value) ---> 1 if the value is a list or 0 if not Example: see islist(5) + nl + # print 0 islist("hello") + nl + # print 0 islist([1,3,5]) # print 1 33.5 Type() Function We can know the type of a value using the Type() Function. Syntax: Type(value) ---> The Type as String Example: see Type(5) + nl + # print NUMBER Type("hello") + nl + # print STRING Type([1,3,5]) # print LIST 33.6 IsNULL() Function We can check the value to know if it’s null or not using the IsNULL() function Syntax: IsNULL(value) ---> 1 if the value is NULL or 0 if not Example: see isnull(5) + nl + # print 0 isnull("hello") + nl + # print 0 isnull([1,3,5]) + nl + # print 0 isnull("") + nl + # print 1 isnull("NULL") # print 1 33.4. IsList() Function 271
- 4. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9 33.7 Check Character The next functions can be used to check character • isalnum() • isalpha() • iscntrl() • isdigit() • isgraph() • islower() • isprint() • ispunct() • isspace() • isupper() • isxdigit() 33.8 IsAlNum() Function We can test a character or a string using the IsAlNum() Function Syntax: IsAlNum(value) ---> 1 if the value is digit/letter or 0 if not Example: see isalnum("Hello") + nl + # print 1 isalnum("123456") + nl + # print 1 isalnum("ABCabc123") + nl + # print 1 isalnum("How are you") # print 0 because of spaces 33.9 IsAlpha() Function We can test a character or a string using the IsAlpha() Function Syntax: IsAlpha(value) ---> 1 if the value is a letter or 0 if not Example: see isalpha("Hello") + nl + # print 1 isalpha("123456") + nl + # print 0 isalpha("ABCabc123") + nl + # print 0 isalpha("How are you") # print 0 33.7. Check Character 272
- 5. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9 33.10 IsCntrl() Function We can test a character or a string using the IsCntrl() Function Syntax: IsCntrl(value) ---> 1 if the value is a control character (no printing position) or 0 if not Example: See iscntrl("hello") + nl + # print 0 iscntrl(nl) # print 1 33.11 IsDigit() Function We can test a character or a string using the IsDigit() Function Syntax: IsDigit(value) ---> 1 if the value is a digit or 0 if not Example: see isdigit("0123456789") + nl + # print 1 isdigit("0123a") # print 0 33.12 IsGraph() Function We can test a character or a string using the IsGraph() Function Syntax: IsGraph(value) ---> 1 if the value can be printed (Except space) or 0 if not Example: see isgraph("abcdef") + nl + # print 1 isgraph("abc def") # print 0 33.13 IsLower() Function We can test a character or a string using the IsLower() Function Syntax: IsLower(value) ---> 1 if the value is lowercase letter or 0 if not Example: see islower("abcDEF") + nl + # print 0 islower("ghi") # print 1 33.10. IsCntrl() Function 273
- 6. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9 33.14 IsPrint() Function We can test a character or a string using the IsPrint() Function Syntax: IsPrint(value) ---> 1 if the value occupies a printing position or 0 if not Example: see isprint("Hello") + nl + # print 1 isprint("Nice to see you") + nl + # print 1 isprint(nl) # print 0 33.15 IsPunct() Function We can test a character or a string using the IsPunct() Function Syntax: IsPunct(value) ---> 1 if the value is a punctuation character or 0 if not Example: see ispunct("hello") + nl + # print 0 ispunct(",") # print 1 33.16 IsSpace() Function We can test a character or a string using the IsSpace() Function Syntax: IsSpace(value) ---> 1 if the value is a white-space or 0 if not Example: see isspace(" ") + nl + # print 1 isspace("test") # print 0 33.17 IsUpper() Function We can test a character or a string using the IsUpper() Function Syntax: IsUpper(value) ---> 1 if the value is an uppercase alphabetic letter or 0 if not Example: see isupper("welcome") + nl + # print 0 isupper("WELCOME") # print 1 33.14. IsPrint() Function 274
- 7. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9 33.18 IsXdigit() Function We can test a character or a string using the IsXdigit() Function Syntax: IsXdigit(value) ---> 1 if the value is a hexdecimal digit character or 0 if not Example: see isxdigit("0123456789abcdef") + nl + # print 1 isxdigit("123z") # print 0 33.19 Conversion The next functions can be used for conversion • number() • string() • ascii() • char() • hex() • dec() • str2hex() • hex2str() 33.20 Number() Function We can convert strings to numbers using the Number() function or the + operator. Syntax: Number(string) ---> Number 0 + string ---> Number Example: see number("5") + 5 + nl # print 10 see 0 + "10" + 2 # print 12 33.21 String() Function We can convert numbers to strings using the String() function or the + operator. Syntax: String(number) ---> String "" + number ---> String 33.18. IsXdigit() Function 275
- 8. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9 Example: see string(5) + 5 + nl # print 55 see "" + 10 + 2 # print 102 33.22 Ascii() Function We can get the ASCII code for a letter using the Ascii() function Syntax: Ascii(character) ---> ASCII Code Example: See ascii("m") + nl + # print 109 ascii("M") # print 77 33.23 Char() Function We can convert the ASCII code to character using the Char() function. Syntax: Char(ASCII Code) ---> character Example: See char(109) + nl + # print m char(77) # print M 33.24 Hex() Function We can convert decimal to hexadecimal using the Hex() function. Syntax: Hex(decimal) ---> hexadecimal Example: See hex(10) + nl + # print a hex(200) # print c8 33.25 Dec() Function We can convert hexadecimal to decimal using the Dec() function Syntax: Dec(hexadecimal) ---> decimal 33.22. Ascii() Function 276
- 9. Ring Documentation, Release 1.9 Example: See dec("a") + nl + # print 10 dec("c8") # print 200 33.26 Str2hex() Function We can convert string characters to hexadecimal characters using the Str2hex() function. Syntax: Str2hex(string) ---> hexadecimal string Example: See str2hex("hello") # print 68656c6c6f 33.27 Hex2str() Function We can convert hexadecimal characters to string using the Hex2str() function Syntax: Hex2Str(Hexadecimal string) ---> string Example: See hex2str("68656c6c6f") # print hello 33.26. Str2hex() Function 277
- 10. CHAPTER THIRTYFOUR MATHEMATICAL FUNCTIONS In this chapter we are going to learn about the mathematical functions 34.1 List of functions The Ring programming language comes with the next mathematical functions Function Description sin(x) Returns the sine of an angle of x radians cos(x) Returns the cosine of an angle of x radians tan(x) Returns the tangent of an angle of x radians asin(x) Returns the principal value of the arc sine of x, expressed in radians acos(x) Returns the principal value of the arc cosine of x, expressed in radians atan(x) Returns the principal value of the arc tangent of x, expressed in radians atan2(y,x) Returns the principal arc tangent of y/x, in the interval [-pi,+pi] radians sinh(x) Returns the hyperbolic sine of x radians cosh(x) Returns the hyperbolic cosine of x radians tanh(x) Returns the hyperbolic tangent of x radians exp(x) Returns the value of e raised to the xth power log(x) Returns the natural logarithm of x log10(x) Returns the common logarithm (base-10 logarithm) of x ceil(x) Returns the smallest integer value greater than or equal to x floor(x) Returns the largest integer value less than or equal to x fabs(x) Returns the absolute value of x. pow(x,y) Returns x raised to the power of y sqrt(x) Returns the square root of x random(x) Returns a random number in the range [0,x] srandom(x) Initialize random number generator unsigned(n,n,c) Perform operation using unsigned numbers decimals(n) Determine the decimals digits after the point in float/double numbers 34.2 Example See "Mathematical Functions" + nl See "Sin(0) = " + sin(0) + nl See "Sin(90) radians = " + sin(90) + nl See "Sin(90) degree = " + sin(90*3.14/180) + nl See "Cos(0) = " + cos(0) + nl 278