The Semantic Knowledge Graph
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The document presents the Semantic Knowledge Graph, an innovative model designed for real-time traversal and ranking of relationships within a domain. It discusses challenges in existing knowledge bases, including the need for explicit modeling, and highlights the features and applications of the Semantic Knowledge Graph in areas like semantic search, predictive analytics, and document summarization. The authors emphasize the graph's ability to dynamically materialize relationships and its open-source availability.
![Term Documents
a doc1 [2x]
brown doc3 [1x] , doc5 [1x]
cat doc4 [1x]
cow doc2 [1x] , doc5 [1x]
… ...
once doc1 [1x], doc5 [1x]
over doc2 [1x], doc3 [1x]
the doc2 [2x], doc3 [2x],
doc4[2x], doc5 [1x]
… …
Document Content Field
doc1 once upon a time, in a land far,
far away
doc2 the cow jumped over the moon.
doc3 the quick brown fox jumped over
the lazy dog.
doc4 the cat in the hat
doc5 The brown cow said “moo”
once.
… …
What you SEND to Lucene/Solr:
How the content is INDEXED into
Lucene/Solr (conceptually):
The inverted index](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/the-semantic-knowledge-graph-161029205804/85/The-Semantic-Knowledge-Graph-7-320.jpg)
![Knowledge
Graph
Related Work
• Primarily related to ontology Learning.
• Recently, large-scale knowledge bases that utilize
ontologies (FreeBase [4], DBpedia [5], and YAGO
[6, 7]) have been constructed using structured
sources such as Wikipedia infoboxes.
• Other approaches (DeepDive [8], Nell2RDF [9],
and PROSPERA [10]) crawl the web and use
machine learning and natural language processing
to build web-scale knowledge graphs.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/the-semantic-knowledge-graph-161029205804/85/The-Semantic-Knowledge-Graph-10-320.jpg)
![Knowledge
Graph
Scoring nodes in the Graph
Foreground vs. Background Analysis
Every term scored against it’s context. The more
commonly the term appears within it’s foreground
context versus its background context, the more
relevant it is to the specified foreground context.
countFG(x) - totalDocsFG * probBG(x)
z = --------------------------------------------------------
sqrt(totalDocsFG * probBG(x) * (1 - probBG(x)))
{ "type":"keywords”, "values":[
{ "value":"hive", "relatedness": 0.9765, "popularity":369 },
{ "value":”spark", "relatedness": 0.9634, "popularity":15653 },
{ "value":".net", "relatedness": 0.5417, "popularity":17683 },
{ "value":"bogus_word", "relatedness": 0.0, "popularity":0 },
{ "value":"teaching", "relatedness": -0.1510, "popularity":9923 },
{ "value":"CPR", "relatedness": -0.4012, "popularity":27089 } ] }
+
-
Foreground Query:
"Hadoop"](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/the-semantic-knowledge-graph-161029205804/85/The-Semantic-Knowledge-Graph-19-320.jpg)
![Knowledge
Graph
Data Cleansing
{ "type":"keywords”, "values":[
{ "value":"hive", "relatedness": 0.9765, "popularity":369 },
{ "value":”spark", "relatedness": 0.9634, "popularity":15653 },
{ "value":".net", "relatedness": 0.5417, "popularity":17683 },
{ "value":"bogus_word", "relatedness": 0.0, "popularity":0 },
{ "value":"teaching", "relatedness": -0.1510, "popularity":9923 },
{ "value":"CPR", "relatedness": -0.4012, "popularity":27089 } ] }
Foreground Query: "Hadoop"
Experiment: Data analyst
manually annotated 500
pairs of terms found together
in real query logs as
“relevant” or “not relevant”
Results: SKG removed 78%
of the terms while maintaining
a 95% accuracy at removing
the correct noisy pairs from
the input data.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/the-semantic-knowledge-graph-161029205804/85/The-Semantic-Knowledge-Graph-28-320.jpg)
The Semantic Knowledge Graph
- 1. The Semantic Knowledge Graph: A compact, auto-generated model for real-time traversal and ranking of any relationship within a domain Trey Grainger SVP of Engineering Lucidworks Khalifeh AlJadda Lead Data Scientist CareerBuilder Mohammed Korayem Data Scientist CareerBuilder Andries Smith Software Engineer CareerBuilder
- 2. Trey Grainger SVP of Engineering • Previously Director of Engineering @ CareerBuilder • MBA, Management of Technology – Georgia Tech • BA, Computer Science, Business, & Philosophy – Furman University • Information Retrieval & Web Search - Stanford University Fun outside of CB: • Co-author of Solr in Action, plus a handful of research papers • Frequent conference speaker • Founder of Celiaccess.com, the gluten-free search engine • Lucene/Solr contributor About Me
- 4. A Graph DSAA 2016 Montreal Quebec Canada Semantic Knowledge Graph Paper Trey Grainger Mohammed Korayem Andries Smith Khalifeh AlJadda in_country Node / Vertex Edge
- 5. “Solr is the popular, blazing-fast, open source enterprise search platform built on Apache Lucene™.”
- 6. Key Solr Features: ● Multilingual Keyword search ● Relevancy Ranking of results ● Faceting & Analytics ● Highlighting ● Spelling Correction ● Autocomplete/Type-ahead Prediction ● Sorting, Grouping, Deduplication ● Distributed, Fault-tolerant, Scalable ● Geospatial search ● Complex Function queries ● Recommendations (More Like This) ● … many more *source: Solr in Action, chapter 2
- 7. Term Documents a doc1 [2x] brown doc3 [1x] , doc5 [1x] cat doc4 [1x] cow doc2 [1x] , doc5 [1x] … ... once doc1 [1x], doc5 [1x] over doc2 [1x], doc3 [1x] the doc2 [2x], doc3 [2x], doc4[2x], doc5 [1x] … … Document Content Field doc1 once upon a time, in a land far, far away doc2 the cow jumped over the moon. doc3 the quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog. doc4 the cat in the hat doc5 The brown cow said “moo” once. … … What you SEND to Lucene/Solr: How the content is INDEXED into Lucene/Solr (conceptually): The inverted index
- 8. /solr/select/?q=apache solr Term Documents … … apache doc1, doc3, doc4, doc5 … hadoop doc2, doc4, doc6 … … solr doc1, doc3, doc4, doc7, doc8 … … doc5 doc7 doc8 doc1 doc3 doc4 solr apache apache solr Matching queries to documents
- 9. Related Work
- 10. Knowledge Graph Related Work • Primarily related to ontology Learning. • Recently, large-scale knowledge bases that utilize ontologies (FreeBase [4], DBpedia [5], and YAGO [6, 7]) have been constructed using structured sources such as Wikipedia infoboxes. • Other approaches (DeepDive [8], Nell2RDF [9], and PROSPERA [10]) crawl the web and use machine learning and natural language processing to build web-scale knowledge graphs.
- 12. Knowledge Graph Challenges we are solving Because current knowledge bases / ontology learning systems typically requires explicitly modeling nodes and edges into a graph ahead of time, this unfortunately presents several limitations to the use of such a knowledge graph: • Entities not modeled explicitly as nodes have no known relationships to any other entities. • Edges exist between nodes, but not between arbitrary combinations of nodes, and therefore such a graph is not ideal for representing nuanced meanings of an entity when appearing within different contexts, as is common within natural language. • Substantial meaning is encoded in the linguistic representation of the domain that is lost when the underlying textual representation is not preserved: phrases, interaction of concepts through actions (i.e. verbs), positional ordering of entities and the phrases containing those entities, variations in spelling and other representations of entities, the use of adjectives to modify entities to represent more complex concepts, and aggregate frequencies of occurrence for different representations of entities relative to other representations. • It can be an arduous process to create robust ontologies, map a domain into a graph representing those ontologies, and ensure the generated graph is compact, accurate, comprehensive, and kept up to date.
- 13. Knowledge Graph Semantic Data Encoded into Free Text Content e en eng engi engineer engineers engineer engineersNode Type: Term software engineer software engineers electrical engineering engineer engineering software … … … Node Type: Character Sequence Node Type: Term Sequence Node Type: Document id: 1 text: looking for a software engineerwith degree in computer science or electrical engineering id: 2 text: apply to be a software engineer and work with other great software engineers id: 3 text: start a great careerin electrical engineering … …
- 14. Model
- 15. id: 1 job_title: Software Engineer desc: software engineer at a great company skills: .Net, C#, java id: 2 job_title: Registered Nurse desc: a registered nurse at hospital doing hard work skills: oncology, phlebotemy id: 3 job_title: Java Developer desc: a software engineer or a java engineer doing work skills: java, scala, hibernate field term postings list doc pos desc a 1 4 2 1 3 1, 5 at 1 3 2 4 company 1 6 doing 2 6 3 8 engineer 1 2 3 3, 7 great 1 5 hard 2 7 hospital 2 5 java 3 6 nurse 2 3 or 3 4 registered 2 2 software 1 1 3 2 work 2 10 3 9 job_title java developer 3 1 … … … … field doc term desc 1 a at company engineer great software 2 a at doing hard hospital nurse registered work 3 a doing engineer java or software work job_title 1 Software Engineer … … … Terms-Docs Inverted IndexDocs-Terms Uninverted IndexDocuments Knowledge Graph
- 16. Knowledge Graph Set-theory View Graph View How the Graph Traversal Works skill: Java skill: Scala skill: Hibernate skill: Oncology doc 1 doc 2 doc 3 doc 4 doc 5 doc 6 skill: Java skill: Java skill: Scala skill: Hibernate skill: Oncology Data Structure View Java Scala Hibernate docs 1, 2, 6 docs 3, 4 Oncology doc 5
- 17. Knowledge Graph Graph Model Structure: Single-level Traversal / Scoring: Multi-level Traversal / Scoring:
- 18. Knowledge Graph Multi-level Traversal Data Structure View Graph View doc 1 doc 2 doc 3 doc 4 doc 5 doc 6 skill: Java skill: Java skill: Scala skill: Hibernate skill: Oncology doc 1 doc 2 doc 3 doc 4 doc 5 doc 6 job_title: Software Engineer job_title: Data Scientist job_title: Java Developer …… Inverted Index Lookup Doc Values Index Lookup Doc Values Index Lookup Inverted Index Lookup Java Java Developer Hibernate Scala Software Engineer Data Scientist has_related_job_title has_related_job_title
- 19. Knowledge Graph Scoring nodes in the Graph Foreground vs. Background Analysis Every term scored against it’s context. The more commonly the term appears within it’s foreground context versus its background context, the more relevant it is to the specified foreground context. countFG(x) - totalDocsFG * probBG(x) z = -------------------------------------------------------- sqrt(totalDocsFG * probBG(x) * (1 - probBG(x))) { "type":"keywords”, "values":[ { "value":"hive", "relatedness": 0.9765, "popularity":369 }, { "value":”spark", "relatedness": 0.9634, "popularity":15653 }, { "value":".net", "relatedness": 0.5417, "popularity":17683 }, { "value":"bogus_word", "relatedness": 0.0, "popularity":0 }, { "value":"teaching", "relatedness": -0.1510, "popularity":9923 }, { "value":"CPR", "relatedness": -0.4012, "popularity":27089 } ] } + - Foreground Query: "Hadoop"
- 20. Source: Trey Grainger, Khalifeh AlJadda, Mohammed Korayem, Andries Smith.“The Semantic Knowledge Graph: A compact, auto-generated model for real-time traversal and ranking of any relationship within a domain”. DSAA 2016. Knowledge Graph Multi-level Graph Traversal with Scores software engineer* (materialized node) Java C# .NET .NET Developer Java Developer Hibernate ScalaVB.NET Software Engineer Data Scientist Skill Nodes has_related_skillStarting Node Skill Nodes has_related_skill Job Title Nodes has_related_job_title 0.90 0.88 0.93 0.93 0.34 0.74 0.91 0.89 0.74 0.89 0.780.72 0.48 0.93 0.76 0.83 0.80 0.64 0.61 0.780.55
- 21. Knowledge Graph Materialization of new nodes through shared documents engineer engineers software engineer* (materialized node) engineer* (materialized node) Software doc 1 doc 2 doc 3 doc 4 doc 5 doc 6 links_to links_to
- 22. Implementation
- 23. Open Sourced!
- 25. Knowledge Graph
- 26. Knowledge Graph
- 27. Experiments
- 28. Knowledge Graph Data Cleansing { "type":"keywords”, "values":[ { "value":"hive", "relatedness": 0.9765, "popularity":369 }, { "value":”spark", "relatedness": 0.9634, "popularity":15653 }, { "value":".net", "relatedness": 0.5417, "popularity":17683 }, { "value":"bogus_word", "relatedness": 0.0, "popularity":0 }, { "value":"teaching", "relatedness": -0.1510, "popularity":9923 }, { "value":"CPR", "relatedness": -0.4012, "popularity":27089 } ] } Foreground Query: "Hadoop" Experiment: Data analyst manually annotated 500 pairs of terms found together in real query logs as “relevant” or “not relevant” Results: SKG removed 78% of the terms while maintaining a 95% accuracy at removing the correct noisy pairs from the input data.
- 30. Knowledge Graph Search Expansion Experiment: Take an initial query, and expand keyword phrases to include the most related entities to that query Example:
- 31. The Semantic Search Problem User’s Query: machine learning research and development Portland, OR software engineer AND hadoop, java Traditional Query Parsing: (machine AND learning AND research AND development AND portland) OR (software AND engineer AND hadoop AND java) Semantic Query Parsing: "machine learning" AND "research and development" AND "Portland, OR" AND "software engineer" AND hadoop AND java Semantically Expanded Query: ("machine learning"^10 OR "data scientist" OR "data mining" OR "artificial intelligence") AND ("research and development"^10 OR "r&d") AND AND ("Portland, OR"^10 OR "Portland, Oregon" OR {!geofilt pt=45.512,-122.676 d=50 sfield=geo}) AND ("software engineer"^10 OR "software developer") AND (hadoop^10 OR "big data" OR hbase OR hive) AND (java^10 OR j2ee)
- 32. machine learning Keywords: Search Behavior, Application Behavior, etc. Job Title Classifier, Skills Extractor, Job Level Classifier, etc. Semantic Interpretation keywords:((machine learning)^10 OR { AT_LEAST_2: ("data mining"^0.9, matlab^0.8, "data scientist"^0.75, "artificial intelligence"^0.7, "neural networks"^0.55)) } { BOOST_TO_TOP: ( job_title:( "software engineer" OR "data manager" OR "data scientist" OR "hadoop engineer")) } Modified Query: Related Occupations machine learning: {15-1031.00 .58 Computer Software Engineers, Applications 15-1011.00 .55 Computer and Information Scientists, Research 15-1032.00 .52 Computer Software Engineers, Systems Software } machine learning: { software engineer .65, data manager .3, data scientist .25, hadoop engineer .2, } Common Job Titles Query Expansion Related Phrases machine learning: { data mining .9, matlab .8, data scientist .75, artificial intelligence .7, neural networks .55 } Known keyword phrases java developer machine learning registered nurse FST Knowledge Graph in +
- 34. Knowledge Graph Document Summarization Experiment: Pass in raw text (extracting phrases as needed), and rank their similarity to the documents using the SKG. Additionally, can traverse the graph to “related” entities/keyword phrases NOT found in the original document Applications: Content-based and multi-modal recommendations (no cold-start problem), data cleansing prior to clustering or other ML methods, semantic search / similarity scoring
- 35. Document Enrichment – Find / Score Relationships
- 36. Document Summarization – Rank / Clean Keywords
- 37. Knowledge Graph Future Work • Semantic Search (more experiments) • Search Engine Relevancy Algorithms • Trending Topics • Recommendation Systems • Root Cause Analysis • Abuse Detection
- 38. Knowledge Graph Conclusion Applications: The Semantic Knowledge Graph has numerous applications, including automatically building ontologies, identification of trending topics over time, predictive analytics on timeseries data, root-cause analysis surfacing concepts related to failure scenarios from free text, data cleansing, document summarization, semantic search interpretation and expansion of queries, recommendation systems, and numerous other forms of anomaly detection. Main contribution of this paper: The introduction (and open sourcing) of the the Semantic Knowledge Graph, a novel and compact new graph model that can dynamically materialize and score the relationships between any arbitrary combination of entities represented within a corpus of documents.
- 40. Contact Info Trey Grainger [email protected] @treygrainger http://solrinaction.com Other presentations: http://www.treygrainger.com