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The Voyage So Far

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The document provides an overview of the Oil Spill India (OSI) conferences that took place in 2011, 2012, and 2014. It summarizes the key details of each conference, including the themes, locations, participants, and highlights. The inaugural 2011 conference in Goa focused on global collaboration for cleaner seas and brought together over 225 delegates from 18 countries. Welcoming remarks emphasized the need to enhance oil spill preparedness and response capabilities in India. Subsequent conferences in 2012 and 2014 continued to convene international experts and stakeholders to discuss issues related to oil spill prevention, response, and environmental protection.

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THE VOYAGE SO FAR Oil Spill India International Conference & Exhibition Organised By www.oilspillindia.org
Strategic Partners SPILL CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION Indian Private Ports & terminals Association IPPTA Industry Partners PAST PARTNERS Attendee Organisations Exhibitors
CONTENTS INDEX FOREWORD 02 POST SHOW REPORT 2011 03 OVERVIEW 04 WELCOME ADDRESS 05 BACKGROUND PAPER 13 CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 35 SPEAKERS 39 SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 40 SHOW STATISTICS 44 TAKEWAYS 2011 45 POST SHOW REPORT 2012 47 OVERVIEW 48 WELCOME ADDRESS 51 CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 59 SPEAKERS 64 SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 65 SHOW STATISTICS 70 TAKEWAYS 2012 71 POST SHOW REPORT 2014 73 OVERVIEW 74 WELCOME ADDRESS 77 CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 87 SPEAKERS 92 SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 93 SHOW STATISTICS 98 TAKEWAYS 2014 99 TESTIMONIAL 101 GLIMPSES 2011 - 2014 102 INVITATION OSI 2016 104 01 Oil Spill India THE VOYAGE SO FAR
Oil Spill incidents including disasters in marine ecosystems & the increasing amount of uncertainty for similar incidents over the last 3 decades have time & again reminded us of the fragility of similar eco-sensitive areas in regional waters following any spill.Such incidents are extremelydetrimentalfornotjusttheeconomybutalsofortheecologyofanation. The International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Cooperation (OPRC 90) Article 6, set down a requirement for all operators of offshore installations, drilling rigs, terminals and ports to have in place an oil spill response system that will include contingency plans, pre positioned response equipment, training and regular exercise, appropriate to perceived risk.Considering the need for the comprehensive response system for Oil Spill Management in the maritime zones of India, the Committee of Secretaries to the Government of India had approved the National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan (NOS-DCP) in November'93. The Director General Coast Guard was designated as the Central Coordinating Authority (CCA) to implement the plan, and coordinate response activities in the event of oil spill at sea. The Ministry of Shipping, the Department of Ocean Development, the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, oil companies, Port authorities and Maritime States are also the stake-holdersintheplan.HowevermaintainingofpollutionresponsesystemsbyasingulargovernmentagencylikeIndian Coast Guard for a developing & vast country such as India was not cost effective. The most operationally efficient and economically viable solutions was pooling in of resources and integrating the capabilities of industry stakeholders for this nationalcause. Understanding the need for an industry forum to deliberate, demonstrate & collaborate on the response systems for Oil Spill in the region, ITEN Media in association with the Indian Coast Guard & Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd conceptualized OIL SPILL INDIA as an industry led international conference and exhibition in 2011. One of the central goalsoftheOilSpillIndia(OSI)Conferencewastopartakeatthatcriticaljuncturebriningtogethertheglobalspillresponse industry & its stakeholders in the region for spill planning, prevention, response, and restoration, concurrently building an informativescheduleoftheraisingGlobalStandards. Since its inception in 2011, OSI has continually evolved, each edition of Oil Spill India has witnessed the world's most eminent experts including Policy Makers, CEO's of Oil Producers, Regulators, Responders & Technology Providers delivering Plenary & Keynote Addresses, Case Studies, Forecast Papers and breakthrough Research papers highlighting the raising global focus on oil spill management. The concurrent exhibition has over the years showcased global technology & equipment suppliers displaying the latest in equipment, technology, services & solutions for prevention & responseofoilspill. Over the past 5 years & 3 editions, the success of OSI has been a reflection of the efforts of its committee & supporters.As we approach the landmark 4th edition of this international conference & exhibition scheduled in 2016, on behalf of the advisory board of Oil Spill India it gives me immense pleasure to present this special report titled “Oill Spill India-The VoyageSoFar”,coveringtheforum'ssuccessfuljourneyfromitsinceptiontilldate. It is a gesture to extend our deepest gratitude to our formal supporters; Indian Coast Guard, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Oil Industry Safety Directorate, Indian Private Ports & Terminals Association, ICC Shipping Association & Sponsors; ONGC, Cairn India, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, Oil India, EIL, Innovation Norway, OSRL and many more who have continued their benefaction of the conference for the nation's cause. I would also like to thank our distinguishedpanelofspeakers,delegates,exhibitors&visitorsfromacrosstheglobethathavebeenapartofOSIoverthe years.This report is also a testimonial of the exceptional value that Oil Spill India offers both as a traditional conference & a globalnetworkingforum. Lastly, I would like to thank my industry colleagues who have been a part of the OSI advisory board over the years and the teamatITENMediatheorganisers,withouttheirdedicationandsupport,thisconferencewouldnothavebeenpossible. Yours Sincerely, Shri. A. K. Hazarika Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI FOREWORD 02
POST SHOW REPORT POST SHOW REPORT GLOBAL COLLABORATION FOR CLEANER SEAS THEME: 03
OVERVIEW 2011 st The inaugural Oil Spill India (OSI) 2011 an International Conference and Exhibition was organized from 29th September to 1 October2011atHolidayInnResortGoabyiTENMedia. This event was of great importance as it proved to be one of the most significant to Oil Spill industry discussing the critical need for preparedness for the prevention and response to any kind of oil spill and also to have a unified approach to address the challenge. Italsoaddressedtheneedforreviewingtheoilspillpolicyofthecountry. Inaugurating the event Mr. A K Hazarika CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2011 stated that over 225 delegates from 18 countries & 25 exhibitors from 10 countries are participating in the event. He further stated that this is a unique conference and exhibition focussing on the sensitive subject of Oil spill. Emphasising the theme ‘Global collaboration for cleaner seas’ he mentionedthatthisthemeindicatestheintentiontounitetheglobalindustrytoworkmoresensibly&efficientlytofightthemenace ofoilspill. As oil will grow to be the single largest source of energy by 2035 oil production will significantly increase from offshore, making it more vulnerable to spills. India is the sixth largest consumer of oil in the world and our domesticenergy demands are met by imports.Being the major refining hub having huge oil tanker movements in the continent Indian coastline is more prone to oil spills hetold. Making a note of the Gulf of Mexico incident he told that the Oil and Gas operators have been forced to adopt more rigorous safety standards for offshore drilling and exploration. New products and technologies will be need of the hour to evaluate our preparednesstodealwithsuchincidentsofoilspill.Showinghisconcerntowardstherecentoffshoreaccidentsnearthesensitive coastline of India he told that we will have to enhance our capabilities and preparedness to fight any eventuality of a larger magnitude. In his inaugural speech IGVSR Murthy,TS, DDG (Ops & CS) Indian coast guard stated that public anxiety over spilled oils is not unique to India.Any incident of oil spill echoes the need for the stakeholders to gear up to handle the challenge of an oil spill.He mentioned that the industry sees the oil spill response as an ad-hoc measure rather than a long term investment to protect the marine environment. Stressing the requirement for the polluter to respond first in case of an oil spill he told that coast guard respondsfirstandtakesimmediatestepstopreventthespillbeforethepollutertakesup.Creatingafundtobeutilizedincaseofan oilspillisanurgentrequirementheaverred. Concluding his speech he told that Coast guard will take up the conclusions of the conference and putting an effective oil spill responsesysteminIndiaattheearliest. Mr. Anoop Kumar Executive Director, ONGC & the Convenor OSI 2011 welcoming the dignitaries stated that there is a tremendous challenge in front of the technocrats in the E & P business to ensure safe operations of their facility without compromising the safety of man & machinery. He mentioned that the oil industry’s view to do business has changed due to the costsinvolvedincleaningupofthespillathighseas. Addressing the demanding needs of the Indian market an exhibition was co-organized with the conference of leading oil spill equipment & technology providers from around the world, was inaugurated by Mr. A K Hazarika CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2011. The highlight of the exhibition was the UK & Norwegian pavilions. Many other exhibitors like Lamor, Optimare, Ecoceane had also participated in the show.Exhibitors showcased the latest in innovative technologies, services and solutionsforthespill. The show focussed on driving international attention to the region and encouraging growth of international companies within the region. The Industry Rises to the Challenges of Oil Spill: 04
WELCOME ADDRESS 2011 GLOBAL COLLABORATION FOR CLEANER SEAS THEME: 05 WELCOME ADDRESS 2011
I am happy to know that the ITEN Media is organizing Oil spill India conference and exhibition in association with ONGCandPetrotechsocietyatGoafrom29thSepto01Oct2011. Every day, millions of barrels of oil is transported through the seas to various destinations around the globe. Accidently releases of crude oil from tankers, offshore platforms, drilling rigs and wells polluted and destroyed marineecologicallife. IamsurethattheConferencewillbringtogetherinternationallyrenownedexpertsandtechnologistsfromaround theworldonOilSpillResponseandrecoveryandholdin-depthdeliberationsonissuesrelatingtotheOilSpill. We must continue to discuss, explore through these events and invest in new solutions for prevention and responsemeasurestobeeffective. I convey my best wished and compliments to the organizers, participants and other dignitaries connected to the conferenceandexhibitionforthesuccessfulconductoftheevent. DigambarKamat ChiefMinister Goa 06 WELCOME ADDRESS 2011
India is world’s sixth largest energy market. Oil constitutes 33% share in India’s primary energy consumption. GDP growth rate of 8 percent translates into energy demand growth rate of 5.2 percent. In India, crude oil exploration, production, transportation and refining have shown an increasing trend.With the focus on meeting theenergydemand,wehaveonerousresponsibilityoftakingcareoftheEnvironmentalConcernsandtheoilspill is the biggest challenge in the E&P industry. The international Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness ResponseandCooperation(OPRC90)setsdownarequirementtohaveinplaceanoilspillresponsesystem. Understanding the need for a platform to demonstrate the skills developed & concerns faced by the industry, the first Oil Spill India (OSI 2011) international conference and Exhibition, with a theme ‘Global Collaboration for Cleaner Seas’, has been organised by iTEN Media in association with ONGC, Petrotech Society and supported by various Ministries of the Govt. of India. As Conference Steering Committee Chairman, OSI 2011, it is my pleasure to invite you to attend the International Conference and Exhibition “Oil Spill India 2011” from 29th September to1stOctoberatHolidayInnResort,Goa,India. I am happy to note that this conference will bring together global experts & stakeholders from 101 organisations of 17 countries to discuss oil spill issues including cause and prevention, preparedness, response management and environmental issues. This forum encapsulates myriad dimensions including Technologies/Equipments, Preparedness,RestorationPlanning,R&D,Training,RegulatoryPolicyandCaseStudies. Such an international platform has been set to function as a thought provoker, change- agent and enabler for networking opportunities between experts.While we provide the opportunity, it is your participation that will truly helpusachieveourintendedobjectives. WishingallthesuccessfortheConference&Exhibition. A.K.Hazarika ChairmanandManagingDirector OilandNaturalGasCorporation &ConferenceChairman,OSI2011 07 WELCOME ADDRESS 2011
I am pleased to learn that the first‘Oil Spill India’Conference and Exhibition is being organised by iTEN Media in associationwithONGCatGoafrom29Septemberto01October2011. Iamcertainthataneventofthismagnitudewillbethebestforumtodiscussandaddressthechallengesinoil-spill preventive measures, first response at sea, protection of the marine environment and conservation of natural resources. Iamconfidentthatthisgatheringof‘oil-spill’expertsfromaroundtheworldandprofessionalsfromtheoilindustry, oil-spillresponseandrecoveryindustry,willleadtoavibrantexchangeofideastofurtherthecauseofcleanseas. As the Chairman of the National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan (NOSDCP) Committee, I have maintained a view that the best way of resolving the complex coordination issues of oil spill response, is to create platforms for discussion on prevention and preparedness measures, whilst fostering people-to-people relationships. At the nationallevel,thisisachievedattheNOSDCPmeetingsconductedbytheCoastGuard.Theproactiveinitiativein conduct of ‘OSI 2011’, involving international experts is highly innovative, and I am sure that the conference will bringinnewlevelsofenvironmentprotectionawarenessandprofessionalisminIndia. Iwishtheorganisersallthesuccess. AnilChopra ViceAdmiral DirectorGeneral IndianCoastGuard 08 WELCOME ADDRESS 2011
Oil Spill India (OSI) 2011 is a well thought out subject for a conference by the organizers and I would like to congratulatethemontheirefforts. Thetheme‘GlobalCollaborationforcleanerseas’showstheinclinationtounite &fightthecatastrophicdamagethespillscancreate. We all are aware that any Oil spill is a major disaster for any country but it also gives all of us an opportunity to come together to think on how our collective behavior has brought us to the brink of such a disaster history.We all canmakeadifferenceandweneedtoadoptadifferentattitudetowardsthenaturalworld. This conference will take a look at what role we all play, as individuals and as society, so that we can hopefully makebetterchoicesinthefuture.Weallareawarethattheproblemcannotbesolvedovernight,buteachoneofus cantakethefirststep. Wishingtheconferenceagreatsuccess. Dr.S.B.Agnihotri DirectorGeneralofShipping&Ex-officio AdditionalSecretarytoGovt.ofIndia 09 WELCOME ADDRESS 2011
I am delighted that the international conference and exhibition “Oil Spill India 2011” with the theme “Global Collaboration for Cleaner Seas” is being held in India. The increasing production and transportation of oil and petroleum products in and around India creates a greater need for the nation to be better prepared to respond to any oil spill incident. Cairn India is pleased to support this important event with particular appreciation of the organiserITENMediaandthemajorsponsor,ONGC. I am confident that this conference will provide a platform to nurture successful collaboration among the stakeholders such as the oil companies, regulatory authorities, local ports and shipping industry, local and global vendorsofoilspillresponseequipmentandserviceproviders. I earnestly hope that the conference will help our industry and the nation to build capacity by disseminating the global best practices and latest technologies on oil spill response and control through the presentations by renownedglobalexperts. Iwishallsuccesstotheconferenceandexhibition. RahulDhir ManagingDirector CairnIndiaLimited 10 WELCOME ADDRESS 2011
I have the privilege to welcome you to OSI 2011 International Conference and Exhibition on oil spill issues being held during 29th September to 1st October at Holiday Inn, Goa. The event is organised by iTen Media in association with ONGC and Petrotech Society, and supported by Ministry of Shipping, Govt.of India, Ministry of Science &Technology, Govt.of India, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt.of India, Indian Private Ports &Terminals Association(IPPTA)andInterspill. The theme of OSI 2011 ‘Global Collaboration for Cleaner Seas’ has been aptly chosen to address issues post Macondo Incident. We had after all, come through the global recession more or less unscathed. We were not complacent,butcertainlyrelieved.ThenthingsstartedtogowrongwithatragicblowoutintheGulfofMexico.Very soonitwasclearthatdespitethebesteffortsofallconcerned,thespillwasoutoforder.Inanattempttocontrolthe oil spill some 600,000 gallons of chemical dispersants have been used. More than 4 million feet of containment/sorbent boom was utilised.More than 650 vessels are responding on site, including skimmers, tugs, barges, and recovery vessels to assist in containment and cleanup efforts.After taking so much effort, spending billionsofdollars,still1183&351numbersofbirdsandseaturtleswereaffectedduetheoilslick. Againstthisbackdrop,mostoilcompaniesarestrivinghardforthebestoilspillcontingencyplanandresourcesfor cleanerseas.OSI2011setsthestageforanimmenselyinterestingdebateintheforthcomingconference. We look forward to your participation as experts, commentators, managers and exhibitors to help the concerned globalfraternitylearnfromeachother’sexperience. WarmwelcomeonthebehalfofOSI2011. AnoopKumar ExecutiveDirector,ONGC andConvenor,SteeringCommittee,OSI2011 11 WELCOME ADDRESS 2011
DearColleagues, I note with pleasure that Oil Spill India - 2011 is being organized at Goa from 29th September -1st October 2011. The theme“Global Collaboration for Cleaner Seas”is very topical and addresses a very significant issue that in the recent yearshavereceivedalotofinternationalattention. This is an international Conference-cum-Exhibition for Hydrocarbon Industry and I am sure most of the industry friendshavemadegooduseofthisopportunityandchosentoparticipateinthefirsteditionofOilSpillIndia2011. We at Petrotech have immense pleasure in supporting such an event which will surely prove to be a potent platform for dissemination of knowledge, as experts from across the world will discuss the relevant issues concerning oil and gas industrytodayandarticulatethevisionforfuture. I am sure there will be a very encouraging response from delegates world-over to showcase the latest technology and product lines in the exhibition.The confluence of some of the best minds in the business and participation of front line organisations will ensure that the Conference and Exhibition provide an unparallel “sea of networking opportunity”for all. IwishOilSpillIndia–2011alltheverybest. AshokAnand DirectorGeneral PetrotechSociety WELCOME ADDRESS 2011 12
BACKGROUND PAPER GLOBAL COLLABORATION FOR CLEANER SEAS THEME: 13 BACKGROUND PAPER
PREAMBLEPresence of significantly large amount or layers of crude or refined oil on soil or sea water is commonly known as Oil spill.It can be controlled by chemical dispersion, combustion, mechanical containment, and/or adsorption. Spills from tanks and pipelines can also occur away from water bodies, contaminating the soil,gettingintosewersystemsandthreateningundergroundwatersources. Marine oil spills may result in oil pollution over large areas and present serious environmental hazards. The primary source of accidental oil input into seas is associated with oil transportation by tankers and pipelines, whereas the contribution of offshore drilling and production activities is comparatively less. Large and catastrophic spills have the potential to cause the most serious ecological risk - primarily for sea birds and mammals, results in long-term environmental disturbances in coastal zones and economicimpactoncoastalactivities. In recent years, this attention has created a global awareness of the risks of oil spills and the damage they do to the environment. However, oil is a necessity in our industrial society, and a major sustainer of our lifestyle. Most of the energy used today is for transportation that runs on oil and petroleum products. According to trends in energy usage, this is not likely to decreasemuchinthefuture.Industryusesoilandpetroleumderivativestomanufacturesuchvitalproductsasplastics,fertilizers, andchemicalfeedstocks,whichwillstillberequiredinthefuture. In fact, the production and consumption of oil and petroleum products are increasing worldwide and the threat of oil pollution is increasing accordingly.The movement of petroleum from the oil fields to the consumer involves a number of transfers between many different modes of transportation including tankers, pipelines, railcars, and tank trucks. Oil is stored at transfer points and at terminals and refineries along the route.Accidents can happen during any of these transportation steps or storage times. Oilspillsmayoccurinanumberofways,includingtheaccidentsandmishandlingofoilpipesandtankers.Thefateofspilt oildependsonanumberoffactors,suchastheamountofoilspilled;itsinitialphysicalandchemicalcharacteristics;theprevailing weather and sea conditions; and whether the oil remains at sea or comes ashore. Once spilled at sea, the natural tendency for the oil will be to spread, break up and become dissipated over time. This dissipation is a resultofanumberofchemicalandphysicalprocessesactingonthespiltoil. In considering the fate of spilled oil at sea and potential clean-up and response techniques, the persistence of the oil in the environment should betakenintoaccount. A variety of models exist which may be used to aid in decision making processes and forecasting the likely locations the oil may strand. Models can be used at a contingency planning stage, allowing stakeholders to envisage a variety of scenarios and their likely outcome, as well as during a real-time spill to aid clean-up andresponsedecisions. The effect of oil spills can be far reaching, posing both an environmental and economic threat. Recreational activities, local industry, fisheries, and marine life are among the resources that can be adversely affectedbyoilspills. Therecoveryoftheenvironmentafteraspilldependsonavarietyof factors such as the type and amount of oil spilled;the biological and physical characteristics of the affected area;time of year and weather conditions, and notably the clean-up and response strategy used. Typical environmental impactsrangefromtoxicitytosmotheringeffects. There are also many deterrents to oil spills, including government fines and the high cost of cleanup.The average cost of cleanup worldwide ranges from $20 to $200 per litre, depending on the type of oil and where it is spilled.Cleaningupoilonshorelinesisusuallythemostexpensivecleanupprocess. The costs of an oil spill are both quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative costs include loss of the oil, repair of physical facilities, payment for cleaning up the spill and remediating the environment, penalties assessed by regulatory agencies, and money paid in insurance and legal claims.Qualitative costs of an oil spill include the loss of pristine habitat and communities, as wellasunknownwildlifeandhumanhealtheffectsfromexposuretowaterandsoilpollution. 14 BACKGROUND PAPER
Responsibility for the prevention of oil spills falls upon individuals as well as on governments and industries.Because the sources ofoilwasteintheoceanaregenerallycareless,ratherthanaccidental,trulyeffectivepreventionofoilspillsinvolveseveryone. CAUSESANDIMPACTOFOILSPILLS Most people think of marine oil spills when they visualize an oil spill, but the escape of oil into the natural environment is a problem on land as well.Since humans rely heavily on petroleum products such as plastic, fuel, and lubricating oil, oil spills are an unfortunate byproduct of the human way of life. A number of things cause oil spills, ranging from carelessness to deliberate dumping. Many people are familiar with tanker accidents, since they are highly publicized and they release large volumes of oil into the ocean. In fact, only a small percentage of global oil spills are related to tanker accidents such as explosions, hull failure, running aground, and collisions. These oil spills tend to be very harmful because of the sheer volume of oil released at once, posing a serious threat to marine animals and seabirds.They are also used to attract attention to the larger issue of oil spills, in the hopesofreformingpolicieswhicharelaxonpetroleumregulation. One of the most common causes of oil spills is actually runoff from the land. Release from onshore oil facilities and numerous land-based engines such as those used to run cars function on petroleum fuel and use petroleum based lubricants, disposeofthingslikeusedmotoroilaccumulatesinthegroundandultimatelyendupintheocean. Oil spills can also be caused by natural seepage, especially in the ocean. As tectonic plates shift, they may release oil from reserves trapped deep beneath the ocean floor.Natural seepage can also be accelerated through human activity such as drilling. The routine loading and unloading of crude oil and other petroleum products also causes oil spills, as do deliberate acts such as dumpingoilorsettingoilwellsonfire. Extraction and storage of oil are also accompanied by seepage and spills. Offshore drilling routinely creates low level spills, and can sometimes cause a blowout. Storage tanks are a common source of oil spills as well. On land, storage tanks and pipes can be damaged by things like hurricanes, resulting in leaks of all sizes, and in the ocean, bunkering can lead to the release oflargeamountsofoil. The petroleum industry undertakes measures such as the use of negative pressure pipes and storage containers to reduce the likelihood of oil spills. These measures protect both the environment andtheprofitsoftheoilcompany. OILSPILLBEHAVIOUR Whenoilisspilledintheocean,itinitiallyspreadsinthewater(primarilyon thesurface),dependingonitsrelativedensityandcomposition.Theoilslickformed may remain cohesive, or may break up in the case of rough seas. Waves, water currents, and wind force the oil slick to drift over large areas, impacting the open ocean,coastalareas,andmarineandterrestrialhabitatsinthepathofthedrift. Oil that contains volatile organic compounds partially evaporates, losing between 20 and 40 percent of its mass and becoming denser and more viscous (i.e.,moreresistanttoflow).Asmallpercentageofoilmaydissolveinthewater.Theoilresiduealsocandispersealmostinvisiblyin the water or form a thick mousse with the water. Part of the oil waste may sink with suspended particulate matter, and the remainder eventually congeals into sticky tar balls. Over time, oil waste weathers (deteriorates) and disintegrates by means of photolysis (decomposition by sunlight) and biodegradation(decompositionduetomicroorganisms).Therateofbiodegradationdepends ontheavailabilityofnutrients,oxygen,andmicroorganisms,aswellastemperature. EFFECTSOFOILONPLANTSANDANIMALS Some toxic substances in an oil spill may evaporate quickly.Therefore, plant, animal, and human exposure to the most toxic substances are reduced with time, and are usually limited to the initial spill area. Although some organisms may be seriously injured or killed very soon after contact with the oil in a spill, non-lethal toxic effects can be more subtle and often longer lasting. For example, aquatic life on reefs and shorelines is at risk of being smothered by oil that washes ashore. It can also be poisoned slowly by long-term exposure to oil trapped in shallow water or on beaches. SENSITIVITYOFAQUATICHABITATS Aquatic environments are made up of complex interrelations between plant and animal species and their physical 15 BACKGROUND PAPER
environment.Harm to the physical environment will often lead to harm for one or more species in a food chain, which may lead to damage for other species further up the chain. Where an organism spends most of its time – in open water, near coastal areas, or on the shoreline – will determine the effectsanoilspillislikelytohaveonthatorganism. In open water, fish and whales have the ability to swim away from a spill by going deeper in the water or further out to sea, reducing the likelihood that they will be harmed by even a major spill. Aquatic animals that generally live closer to shore, such as turtles, seals, and dolphins, risk contamination by oil that washes onto beaches or by consuming oil-contaminated prey. In shallow waters, oil may harm sea grasses and kelp beds, which are used for food, shelter, and nesting sites bymanydifferentspecies. Spilledoilandcleanupoperationscanthreatendifferenttypesofaquatichabitats,withdifferentresults. Ÿ Coral reefs are important nurseries for shrimp, fish, and other animals as well as recreational attractions for divers. Coral reefs and the aquatic organisms that live within and around them are at risk from exposure to the toxic substanceswithinoilaswellassmothering. Ÿ Exposed sandy, gravel, or cobble beaches are usually cleaned by manual techniques.Although oil can soak into sand and gravel, few organisms live full-time in this habitat, so the risk to animal life or the food chain is less than in other habitats,suchastidalflats. Ÿ Sheltered beaches have very little wave action to encourage natural dispersion.If timely cleanup efforts are not begun, oilmayremainstrandedonthesebeachesforyears. Ÿ Tidal flats are broad, low-tide zones, usually containing rich plant, animal, and bird communities. Deposited oil may seepintothemuddybottomsoftheseflats,creatingpotentiallyharmfuleffectsontheecologyofthearea. Ÿ Salt marshes are found in sheltered waters in cold and temperate areas.They host a variety of plant, bird, and mammal life.Marshvegetation,especiallyrootsystems,iseasilydamagedbyfreshlightoils. Ÿ Mangrove forests are located in tropical regions and are home to a diversity of plant and animal life. Mangrove trees have long roots, called prop roots that stick out well above the water level and help to hold the mangrove tree in place.A coating of oil on these prop roots can be fatal to the mangrove tree, and because they grow so slowly, replacing a mangrovetreecantakedecades. Ÿ Marshes and swamps with little water movement are likely to incur more severe impacts than flowing water. In calm waterconditions,theaffectedhabitatmaytakeyearstorestore. Ÿ Other standing water bodies, such as inland lakes and ponds, are home to a variety of birds, mammals, and fish.The humanfoodchaincanbeaffectedbyspillsintheseenvironments. Ÿ River habitats may be less severely affected by spills than standing water bodies because of water movement. However, spills in these water bodies can affect plants, grasses, and mosses that grow in the environment.When rivers are used as drinking watersources,oilspillsonriverscanposedirectthreatstohumanhealth. Ÿ An oil spill can harm birds and mammals in several ways:direct physical contact, toxic contamination,destructionoffoodsourcesandhabitats,andreproductiveproblems. Ÿ Physical contact – When fur or feathers come into contact with oil, they get matted down.This matting causes fur and feathers to lose their insulating properties, placing animals at risk of freezing to death. For birds, the risk of drowning increases, as the complex structure of their feathers that allows them to float or to fly becomes damaged. Ÿ Toxic contamination – Some species are susceptible to the toxic effects of inhaled oil vapors. Oil vapors can cause damage to the animal’s central nervous system, liver, and lungs. Animals are also at risk from ingesting oil, which can reduce the animal’s abilitytoeatordigestitsfoodbydamagingcellsintheintestinaltract. Ÿ Destruction of food resources and habitats – Even species which are not directly in contact with oil can be harmed by a spill. Predators that consume contaminated prey can be exposed to oil through ingestion. Because oil contamination gives fish and other animals unpleasant tastes and smells, predators will sometimes refuse to eat their prey and will begin to starve.Sometimes a local population of prey organisms is destroyed, leaving no food resources for predators. Depending on the environmental conditions, the spilled oil may linger in the environment for long periods of time, adding to the detrimental effects.In calm water conditions, oil that interacts with rocks or sediments can remain in the environmentindefinitely. Ÿ Reproductive problems – Oil can be transferred from birds’plumage to the eggs they are hatching.Oil can smother eggs by sealing pores in the eggs and preventing gas exchange. Scientists have also observed developmental effects in bird embryos that were exposed to oil.Long-term reproductive problems have also been shown in some studies in animals that havebeenexposedtooil. 16 BACKGROUND PAPER
OILSPILLSMANAGEMENT The health of the world’s oceans is degrading as a result of human activities. Further, as the human population continues to grow and extend the range of its activities, as well as increase its demands for marine goods and services, the world’soceansandcoastswillbeincreasinglystressedandthesituationismore aggravated in countries like India where more than 40 percent of the population are living in the coastal areas and the level of awareness of marine environmentaldegradationamongstthepopulaceisveryminimal. The oceans are a vast resource whose usefulness to the global society is continuing to be realized.Thus, it is in the best interest of humanity that they are exploited in a manner that is protective and sustainable, in order to preserve their health and guarantee their continuing viability. However, the complexity of ocean ecosystems combined with the equally complex socio-economic conditions that dictate human behavior make sustainable management and exploitation of marine resources and services a formidable challenge. Meeting this challenge begins with the proactive approach taken by the governmental agencies. There are many issues arising from the recent Deepwater Horizon oil spill.The oil industry needs to work together with strategic groupsandwithintheoilspillcommunitytoensurethattheyareontherightfootingforthefuture. One of the key features of the spill was the coming together of many different organizations and agencies and a collaborative approach that saw resources being used from all around the world. A significant lesson learned was that cooperation is vitally important in major spills. In particular the need for ready access to resources from other response organizations and the importanceofgoodindustrystandardsisrequired. PREPARINGFOROILSPILLS:CONTINGENCYPLANNING Most of the oil spills are accidental, so no one can know when, where, or how they will occur.Spills can happen on land or in water, at any time of day or night, and in any weather condition.Preventing oil spills is the best strategy for avoiding potential damage to human health and the environment. However, once a spill occurs, the best approach for containing and controlling the spill is to respondquicklyandinawell-organizedmanner.Aresponsewillbequickandorganizedifresponsemeasureshavebeenplanned aheadoftime. TheRoleofContingencyPlans A Contingency Plan is a set of instructions that outlines the steps that should be taken before, during, and after an emergency.A contingency plan looks at all the possibilities of what could go wrong and, “contingent” upon actual events, has the contacts, resourcelists,andstrategiestoassistintheresponsetothespill. ElementsofaContingencyPlan At first glance, an oil spill contingency plan may appear complicated because it provides many details about the numerous steps required to prepare for and respond to spills.It also covers many different spill scenarios and addresses many different situations that may arise during or after a spill.Despite its complexity, a well-designed contingency plan should be easy to follow.Although they are different in many respects, contingency plans usually have four major elements in common: Hazard identification, Vulnerabilityanalysis,RiskassessmentandResponseactions.Eachofthefourelementsisdescribedbelow: Hazard Identification: It is impossible to know when an oil spill is going to happen and how much oil is likely to be spilled. However, it is possible to identify where oil is stored, the corridors through which it travels, and the industries that use large quantitiesofoil. Different situations can affect the ability of response personnel to contain and clean up an oil spill, such as weather conditions, geographic isolation, and spill size. Private companies and local, state, and federal agencies design their contingency plans to address spills from many locations and under many different conditions.The following information is usually collected as part of thehazardidentification: Ÿ Typesofoilsfrequentlystoredinortransportedthroughthatarea Ÿ Locations where oil is stored in large quantities and the mode of transportation used to move the oil, such as pipelines, trucks,railroads,ortankers Ÿ Extremeweatherconditionsthatmightoccurintheareaduringdifferenttimesoftheyear 17 BACKGROUND PAPER
Ÿ Thelocationofresponseequipmentandpersonneltrainedtousetheequipmentandrespondtothespill Vulnerability Analysis: The vulnerability analysis section of a contingency plan provides information about resources and communities that could be harmed in the event of a spill.This information helps personnel involved in cleaning up a spill make reasonable, well-informed choices about protecting public health and the environment.Vulnerability analysis information might includethefollowing: Ÿ Listsofpublicsafetyofficialsinthecommunity Ÿ Listsoffacilitiessuchasschools,nursinghomes,hospitals,andprisons Ÿ Listsofrecreationalareas,suchascampgrounds Ÿ Listsofspecialeventsandwhentheytakeplace Ÿ Identificationofpartsoftheenvironmentthatareparticularlysusceptibletooilorwaterpollution Risk Assessment: Contingency planners compare the hazard and the vulnerability in a particular location to see the kind of risk thatisposedtoacommunity.Theplanthenaddressesthoseproblemsbydetermininghowbesttocontrolthespill,howtoprevent certainpopulationsorenvironmentsfromexposuretooil,andwhatcanbedonetorepairthedamagedonebythespill. Response Actions: Response actions are developed to address the risks that are identified in the risk assessment. A carefully designed contingency plan will describe major actions that need to be taken when a spill occurs.These actions should take place immediately following a spill so as to minimize hazards to human health and the environment.The following response actions shouldbeincludedinacontingencyplan: Ÿ Notifyingallprivatecompaniesorgovernmentagenciesthatareresponsibleforthecleanupeffort Ÿ Gettingtrainedpersonnelandequipmenttothesitequickly Ÿ Defining the size, position, and content of the spill; its direction and speed of movement; and its likelihood of affecting sensitivehabitats Ÿ Ensuringthesafetyofallresponsepersonnelandthepublic Ÿ Stoppingtheflowofoilfromtheship,truck,orstoragefacility,ifpossible,andpreventingignition Ÿ Containingthespilltoalimitedarea Ÿ Removingtheoil Ÿ Disposingoftheoilonceithasbeenremovedfromthewaterorland Contingency planners are now using geographic information systems (GIS) to make contingency plans better and easier to use. GIS make electronic maps that can focus attention on the locations of things that are important to planners and oil spill responders. For example, planners can make maps that show the locations of sensitive environments, drinking water intakes, roads, oil storage and production facilities, pipelines, and boat launches.GIS can also provide detailed information about each of the items shown on a map, such as how large an oil storage facility or pipeline is, whether a road is paved, or the times of the year thatsensitivespeciesareinthearea. OILSPILLRISKASSESSMENT Millions of tonnes of crude oil is routinely transported by tankship around the world’s oceans on a daily basis. Despite the introductionofstringentoperatingandsafetyregimesthereremainsthepossibilityofanincidentoccurringthatcouldthreatenthe watersandshorelinesofcountriesthatareinthevicinityoftheseroutes.Shipboardandinternationalcontingencyplansassumea levelofpreparednesswhichmaybelimitedinsomeofthecountriesthatlayalongtheseshippinglanes. Although the probability of significant oil pollution incidents occurring whilst the vessel is on the high seas is minimal, they have occurred,somewithconsiderableimpactontheareasconcerned. Whilst the majority of countries have some form of mutual aid and agreements in place and a number have access to equipment stockpiles,therearestillasignificantnumberofareaswherethereisheavyrelianceonlocalresources. AstudycarriedoutbytheInternationalTankerOwnersPollutionFederation,foundthatthereisconsiderablevariationintheriskof major oil spills from tanker traffic around the world. Factors contributing to the risks include high traffic density, bad weather conditions and navigational obstacles, these, individually or in any combination could result in a grounding, collision, fire or explosionthatcouldresultinamajoroilspill. RegionalResponse There are a number of national, regional and international response organizations operating around the world, although most of them are area specific.The two most notable exceptions are Oil Spill Response Limited (OSRL) in the United Kingdom and East Asia Response Pty Ltd (EARL) in Singapore. Both these organizations operate transport aircraft and have a 24-h response; 18 BACKGROUND PAPER
however, depending where the incident occurs, it could be 48–72 h before first arrival.This presupposes that the area concerned hasanairportandinfrastructureabletodealwiththeamountofheavyequipmentrequiredforsuchoperations. Over the years the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the United Nations Environmental Programme have been active in promoting regional agreements, aimed at the developing countries ability to deal with a major marine pollution emergency. The International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC Convention) in general terms requires governments and industry to work together to promote active regional agreements aimed at the developing countries ability to deal with a major marine pollution emergency, through development of its National Contingency Plan(NCP). TheInternationalOilPollutionCompensationFunds(IOPCFunds) The International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds (IOPC Funds) are part of an international regime of liability and compensation for oil pollution damage caused by oil spills from tankers. Under the regime the owner of a tanker is liable to pay compensation up to a certain limit for oil pollution damage following an escape of persistent oil from his ship.If that amount does not cover all the admissible claims, further compensation is available from the 1992 Fund if the damage occurs in a State which is a Member of that Fund.Additional compensation may also be available from the Supplementary Fund if the State is a Member of thatFundaswell. There are at present three IOPC Funds: the 1971 Fund, the 1992 Fund and the Supplementary Fund. These three intergovernmental organizations were established at different times (1978, 1996 and 2005 respectively), have different maximum amounts of compensation and have different Member States.The membership of the 1992 Fund is increasing.The Supplementary Fund was established to supplement the compensation available under the 1992 Civil Liability and Fund Conventions with an additional third tier of compensation. Membership of the Supplementary Fund is optional and any State which is a Member of the 1992 Fund may join.The membership of the Supplementary Fund is expected to increase fairly quickly. Due to a number of denunciations of the 1971 Fund Convention, this Convention ceased to be in force on 24 May 2002 and the 1971 Fund therefore no longer has any Member States.The 1971 Fund will continue to deal with a number of incidents which occurredin1971FundMemberStatesbeforethatdate.ThethreeorganizationshaveajointSecretariat,basedinLondon. The IOPC Funds are financed by levies on certain types of oil carried by sea.The levies are paid by entities which receive oil after seatransport,andnormallynotbyStates. AnyonewhohassufferedpollutiondamageinaMemberStatemaymakeaclaimagainsttheIOPCFundsforcompensation. RESPONSEOPTIONS In very broad terms the response options open for consideration are open seas, near shore and shoreline response.Depending onavarietyoffactorssuchasweather,sensitiveareas,typeof oil,availabilityofequipmentandpersonnel,itmaynotbepossible to mount any of the accepted cleanup responses within the open sea or near shore zones and even if responses were attempted, acceptingtheirlimitations,wearefacedwithashorelinecleanup. On rare occasions it has been known for oil spills to occur in conditions that have taken the oil away from the shore where it has dispersed naturally. In such circumstances the only action required was to carefully monitor the slick to ensure that conditions remainedfavourableandkepttheoiloffshore. Unfortunately, in the majority of cases, oil spills will threaten the shoreline. More often than not the high profile associated with such events compels organizations to be seen to be doing something, even if it is unproductive.Removing the pollutant from the seaandrestoringthemarineenvironmenttoitspre-spillconditionistheoptimumcourseofaction. MechanicalContainmentandRecoveryofOil Twomajorstepsinvolvedincontrollingoilspillsarecontainmentandrecovery. Containment:When an oil spill occurs on water, it is critical to contain the spill as quickly as possible in order to minimize danger andpotentialdamagetopersons,property,andnaturalresources.Containmentequipmentisusedtorestrictthespreadofoiland to allow for its recovery, removal, or dispersal.The most common type of equipment used to control the spread of oil is floating barriers,calledbooms. Containment booms are used to control the spread of oil to reduce the possibility of polluting shorelines and other resources, as well as to concentrate oil in thicker surface layers, making recovery easier.In addition, booms may be used to divert and channel oilslicksalongdesiredpaths,makingthemeasiertoremovefromthesurfaceofthewater. Althoughthereisagreatdealofvariationinthedesignandconstructionofbooms,allgenerallysharefourbasiccharacteristics: Ÿ Anabove-water“freeboard”tocontaintheoilandtohelppreventwavesfromsplashingoiloverthetopoftheboom Ÿ Aflotationdevice 19 BACKGROUND PAPER
Ÿ Abelow-waterskirttocontaintheoilandhelpreducetheamountofoillostundertheboom Ÿ A “longitudinal support,” usually a chain or cable running along the bottom of the skirt, that strengthens the boom againstwindandwaveaction;mayalsoserveasaweightorballasttoaddstabilityandhelpkeeptheboomupright Booms can be divided into several basic types.Fence booms have a high freeboard and a flat flotation device, making them least effective in rough water, where wave and wind action can cause the boom to twist.Round or“curtain”booms have a more circular flotationdeviceandacontinuousskirt.Theyperformwellinroughwater,butaremoredifficulttocleanandstorethanfencebooms. Non-rigidinflatableboomscomeinmanyshapes.Theyareeasytocleanandstore,andtheyperformwellinroughseas.However, they tend to be expensive, more complicated to use, and puncture and deflate easily. All boom types are greatly affected by the conditionsatsea;thehigherthewavesswell,thelesseffectiveboomsbecome. Booms can be fixed to a structure, such as a pier or a buoy, or towed behind or alongside one or more vessels.When stationary or moored,theboomisanchoredbelowthewatersurface. It is necessary for stationary booms to be monitored or tended due to changes produced by shifting tides, tidal currents, winds, or other factors that influence water depth and direction and force of motion. People must tend booms around the clock to monitor andadjusttheequipment. The forces exerted by currents, waves, and wind may impair the ability of a boom to hold oil. Loss of oil occurring when friction between the water and oil causes droplets of oil to separate from the slick and be pulled under the boom is called entrainment. Currents or tow speeds greater than three-quarters of a knot may cause entrainment.Wind and waves can force oil over the top of the boom’s freeboard or even flatten the boom into the water, causing it to release the contained oil. Mechanical problems and impropermooringcanalsocauseaboomtofail. While most booms perform well in gentle seas with smooth, long waves, rough and choppy water is likely to contribute to boom failure. ln some circumstances, lengthening a boom’s skirt or freeboard can help to contain the oil. Because they have more resistancetonaturalforcessuchaswind,waves,andcurrents,oversizedboomsaremorepronetofailureorleakagethansmaller ones. Generally, booms will not operate properly when waves are higher than one meter or currents are moving faster than one knot per hour.However, new technologies, such as submergence plane booms and entrainment inhibitors, are being developed thatwillallowboomstooperateathigherspeedswhileretainingmoreoil. Theeffectivenessofcontainmentboomsdesignedtoreconcentratetheslickisgovernedbytheweatherandspeedofresponse,it was estimated that during the Exxon Valdez incident that the slick had spread to cover an area of 12 sq. km in the first 12 h. If sufficientboomwasavailableitwouldhavebeenlogisticallyimpossibletodeployitinthetimeforittowork. OtherBarriers:ImprovisedBooms When a spill occurs and no containment equipment is available, barriers can be improvised from whatever materials are at hand. Although they are most often used as temporary measures to hold or divert oil until more sophisticated equipment arrives, improvised booms can be an effective way to deal with oil spills, particularly in calm water such as streams, slow-moving rivers, or shelteredbaysandinlets. Improvised booms are made from such common materials as wood, plastic pipe, inflated fire hoses, automobile tires, and empty oil drums.They can be as simple as a board placed across the surface of a slow-moving stream, or a berm built by bulldozers pushingawallofsandoutfromthebeachtodivertoilfromasensitivesectionofshoreline. RecoveryofOil: Once an oil spill has been contained, efforts to remove the oil from the water can begin. Three different types of equipment – booms,skimmers,andsorbents–arecommonlyusedtorecoveroilfromthesurface. Booms When used in recovering oil, booms are often supported by a horizontal arm extending directly off one or both sides of a vessel. Sailing through the heaviest sections of the spill at low speeds, a vessel scoops the oil and traps it between the angle of the boom and the vessel’s hull.ln another variation, a boom is moored at the end points of a rigid arm extended from the vessel, forming a “U”- or “J”shaped pocket in which oil can collect. In either case, the trapped oil can then be pumped out to holding tanks and returnedtoshoreforproperdisposalorrecycling. Skimmers A skimmer is a device for recovery of spilled oil from the water’s surface.Skimmers may be self-propelled and may be used from shore or operated from vessels.The efficiency of skimmers depends on weather conditions.In moderately rough or choppy water, 20 BACKGROUND PAPER
skimmers tend to recover more water than oil.Three types of skimmers – weir, oleophilic, and suction – are described below.Each type offers advantages and drawbacks, depending on the type of oil being cleaned up, the conditions of the sea during cleanup efforts,andthepresenceoficeordebrisinthewater. Weir skimmers use a dam or enclosure positioned at the oil/water interface.Oil floating on top of the water will spill over the dam andbetrappedinawellinside,bringingwithitaslittlewateraspossible.Thetrappedoilandwatermixturecanthenbepumpedout through a pipe or hose to a storage tank for recycling or disposal.These skimmers are prone to becoming jammed and clogged by floatingdebris. Oleophilic (oil-attracting) skimmers use belts, disks, or continuous mop chains of oleophilic materials to blot the oil from the water surface.The oil is then squeezed out or scraped off into a recovery tank. Oleophilic skimmers have the advantage of flexibility, allowing them to be used effectively on spills of any thickness.Some types, such as chain or “rope-mop” skimmers, work well on waterthatischokedwithdebrisorroughice. A suction skimmer operates like a household vacuum cleaner. Oil is sucked up through wide floating heads and pumped into storage tanks. Although suction skimmers are generally very efficient, they are vulnerable to becoming clogged by debris and require constant skilled observation.Suction skimmers operate best on smooth water where oil has collected against a boom or barrier. Sorbents Sorbents are materials that soak up liquids.They can be used to recover oil through the mechanisms of absorption, adsorption, or both. Absorbents allow oil to penetrate into pore spaces in the material they are made of, while adsorbents attract oil to their surfaces but do not allow it to penetrate into the material.To be useful in combating oil spills, sorbents need to be both oleophilic and hydrophobic (water-repellant).Although they may be used as the sole cleanup method in small spills, sorbents are most often used to remove final traces of oil, or in areas that cannot be reached by skimmers.Once sorbents have been used to recover oil, they must be removed from the water and properly disposed of on land or cleaned for re-use.Any oil that is removed from sorbent materialsmustalsobeproperlydisposedoforrecycled. Sorbents can be divided into three basic categories: natural organic, natural inorganic, and synthetic. Natural organic sorbents include peat moss, straw, hay, sawdust, ground corncobs, feathers, and other carbon-based products. They are relatively inexpensive and usually readily available.Organic sorbents can soak up from 3 to 15 times their weight in oil, but they do present somedisadvantages.Someorganicsorbentstendtosoakupwateraswellasoil,causingthemtosink.Manyorganicsorbentsare loose particles, such as sawdust, and are difficult to collect after they are spread on the water. Adding flotation devices, such as empty drums attached to sorbent bales of hay, can help to overcome the sinking problem,andwrappinglooseparticlesinmeshwillaidincollection. Natural inorganic sorbents include clay, perlite, vermiculite, glass, wool, sand, and volcanic ash. They can absorb from 4 to 20 times their weight in oil. Inorganic substances, like organic substances, are inexpensive and readily available in large quantities. Synthetic sorbents include man-made materials that are similar to plastics, such as polyurethane, polyethylene, and nylon fibers. Most synthetic sorbents can absorb as much as 70 times their weight in oil, and some types can be cleaned and reused several times. Synthetic sorbents that cannot be cleaned after they are used can present difficulties because they must be stored temporarily until they can be disposedofproperly. AlternativeCountermeasures Chemical and biological treatment of oil can be used in place of mechanical methods, especially in areas where untreated oil may reach shorelines and sensitive habitats where a cleanup becomes difficult and environmentally damaging.Alternative treatment typicallyinvolvesaddingchemicalorbiologicalagentstospilledoilandalsoincludesin-situburning. Twotypesofsubstancescommonlyusedinrespondingtoanoilspillaredispersingagentsandbiologicalagents. DispersingAgents Dispersing agents, also called dispersants, are chemicals that contain surfactants, or compounds that act to break liquid substancessuchasoilintosmalldroplets.Inanoilspill,thesedropletsdisperseintothewatercolumn,wheretheyaresubjectedto naturalprocesses–suchaswind,waves,andcurrents–thathelptobreakthemdownfurther.Thishelpstoclearoilfromthewater surface,makingitlesslikelythattheoilslickwillreachtheshoreline. The effectiveness of a dispersant is determined by the composition of the oil it is being used to treat and the method and rate at which the dispersant is applied. Heavy crude oils do not disperse as well as light- to medium-weight oils. Dispersants are most 21 BACKGROUND PAPER
effectivewhenappliedimmediatelyfollowingaspill,beforethelightestcomponentsintheoilhaveevaporated. Environmental factors, including water salinity and temperature, and conditions at sea influence the effectiveness of dispersants. Studies have shown that many dispersants work best at salinity levels close to that of normal seawater.While dispersants can workincoldwater,theyworkbestinwarmwater. Some countries rely almost exclusively on dispersants to combat oil spills because frequently rough or choppy conditions at sea make mechanical containment and cleanup difficult.Dispersants used today are much less toxic than those used in the past, but fewlong-termenvironmentaleffectstestshavebeenconductedafteradispersantapplication. These problems are being overcome, however.New technologies that improve the application of dispersants are being designed. The effectiveness of dispersants is being tested in laboratories and in actual spill situations, and the information collected is being usedtohelpdesignmoreeffectivedispersants. BiologicalAgents Biological agents are nutrients, enzymes, or microorganisms that increase the rate at which natural biodegradationoccurs.Biodegradationisaprocessbywhichmicroorganismssuchasbacteria,fungi, andyeastsbreakdowncomplexcompoundsintosimplerproductstoobtainenergyandnutrients. Biodegradation of oil is a natural process that slowly – over the course of weeks, months, or years – removes oil from the environment.However, rapid removal of spilled oil from shorelines and wetlands maybenecessaryinordertominimizepotentialenvironmentaldamagetothesesensitivehabitats. Bioremediationtechnologiescanhelpbiodegradationprocessesworkfaster.Bioremediationrefersto theactofaddingmaterialstotheenvironment,suchasfertilizersormicroorganisms,thatwillincrease the rate at which natural biodegradation occurs. Furthermore, bioremediation is often used after all mechanicaloilrecoverymethodshavebeenused.Twobioremediationapproacheshavebeenusedin theUnitedStatesforoilspillcleanups–biostimulationandbioaugmentation. Biostimulation is the method of adding nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen to a contaminated environment to stimulate the growth of the microorganisms that break down oil. Limited supplies of these necessary nutrients usually control the growth of native microorganism populations. When nutrients are added, the native microorganism population can grow rapidly, potentially increasing the rateofbiodegradation. Bioaugmentation is the addition of microorganisms to the existing native oil-degrading population. Sometimes species of bacteria that do not naturally exist in an area will be added to the native population. As with nutrient addition, the purpose of seeding is to increase the population of microorganisms that can biodegrade the spilled oil.This process is seldom needed, however, because hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial exist almost everywhere and non-indigenous species are often unable to compete successfully with native microorganisms. During the ExxonValdez oil spill cleanup and restoration activities, the use of bioremediation products was authorized, including biostimulation and bioaugmentation.Nutrient addition use was approved for approximately 100 miles of the PrinceWilliam Sound shoreline.DatacollectedthroughamonitoringprotocolrequiredbytheStateofAlaskaindicatedthatnutrientadditionaccelerated thenaturaldegradationofoilwithnoobservedeutrophicationortoxicity. In-SituBurning In-situ burning of oil involves the ignition and controlled combustion of oil. It can be used when oil is spilled on a water body or on land. Insitu burning is typically used in conjunction with mechanical recovery on open water. Fire resistant booms are often usedtocollectandconcentratetheoilintoaslickthatisthickenoughtoburn. Many factors influence the decision to use in-situ burning on inland or coastal waters. Elements affecting the use of burning include water temperature, wind direction and speed,waveamplitude,slickthickness,oiltype,andtheamountofoilweatheringand emulsification that have occurred. Weathering is a measure of the amount of oil already having escaped to the atmosphere through evaporation.Emulsification is the process of oil mixing with water. Oil layer thickness, weathering, and emulsification are usually dependent upon the time period between the actual spill and the start of burn operations.For many spills, there is only a short “window of opportunity” during whichin-situburningisaviableoption. The major issues for in-situ burning of inland spills are proximity to human 22 BACKGROUND PAPER
populations (burning must take place at least three miles away from population at risk), soil type, water level, erosion potential, vegetationspeciesandcondition,andwildlifespeciespresence.Burningmayactuallyallowoiltopenetratefurtherintosomesoils andshorelinesediments. Because it releases pollutants into the air, in-situ burning requires careful air quality monitoring.Devices are pre-deployed near populations to measure particulate levels.If airqualitystandardsareexceeded,theburnwillbeterminated. Because in-situ burning uses intense heat sources, it poses additional danger to response personnel. Igniting an oil slick requires a device that can deliver an intense heatsourcetotheoil. Vessel-deployed ignition devices are soaked with a volatile compound, lit, and allowed to drift into an oil slick. Hand-held ignition systems can be thrown into oil slicks but require personnel to be in close proximity to the burning oil. A recently developed ignition device called the “Helitorch,” delivers a falling stream of burning fuel from a helicopter, allowing personnel to maintain a safer distance from the burning slick and distributeignitionsourcesoverawiderarea. Although it can be effective in some situations, in-situ burning is rarely used on marine spills because of widespread concern over atmospheric emissions and uncertainty about its impacts on human and environmental health. However, burning of inland spillsisfrequentlyusedinanumberofstates.Allburnsproducesignificantamountsof particulate matter, dependent on the type of oil being burned. Burning oil delivers polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide into the air in addition to other compounds at lower levels. In addition, when circumstances make it more difficult to ignite the oil, an accelerant such as gasoline may need to be added, possibly increasing the toxicity of the volatilizing particles. Lack of data regarding the environmental and human health effectsofburninghasalsodiscourageditsuse. Despite its drawbacks, in-situ burning may be an efficient cleanup method under certain conditions where there are few negative effects on humans or the environment. These conditions include remote areas, areas with herbaceous or dormantvegetation,andwaterorlandcoveredwithsnoworice. OILSPILLCLEANUPCOST Obtaining detailed cost information for spills is generally difficult. Understandably many aspects of the clean-up operations and damage claims are confidential business agreements or settlements between claimants and those providing compensation. Detailedcostdataarethereforenotreadilyavailable. Some cost data is published in the Annual Report of the International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds, but this only concerns spills in States that are party to the Fund Conventions.Because the IOPC Fund only becomes involved in paying compensation once the total value of claims has exceeded the tanker owner’s limit of liability under the Civil Liability Conventions, the IOPC data settendstoconcernonlythelargerandmoreexpensivespills.ThereisalsoarestrictedgeographicalspreadofIOPCFundcases. American spill (United States is not party to the Fund Conventions) cost data is generally in the public domain and published on the internet, but such data is not representative of costs in other countries because of the uniqueness of the US response and damageassessmentsystems. It is evident from the past incidents between spill cost and size of tanker. Part of the reason for this is that it is exceptionally rare for a vessel to spill all the oil it carried on board.The usual scenario is that part of the contents ofoneormoretanksislostasaresultofphysicaldamage.Thismeansthat there is not a very clear link between vessel size and volume spilled in an incident. Indeed, some of the most troublesome spills have been caused by relatively small tankers. In these cases the most important factor has beenthetypeofoilspilled. Another part of the problem is the fact that the quantity of oil spilled is not closelyrelatedtothecostofthespill.Therearesomanydifferentvariables involved that it makes little sense, for example, to think of cost in terms of “average” clean-up costs per tonne of oil spilled. In fact, even within a 23 BACKGROUND PAPER
limitedgeographicarea,itisimpossibletogiveareliableaveragecostpertonnespiltbecauseeveryoilspillisdifferentwithitsown uniquesetofconditions. One of the most expensive oil spills in history is the Exxon Valdez (Alaska, 1989). Cleanup alone cost in the region of US$2.5 billionandtotalcosts(includingfines,penaltiesandclaimssettlements)have,attimesbeenestimatedatasmuchasUS$7billion. The court cases continue, however, so the final costs are not yet known.The Amoco Cadiz (France, 1978) reportedly cost about US $282 million, of which about half was for legal fees and accrued interest.The cost of cleaning up after the Sea Empress (UK, 1996)wasUS$37million,withtotalcostsfortheincidentmorethanUS$60milliononcealldamagesettlementsweremade. More recently, the disastrous Deepwater Horizon oil spill (April, 2010) caused the principal developer, BP, to shell out huge amountofmoneyfortheclean-up.BPhasbeenchargedanextra$400montopofthe$40.9bnithadpreviouslydesignatedforthe clean-up.TheamountcomeslargelyfromassetsthatBPsoldoffaftertheincident.Thishashadasignificantimpactonitscapacity –thetotalamountofoilproducedbyBPfellby11%to3.578mbarrelsaday. BP has agreed a $1bn early restoration programme for natural resource damage in the Gulf.The Coast Claims Facility has so far received267,960compensationclaimsfromindividuals,withoverhalfstilltobeprocessed. FactorsAffectingtheCostsofSpills Thefactorsthataffectcleanupcostarecomplexandinterrelated.Eachspillinvolvesauniquesetofcircumstancesthatdetermine cleanupcost. The costs associated with cleaning up an oil spill are strongly influenced by the circumstances surrounding the spill including:the type of product spilled;the location and timing of the spill;sensitive areas affected or threatened;liability limits in place;local and national laws; and cleanup strategy.The most important factors determining a per-unit amount (either per-gallon or per-tonne) cost are location and oil type, and possibly total spill amount.The complex interrelationships of these factors and the manner in whichtheyareinfluencedbyotherfactorsisshowninthefigurebelow Thefollowingsectionsexplorethevarioustechnicalfactorswhichplayaroleindeterminingthecostsofcleanupanddamage. TypeofOil Oil type is one of the most important factors governing cleanup costs.In general, the more viscous, sticky and persistent the oil, the more difficult and costly the cleanup is likely to be, all other factors being equal. Spills of light refined products (e.g. gasoline and diesel) do not normally require a cleanup response.They may be toxic in the short term and require careful monitoring, but because of their high volatility, they do not persist on the sea surface for any significant time.Instead, due to rapid evaporation of the“light end”components and the speed with which they disperse and dissipate naturally, especially in rough seas, spills of light hydrocarbonsdonotresultinlong,expensivecleanupoperations.Attheotherendofthespectrumarethehighlypersistentheavy crude oils and heavy fuel oils which are normally very viscous and have only a small proportion of volatile components.Because theydonotbreak-upeasilyandoftenemulsifyintopersistentmatsofoil,theseoilshavethepotentialtotravelgreatdistancesfrom the original spill location and can cause widespread contamination of coastlines. They are difficult to clean up at sea, in coastal waters and on shorelines. As a consequence, cleanup is invariably long, resource- and manpower- intensive, and therefore,costly. The nature of potential damage also varies according to the type of oil spilled. Light refined products may constitute a fire and explosion hazard which may require restricting access and the temporary closure of port areas or nearby industry. As mentioned above, light oils tend to be more toxic than heavier oils, which can lead to mortalities of marine plants and animals if there are sufficiently high concentrations in the water column.This is not always the case because the dilution of such oils is relatively fast, but it may occur if there is strong wave action in shallow waters, where dilutionislessimportant.Suchoilsmayalsocausethetaintingofediblefish,shellfish and other marine products.All such effects will, however, usually be highly localized and short-lived because the toxic components are also the ones that evaporate most rapidly,andfishandshellfishrapidlylosethetaintoncecleanwaterconditionsreturn. Heavy fuel oils and crude oils are generally of low toxicity and their main impact is usually through physical contamination.Birds and other wildlife may become coated, and tourist beaches, fishing gear, mariculture facilities and other structures can also becontaminatedandrequirecleaning.Insomecircumstancesheavieroilscansinkif they interact with sediment particles, which can result in the prolonged contamination of the sea bed.Sunken oil can be a reservoir for the fouling of bottom 24 BACKGROUND PAPER
fishing gear and may cause repeated re-oiling of cleaned beaches if the sunken oil is remobilised after storms.All these problems canresultinlargeclaimsforcleanupcostsandeconomicloss. Between the two extremes of gasoline and heavy fuel oil there are many intermediate crude oils and refined products that are transported by tankers and used in a variety of marine engines.The fate and effects of all these oils, as well as the requirement for cleanup,willvarygreatly,whichwillalsomeanthatcostvariesgreatly. AmountSpilled,SpillLocationandRateofSpillage Theamountofoilspilledisclearlyanimportantfactorindeterminingoverallresponsecostsanddamages.Forexample,ifallother factors are similar, a 10,000 tonne spill is likely to result in far wider zone of contamination and impact than a 100 tonne spill. However, the location of the spill is also important. For example, the three largest tanker spills of all time - Atlantic Empress off Tobago,West Indies in 1979, ABT Summer off Angola in 1991 and Castillo De Bellver off South Africa in 1983 resulted in minimal cleanup and damages because these spills happened well offshore and none of the spilled oil contaminated coastlines. In such circumstances the cost of the response would normally be limited to aerial surveillance to monitor slick movement and natural dissipation.This emphasizes the inappropriateness of simplistic comparisons between the costs of individual spills based on the singleparameterofspillvolume. The rate of spillage can also be an important factor. For example, the cleanup operation required in response to a single large release of oil may be considerable but may be completed in a matter of weeks.However, the same quantity of oil lost over several months from a damaged vessel close to the coast may require a prolonged cleanup effort, with repeated cleaning of amenity areasandpotentiallymoreprolongedeffectsonfisheryresourcesandtourism. The physical characteristics of the spill site (e.g. prevailing winds and weather, tidal range, currents, water depth, coastal topography) also have a bearing on cost as they affect the feasibility and difficulty of mounting response operations at sea and ashore.The sensitivity of different shoreline types, the extent to which they self-clean, and the availability and cost of local labour andresourceswillinfluencetheoverallcostofanoilspillcleanup. Socio-economic factors and resources at risk vary both within and between countries.Some areas will be of high national or even international importance for fishing, mariculture, tourism, other industries or conservation, whereas others will only rank as locally important. Seasonal differences will also occur in the sensitivity of these resources to oil pollution and therefore the economic impact of a spill.This in turn will help determine the requirement for and extent of thecleanupandthusitscost. CleanupatSea As noted earlier, oil spills will sometimes dissipate naturally and not pose a threat to sensitive coastal resources.On other occasions there may be little that can be done due to bad weather or other particular circumstances.Under such circumstances, the decision to not attempt to respond may, nonetheless, be a difficult one, especially as it is likely to be viewed by the public, politicians and media as unacceptable.It is sometimes observed that an active response is therefore often adopted even when technical opinion is agreed that it is unlikely to have a significant benefit.Part of this may be a result of the fact that oil spilled on the surface of the sea spreads rapidly, thereby extending over an area that is too great to be countered by available techniques.Added to this are the limitations on containment and collection systems imposed by winds, waves and currents, and the problems posed for the effective use of chemical dispersants by high viscosity oils and the rapid formation of water-in-oil emulsions (“mousse”).At times, these technical realities frequently fail to deter those in charge from deploying numerous oil recovery ships or dispersant spraying vessels and aircraft in order to be “seen to be doing something”. In extreme cases an ineffective at-sea response may be continued for a long period, leading to high cleanup costs for little or no benefit.The actual cost-effectiveness of an at-sea response will depend upon many factors including the nature of the incident;the availability of trained personnel and required equipment and materials;the number of vessels, aircraft and specialized equipment employed; and, perhaps most importantly, the effectiveness of the pre-spill 25 BACKGROUND PAPER
planningandthecontroloftheactualoperations. ShorelineCleanup Shoreline cleanup frequently relies on manual recovery methods and locally-available equipment. In terms of amount of oil collected relative to financial outlay it is often more cost effective than an at-sea response, which typically requires expensive equipment,vessels,aircraftandtrainedoperators. An important factor in the cost of shoreline cleanup is the extent to which cleaning is required to bring the contaminated area to a condition considered as acceptable. The first stage in most shoreline response along a heavily contaminated shoreline is the removalofbulkoil.Thisishardwork,yetisoftenrelativelystraightforwardandcanbeaccomplishedquickly,dependingonthetype of shoreline (e.g. rock, sand, mud) and ease of access.The type and amount of oil involved, the time of year, prevailing weather conditionsandotherfactorswillalsoinfluencetheeasewithwhichthickaccumulationsofbulkoilcanberemoved. As the cleanup operation progresses and the degree of contamination is continually reduced, ever more effort is required to effect further improvement.The operation becomes one of diminishing returns, with costs escalating rapidly as the amount of remaining oil becomes less and less.This is one of the key reasons that shoreline cleanup costs cannot be related directly to the degree of initial contamination: the level of effort to deal with a lightly contaminated area during the “secondary” and final cleaning may be very similar to that expended in the first place on the heavily oiled area.The overall costs therefore depend to a large extent on the degree of fine cleaning required for eachlocationandthedurationofworkuntiltheoperationcanfinallybeterminated. ManagementofResponseOperations Unfortunately, poor management and inadequate planning often result in the mistakesofpreviousspillsbeingrepeatedtimeandtimeagain.Theresultisdamage totheenvironmentandeconomicresourcesthatcouldhavebeenavoidedandthus, excessive costs. The tendency to react to political, media and public perceptions and pressures, rather than basing decisions on technical realities, is a special problem that can also escalate the cost of any incident beyond what would be considered“reasonable”undertheinternationalcompensationconventions. OILSPILLMANAGEMENTININDIA The Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation (OPRC) Convention, 1990 established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) provides all states to establish measures for dealing with pollution incidents either nationally or in cooperation with other countries. Consequently, the Government of India directed Indian Coast Guard (ICG) to prepare a National Oil Spill DisasterContingencyPlan(NOSDCP). The ICG was formed in 1977 for protection of maritime and other national interests in the Maritime Zones of India. The Coast Guard Act, 1978 specifies the charter of duties of the Coast Guard. The ICG assumed the responsibility of protecting the marine environment in the maritime zones constituting the territorial waters and Exclusive Economic Zone on 07 Mar 1986, when the responsibilitiesweretransferredfromtheMinistryofShipping. The NOSDCP was approved by the Committee of Secretaries on 04 Nov 1993 and the ICG published and promulgated the NOSDCP for combating the oil spill at sea at the national level in Jul 1996.Since 2003, the NOSDCP has come under the purview oftheNationalDisasterManagementAuthority,MinistryofHomeAffairsundertheMarineOilspillManagementinIndia. The NOSDCP envisages the Director General Indian Coast Guard (DGICG) as the Central Coordinating Authority (CCA) for enforcing the provisions of the NOSDCP in the Maritime Zones of India, and delineates the duties and responsibilityofeachparticipatingagency. NationalOilSpillDisasterContingencyPlan The Indian Coast Guard coordinates NOSDCP preparedness meeting annually and delegates from the Government departments, Ports, Oil industry, Oil explorationsunitsandStatePollutionControlBoardsparticipatesinthemeeting. 26 BACKGROUND PAPER
The NOSDCP meeting addresses various issues related to the preparedness of the State Governments, Ports and Oil handling agenciestoestablishthenecessarypollutionresponsecapabilitytocombatmarineoilspillintheirareaofresponsibility. ContingencyPlanningandTier-IResponseCapability As per the directives of the Ministry of Shipping and Department of Oil Industry Safety Directorate (Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas), the Ports and the Oil Handling agencies are to establish oil pollution contingency plan and tier-I pollution response capacity to address oil spills upto 700 tons in their respective area of jurisdictions. The NOSDCP preparedness meetings, therefore, review the progress made by various stake holders in developingTier-1 oil spill response in their area of responsibility and also discusses other issues related to coordination, training, exercise and best practices. The protection of marine environment against oil spill is a challenge confronting the country in the backdrop of growing trade through sea and increase in shippingtraffic. OIL SPILL MODELLING AND MAPPING OF OIL SPILL RISK AREAS IN INDIA Detection of oil spills and predicting its movement towards Indian shores and assessment of extent of damage is an important activity pre-requisite for management and oil spills and combating its ill effects. The Ministry of Earth Sciences has developed this expertise under the programme on ‘Oil Spill ModellingandMappingofOilSpillRiskAreas’. The potential threat from operational or accidental oil spills from tankers and other oil related activities could lead to large scale destruction of marine life and property of the coastal region. Oil spillsinmarinewaterscandamagesocialandeconomicsystems as well as the natural environment of surrounding seas which support valuable fishing grounds, coastal ecosystems, Protected Marine National Park areas, long recreational and tourist beaches. Protection of marine life, environmental resources and property, prevention of loss of resources against oil spills damages is a priority concern for oil spill management in India. The Western part of Indian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), Lakshadweep and the Nicobar Islands lie close to one of the major oil tanker routes originating from the Gulf countries going to South East Asia. Nearly 500 million tones of crude oil are carried by about 3500 tankers along this route. Any major oil spill occurring in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal will lead to large scale damage to marine environment.The country has several ecologically sensitive areas like Coral Reefs, mangroves and areas of unique biodiversity like turtle nesting grounds, etc. To protect these areas against oil spill damages, the country has a spill management programme since 1980.The important aspects includeR&Dinoilspilldetection,management,combatingandlegalaspects .UnderthisOilSpillModellingandMappingofOilSpillRiskAreasfollowingarecovered Ÿ Development of oil spill trajectory model indicating the movement of oil spills from Western and Eastern EEZ to the coastalareasofthecountry. Ÿ Developmentarea/habitatspecificoilspillmodelsforhighriskareas; Ÿ Operationalisingthemodelduringoilspillincidents. PriorityAreasThatNeedProtection All the major ports along the Indian coastline, the locations of Single Point Moorings (SPMs), and exploration, locations of oil refineries, tanker movements, and areas pose risk of oil spills. The ecologically and environmentally sensitive areas namely mangrove, coral reef, lagoons and turtle nesting grounds; economically sensitive areas like tourist beaches and archeologically sensitiveareassuchasForts,ancientmonumentsetcfacevariouslevelsofoilspillthreats.. OilSpillTrajectoryModel Integrated Coastal Marine Area Management Project Directorate (ICMAM-PD), Chennai, an R&D unit of the Ministry has developedthismodelwhichcontainsthefollowing: 27 BACKGROUND PAPER
Ÿ racking of oil spills from offshore to coastal areas of India based on windspeed,windvelocity,seacurrent,etc.; Ÿ The ICMAM-PD has also developed habitat specific oil spill model forGulfofKutch; Ÿ Strategiesthatneedtobeadoptedfor highriskareas The oil spill trajectory model for tracking oil spills has already been installed at IndianNationalCentreforOceanInformationServices(INCOIS),Hyderabad, an autonomous institute under this Ministry, which mans it on 24x7 basis along with interim tsunami warning system.In case of an oil spill, INCOIS will run this model and provide prediction along with recommendations to Coast Guard,DisasterManagementOfficeandotherseniorfunctionariesintheGovernment. Benefits Ÿ Timely deployment of booms to prevent movement of oil to sensitive coastal habitats (corals, mangroves, beaches, lagoons)anddamagetomarinelife; Ÿ Timely information to industries/power plants which have sea water intake system for cooling purposes, etc.so that theirsystemsarenotdamaged. Ÿ Estimationoflossofresources,whichwillhelpinclaimingcompensation. HowDoestheModelWork Step 1: Detection of loss of oil by tankers/spotting of oil spill by Coast Guard Surveillance Ship/Indian Navy Passing Vessels/MaritimeRescueCenter. Step2:Informationonlocation,quantityofoilspilledetc.passedontoINCOIS Step3:ModelisrunbyINCOISbasedonoiltype,location,bathymetry(depthofwater)livedataofwindspeed,winddirection,sea current,tidecondition,etc. Step4:LikelypathtobetakenbyoilspillandshorelinetobeaffectedarepredictedbyModel; Step 5:Online intimation sent to Coast Guard, concerned Port Authority, State Government, MHA, NDMA, State Pollution Control Board,etc. The path and affected areas are further refined every three hours or as required based on latest data on wind speed & wind direction. PositionofoilspillwillalsobetrackedbasedonsatellitepicturebyINCOISand/orbyaerialsurveybyCoastGuard. 28 BACKGROUND PAPER
WORLDWIDESCENARIO Public concern over marine oil spills has been clearly augmented since the 1967Torrey Canyon supertanker accident off the UK coast, when 100,000 tonnes of spilled oil caused heavy pollution of the French and British shores with serious ecological and fisheries consequences. The highly publicized 1989 spill of the Exxon Valdez in Prince William Sound, Alaska caused unprecedented damage to the fragile Arctic system.Marshes and sediments in PrinceWilliam Sound retained oil for many years, affecting the development of fish embryos on the bottom. Since then, impressive technical, political, and legal experience in managing the problem has been gained in many countries and at the international level, mainly through a number of Conventions initiated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). As a result of the Exxon Valdez oil spill, the U.S. passed legislation requiringallnewlybuilttankerstohaveadoublehull. AftertenyearsofExxonValdezoilspill,pocketsofoilremainedinthemarshes,andmussels,clams,ducksandseaottersshowed evidence of harm in some localized areas. Remedial actions after oil spills are controversial, and some of the cures (e.g. aggressive cleaning with large heavy equipment) may be worse than the original problem, as was seen in the attempted clean up aftertheExxonValdezoilspill. WORLD’sWORSTOILSPILLS There are many ways to measure the severity of oil spills – from the volume spilled to the extent of environmental damage to the costofclean-upandrecovery.Thefollowinglistdescribestheworstoilspillsinhistory,judgedbytheamountofoilreleasedintothe environment. 1.GulfWarOilSpill Date:January19,1991 Location:PersianGulf,Kuwait OilSpilled:380million-520milliongallons Ironically, the worst oil spill in human history wasn’t the result of an accident. During the Gulf War, Iraqi forces, attempting to thwart a potential landing of American soldiers, opened the valves at an offshore oil terminal and dumped oil from several tankers.The oil they released created a 4-inch thick oil slick that covered 4000 square miles.To put it in perspective, that’s enoughoiltocovertheentirestateofRhodeIslandonefootdeepinoil. 2.DeepwaterHorizonOilSpill Date:April20-July15,2011 Location:GulfofMexico OilSpilled:205.8milliongallons TheDeepwaterHorizonoilspill(alsoknownastheGulfofMexicoOilSpillortheBPOilSpill)is the largest marine oil spill in history, and was caused by an explosion on the Deepwater Horizon offshore oil platform about 50 miles southeast of the Mississippi River delta on April 20,2010.Mostofthe126workersontheplatformweresafelyevacuated.Elevenworkerswere presumedkilledintheinitialexplosion.TheDeepwaterHorizonsankinabout5,000feet(1,500 m) of water on April 22, 2010.On April 23 the U.S.Coast Guard suspended the search for missing workers who are all presumed dead.After a series of failed efforts to plug the leak, BP said on July 15 that it had capped the well, stopping the flow of oil into the GulfofMexicoforthefirsttimein86days. 3.LakeviewGusher Date:March1910-September1911 Location:KernCountry,California OilSpilled:378milliongallons The worst accidental oil spill in U.S.and world history occurred in 1910, when a crew drilling for oil beneath California scrubland tapped into a high-pressure reservoir 2,200 feet below the surface. The resulting gusher destroyed the wooden derrick and caused a crater so large that no one could getcloseenoughtomakeaseriousattemptatstoppingthegeyserofoilthatcontinueduncontrolledforapproximately18months. 29 BACKGROUND PAPER
4.Ixtoc1OilSpill Date:June3,1979throughMarch23,1980 Location:BayofCampeche,Mexico OilSpilled:140milliongallons A blowout occurred at an offshore oil well that Pemex, a state-owned Mexican oil company, wasdrillingintheBayofCampeche,offthecoastofCiudaddelCarmeninMexico.Theoilcaughtfire,thedrillingrigcollapsed,and oil gushed out of the damaged well at a rate of 10,000 to 30,000 barrels a day for more than nine months before workers succeededincappingthewellandstoppingtheleak. 5.AtlanticEmpress/AegeanCaptainOilSpill Date:July19,1979 Location:OffthecoastofTrinidadandTobago OilSpilled:90milliongallons On July 19, 1979, two oil tankers, the Atlantic Empress and the Aegean Captain, collided off the coast of Trinidad and Tobago during a tropical storm.The two ships, which were carrying about 500,000 tons (154 million gallons) of crude oil between them, caught fire on impact.Emergency crews extinguished the fire on the Aegean Captain and towed it to shore, but the fire on the Atlantic Empress continued to burn out of control.The damaged ship lost approximately 90 million gallons of oil – the record for a ship-related oil spill – before it exploded and sank on August 3, 1979. 6.KolvaRiverOilSpill Date:September8,1994 Location:KolvaRiver,Russia OilSpilled:84milliongallons A ruptured pipeline had been leaking for eight months, but the oil was contained by a dike. Whenthedikecollapsed,millionsofgallonsofoilspilledintotheKolvaRiverintheRussianArctic. 7.NowruzOilFieldOilSpill Date:February10-September18,1983 Location:PersianGulf,Iran OilSpilled:80milliongallons During the Iran-Iraq war, an oil tanker crashed into an offshore oil platform at the Nowruz Oil Field in the Persian Gulf.Fighting delayed efforts to stop the oil spill, which was dumping about 1,500 barrels of oil into the Persian Gulf each day. In March, Iraqi planes attacked the oil field, the damaged platform collapsed, and the oil slick caught fire.The Iranians finally managed to cap the well in September, an operation that claimed the lives of 11 people. 8.CastillodeBellverOilSpill Date:August6,1983 Location:SaldanhaBay,SouthAfrica OilSpilled:79milliongallons The Castillo de Bellver oil tanker caught fire about 70 miles northwest of Cape Town, South Africa, then drifted before finally breaking apart 25 miles off the coast, presenting South Africa with its worst-ever marine environmental disaster.The stern sank in deep water with approximately 31 million gallons of oil still aboard.The bow section was towed far away from the coast by Altatech, a marine services company, then scuttled and sunk in a 30 BACKGROUND PAPER
controlledmannertominimizepollution. 9.AmocoCadizOilSpill Date:March16-17,1978 Location:Portsall,France OilSpilled:69milliongallons TheoilsupertankerAmocoCadizwascaughtinaviolentwinterstormthatdamageditsrudder, making it impossible for the crew to steer the ship.The captain sent out a distress signal and several ships responded, but nothing could stop the huge tanker from running aground. On March17,theshipbrokeintwoandspilleditsentirecargo–69milliongallonsofcrudeoil–into theEnglishChannel. 10.ABTSummerOilSpill Date:May28,1991 Location:approximately700nauticalmilesoffthecoastofAngola OilSpilled:51-81milliongallons TheABTSummer,anoiltankercarrying260,000tonsofoil,wasenroutefromIrantoRotterdamwhenitexplodedandcaughtfire on May 28, 1991. After three days, the ship finally sank about 1,300 kilometers (more than 800 miles) off the coast of Angola. Because the accident occurred so far offshore, it was assumed that high seas would disperse the oil spill naturally.As a result, not muchwasdonetocleanuptheoil. 11.M/THavenTankerOilSpill Date:April11,1991 Location:Genoa,Italy OilSpilled:45milliongallons On April 11, 1991, the M/T Haven was unloading a cargo of 230,000 tons of crude oil at the Multedo platform, about seven miles off the coast of Genoa, Italy.When something went wrong during a routine operation, the ship exploded and caught fire, killing six people and spilling oil into the Mediterranean Sea. Italian authorities attempted to tow the tanker closer to shore, to reduce the coastal area affected by the oil spill and to improve access to the wreck, but the ship broke in two and sank.For the next 12 years, theshipcontinuedtopollutetheMediterraneancoastsofItalyandFrance. 12.OdysseyandOceanOdysseyOilSpills Date:September/November,1988 Location:OfftheEastCoastofCanada OilSpilled:About43milliongallonsperspill Two oil spills that occurred hundreds of miles off the east coast of Canada in autumn 1988 are often mistaken for each other. In September 22, 1988, the Ocean Odyssey, an American-owned offshore drilling rig, exploded and dumped more than a million barrels (about 43 million gallons) of oil into the North Sea.The ultimate direct cause of the incident was a failure of the subsea wellheadequipmentafteraprolongedperiodofwellcontrol.Onepersonwaskilled,66otherswererescued. Odyssey, a British-owned oil tanker, was an oil tanker in operation from 1971 to November 10, 1988, when an explosion occurred on board, causing the ship to break into two and begin sinking in the North Atlantic off the coast of Canada.As the ship sank 700 nauticalmiles(1,300km)offthecoastofNovaScotia,afirebrokeoutonitssternsection,causingtheoilonboardtocatchfireand spillingaboutamillionbarrelsofoil.All27crewmembersweremissingandpresumeddead. By volume, the Exxon Valdez oil spill ranks around 35th, but it is considered an environmental disaster because the oil spill occurredinthepristineenvironmentofAlaska’sPrinceWilliamSoundandtheoilfouled1,100milesofcoastline. 31 BACKGROUND PAPER
INDIANSCENARIO India, particularly the Arabian Sea is not new to oil spills what with a number of oil refineries along the coasts of Maharashtra and Gujarat. However,therehavebeenfewmajorspillsintheregion. Recently, the collision of two large ships off the Mumbai coast and the resulting oil spill has come as a test of India’s preparedness to handle shipping disasters. A strong oil spill response system is of paramount importance. Yet capacity-building efforts in major ports have not kept pacewiththeneed. It is precisely to meet such challenges that a National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan (NOS-DCP) was drawn up in 1996.Based on this, all ports should by now possess functional spill response systems. The proceedings of the 14th NOS-DCP and Preparedness Meetingheldin2009highlightedtheslowprogressinachievingfullresponsecapacityevenatthebasiclevelatMumbaiandJNPT ports. India has ratified key environmental and shipping conventions, including the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation. The national coastline is about 7,500 km long and has, in the assessment of the Coast Guard (CG), 11 major and 20 minor ports that must be equipped to combat oil pollution.A few ships sink in Indian coastal waterseveryyear;in2007,asmanyasfivevesselswithatotalof658tonnesofoilwentdown. OILSPILLOFFMUMBAICOAST Ship collisions or grounding leading to oil spills has been a perennial occurrence.But this phenomenonappearstohavegotskewedintherecentpastespeciallyforMumbai. The government has identified Mumbai’s coast as ecologically sensitive and drafted specialconservationprogramsforthearea. Besides damaging coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, oil spills can affect the movement of ships at Mumbai’s ports, which are some of the country’s busiest and most strategicallyimportant. M.V.RAKoilspill M.V.RAK which sank in the Arabian Sea on August 4, 2011, approximately 35 km off Mumbai’s coast became the 23rd vessel to be involved in an accident during the past 29 years resulting in oil spill around the coast of Mumbai.In all, over 60,000 tonnes of oil has been known to have spilled by these 23 ships into the sea thus frequently ravaging the Mumbai coast and causing destruction to marine life and incalculable loss.The oil spill to hit Mumbai coast so far is half the total oil spilt around the entire Indian coast for the same period since 1982 viz. 113,000 tons as a result of 74 ship accidents. These are the statistics made available by the IndianCoastGuards,thedesignatedfirstresponseagencytocombatoilspillsintheocean. When it sank, MV Rak had 60,000 metric tonnes of coal in its hold and 290 tonnes of fuel oil and 50 tonnes of diesel.It was on its way to Dahej port in Gujarat from Indonesia.The coast guard and the navy rescued its 30-member crew following a distress call fromthevessel. On Aug 7, 2011, oil started leaking from the sunken vessel at a rate of 1.5 to 2 tonnes an hour.The oil spread about seven nautical miles around the vessel. A Coastguard ship, SamudraPrahari,whichwasonpatrol,responded andusedoildispersanttoneutralizethespilledoil. More than 700kg of oil spill dispersant was sprayed over seven nautical miles from where the shipsankandthespillwasnoticed. But alarm bells started ringing soon with environmentalists advising people to stay off fish for a while and authorities telling fishermen not to venturenearthespillagearea. Theoildoesnotgetdissolvedinseawater;ratherit forms a thick layer over it. This affects marine biology and disrupts the marine food chain. Big 32 BACKGROUND PAPER
fishes eat small ones coated with oil and fishermen catch big fishes for the market.The oil layer also cuts off the oxygen supply in waterresultinginthedeathofmarineanimals. SpillfromONGC’sMumbai-UranTrunk(MUT)OilPipeline Around a mile long oil spill was detected from a ruptured pipeline some 80 km off the Mumbai coast on January 21, 2011.The spill was caused due to a leakage detected at ONGC’s Mumbai-Uran Trunk (MUT) oil pipeline (which transports crude oil from the MumbaiHighoffshorefields)at0845hours. Production at ONGC’s Mumbai high, the nation’s biggest oilfield, and Bassein oilfield was immediately stopped and the pipeline closed. The oil flow was stopped at noon, but the spill was spread.The Coast Guard and Navy were immediately alerted and four ships, DornierplanesandChetakHelicoptersweredispatchedtotackletheoilspill. The Regional Contingency Plan (which is the existing emergency response measure) was activated immediately on detection of theleak. NationalOilSpillDisasterContingencyPlanwasalsoactivatedbytheCoast Guardtoensureminimumdamagetoenvironment. ONGC mobilized the pipeline repair vessel including three Multi SupportVessels to the site to ascertain the extent of leakage for containmentandrepair.Theinitialassessmentofextentofoilspillwasaboutonemilelongandaround45metrictonne. TheoilsupplyandgasproductionfromMumbaiHighwasdivertedtotheICP-HeeraUranTrunk(HUT)pipeline.Connectedoiland gaswellswereclosedforsafetyreasons.Outputwasresumedafterthreehours. Mumbai high and Bassein fields together produce 247,000 barrels of oil per day.The loss of production was around 25,000 bopd onthedayofthepipelineburst. MSCChitraandMVKhalijia-IIIcollision AnoilspilloffthecoastofIndiawascausedwhentwoPanamanianflaggedcargoships–MSCChitraandMVKhalijia-III–collided off the Mumbai coast on August 7, 2010.MSC Chitra was carrying 1219 containers with over 2662 tons of fuel, 283 tons of diesel and88040tonsoflubricantoilwhichstartedpouringintotheArabianSea.Theshiphasspilled500tonsoffuelandlubricants,with some300oilcontainershavingrolledintothesea.Therewerenocasualtiesduetothecollision. The government statement said analysis of water samples showed no contamination from hazardous chemicals like sodium hydroxideorpesticides.However,oilhasbeensightedashoreinMumbai,affectingmangrovesinsomeareas. Nearly 1,100 pounds (500 kilograms) of fish samples in the area were contaminated with oil.The state authorities banned fishing intheareauntilAugust15,2010. The spill caused serious environmental and economic concerns for Mumbai.The spill reached the Alibag and Uran areas, with potential risk to the mangrove belt in the region, as also the ancient Elephanta Caves.The island caves are a world heritage site withexquisitesculpturesandarchitecturedatingbackto6-7centuriesAD. The fishing community in Maharashtra was been forced to stop work for three days translating into millions of Rupees in losses. The worst hit however, was the marginal fishermen who depend upon their daily catch along the coastline for survival. The 800,000strongfishingcommunityinMaharashtraislookingforcompensationfromthegovernmentforthelossesincurred. The Indian Coast Guard and the Mumbai Port Trust tried to salvage the situation with the help of anti-pollution dispersal spray systems.SMITSalvage,aNetherlandbasedemergencyresponseandenvironmentalcareservicesindustrywasrecruitedbythe MumbaiPortTrusttocontroltheoilspill.Thetreacheroustidalconditionsintheregionmadedisastermanagementdifficult. CONCLUSION Oil spills will continue to happen as long as society depends on petroleum and its products.This is due to the potential for human error and equipment failure inherent in producing, transporting, and storing petroleum.While it is important to focus on ways to preventoilspills,methodsforcontrollingthemandcleaningthemupmustalsobedeveloped.Anintegratedsystemofcontingency plans and response options can speed up and improve response to an oil spill and significantly reduce the environmental impact andseverityofthespill. The purpose of contingency plans is to coordinate all aspects of the response to an oil spill.This includes stopping the flow of oil, containingtheoil,andcleaningitup.Theareacoveredbycontingencyplanscouldrangefromasinglebulkoilterminaltoanentire section of coastline. Oil spills, like forest fires and other environmental emergencies, are not predictable and can occur anytime and during any weather.Therefore, the key to effective response to an oil spill is to be prepared for the unexpected and to plan spill 33 BACKGROUND PAPER
countermeasuresthatcanbeappliedintheworstpossibleconditions. Today, oil spill responders try to optimize net environmental benefits when considering how to deal with a spill.This simply means that the effects on the environment of whatever cleanup techniques are to be used are weighed against the damage to the site.In other words, the question is asked, will the cleanup process itself possibly cause more damage to the site than the oil would if it were left? Sometimes the decision is made not to clean up if an assessment shows that the cleanup itself will be intrusive.In the same way, the effects of the various cleanup techniques are also assessed and the least intrusive technique is chosen for a particularsite. Obviously,animportantpartofprotectingtheenvironmentisensuringthatthereareasfewspillsaspossible.Forthisreason,both government and industry needs to work together to reduce the risk of oil spills, with the introduction of strict new legislation and stringent operating codes.Of late, the costs associated with oil spills and regulations governing offshore facilities and operations have encouraged the development of improved technology for spill prevention. Industry has invoked new operating and maintenance procedures to reduce accidents that lead to spills;but at the same time intensive training programs are required to bedevelopedtoreducethepotentialforhumanerror. PREFERENCES Ÿ “AnnualReport2010”,InternationalOilPollutionCompensationFunds Ÿ “GuidelinesForMarineEnvironmentProtection–OilHandlingCompanies”,DirectorateofFisheriesandEnvironment, IndianCoastGuard Ÿ “InternationalCooperationforMarineEnvironmentProtectioninSouthAsia”,IndianCoastGuard Ÿ “OilSpillResponse”,YearBook2011 Ÿ “OilSpill”,TheEncyclopediaofEarth,LeadAuthor:StanislavPatin,May,2010, Ÿ “Road Map for Oil Spill Management for India”, Project Review and Monitoring Committee for oil spill management, GovernmentofIndia Ÿ “UnderstandingOilSpillsandOilSpillResponse”,UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,December1999 Ÿ A.J. Underwood: “Establishing the true environmental impact of a spill”, Spillcon 2002: 9th International Oil Spill Conference,September2002 Ÿ Dagmar Schmidt Etkin: “Estimating Cleanup Costs for Oil Spills”, Oil Spill Intelligence Report, 1999 International Oil SpillConference Ÿ Dagmar Schmidt Etkin: “Worldwide Analysis of Marine Oil Spill Cleanup Cost Factors”, Arctic and Marine Oilspill ProgramTechnicalSeminar(June2000) Ÿ E. C.Wayment and B.Wagstaff: “Appropriate technology for oil spill management in developing nations”, Pure Appl. Chem.,Vol.71,No.1,1999IUPAC,GreatBritain. Ÿ GraemeWearden:“BPprofitsdipasDeepwaterHorizoncostscontinuetomount”April2011(www.guardian.co.uk) Ÿ http://dst.gov.in Ÿ James Perran Ross:“An introduction to Marine oil spills”, Dept.Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, IFAS, University of Florida,May2010 Ÿ Joseph Fonseca: “Mumbai hit by 60,000-tonne oil spill, India by over 113,000”, August, 2011 (www.maritimeprofessional.com) Ÿ MervFingas:“TheBasicsofOilSpillCleanup”,SecondEdition,CRCPressLLC,2000 Ÿ www.bp.com Ÿ www.coastalcare.org Ÿ www.jeywin.com Ÿ www.thehindu.com Ÿ www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com Ÿ www.wisegeek.com BACKGROUND PAPER 34
CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2011 GLOBAL COLLABORATION FOR CLEANER SEAS THEME: 35 CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2011
TH DAY 1-THURSDAY, 29 SEPTEMBER 2011 1100-1600 - REGISTRATION 1530-1600 - HIGHTEA 1600 - 1730 Hours: Inaugural Session Mr. A K Hazarika, CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2011 – Guest of Honour Capt. M M Saggi, Nautical Advisor, DG Shipping – Special Address IG VSR Murthy, DDG - Indian Coast Guard – Theme Address Mr. H P Bhalla, Director, Cairn India Ltd. – Special Address Mr. Anoop Kumar, Executive Director, ONGC & Convenor OSI 2011 – Welcome Address Key note Address and Release of Souvenir / Show Catalogue Mr. Abhishek Bhatnagar, CEO, Ten Media - Vote of Thanksi 1730 - 1900 Hours - Plenary Session - Oil Spill India Session Chairman: Mr. MuraleeThummarukudy, Programme Officer, Post Conflict and Disaster Management Branch, UNEP, Geneva Speakers: 1.) Mr. Richard H. Johnson, Technical Director, ITOPF, UK Global Scenario Oil Spill 2.) Mr.Thomas Liebert, Head, External Relations & Conference Department, IOPC Funds, UK Global Scenario Oil Spill 1900 Hours - Exhibition Inauguration 1930 Hours onwards- Welcome Dinner (Sponsored by ONGC) DAY 2- FRIDAY, 30TH SEPTEMBER 2011 0900 - 1000 Hours - Session 1 ‘Perspective & Challenges in India’ Session Chairman: Mr. Apurba Saha, ED, ONGC Speakers: 1.) Capt. Deepak Kapoor, Nautical Surveyor-cum-DDG (Tech), DG Shipping, Govt. of India Oil Spill Perspective & Threats from Shipping Industry 2.) DIG V. D. Chafekar, Officer In charge, Bureau of Naviks, Indian Coast Guard Oil Spill Perspective & Challenges faced 3.) Mr. Neeraj Sinha, Scientist ‘F’/ Senior Director, Office of PSA – Government of India Historical Perspective & Challenges of Oil Spill in India 1000 - 1115 Hours - Session 2 ‘Environment Protection’ Session Chairman: Dr. P. B. Rastogi, Director - IA Division, Ministry of Environment & Forest, Govt of India Speakers: 1.) Dr. R.S. Kankara, Scientist-E, Ministry of Earth Sciences, ICMAM-Project Directorate, Govt of India Need for Science based Contingency Planning for Oil Spill Management in India 2.) Dr. R. K. Suri, Director, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt of India Regulatory Framework for Prevention and Control of Marine Oil Pollution 36 CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2011
3.) Dr.Y. B. Sontakke, Incharge HSMD/ RO(HQ), Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, India Oil Spill Threats 4.) Capt. Farhat Imam, Chief Operating Officer, Resolve Marine Group Inc. USA Case Studies in Maritime Oil Spills: Lessons Learned 1115 - 1130 Hours -Tea Break 1130 - 1300 Hours - Session 3 ‘The Country Presentation’ Norway Country Presentation 1300 - 1400 Hours - Lunch 1400 - 1515 Hours - Session 4 ‘Industry Perspective - An Approach’ Session Chairman: Mr. A. K. Jain, ED, Chief Offshore Logistics, ONGC, India Speakers: 1.) Dr. R. K. Raju, General Manager - HSE, Reliance Industries Ltd, India Challenges in Oil Spill Contingency planning for the deep water development projects along east coast of India 2.) Mr. Amitab Basu, General Manager, ONGC, India Oil Spill response & preparedness for E&P Company 3.) Mr. Hari Kumar, Head HSE & Quality Assurance, Cairn India Limited, India Need for Public-Private cooperation in building Oil Spill Response Organisations (OSROs) in India 1515 – 1530 Hours -Tea Break 1530 – 1700 Hours - Session 5 ‘Oil Spill Response’ Session Chairman: IG SPS Basra, Inspector General, Indian Coast Guard Speakers: 1.) Mr. Nicholas March, Senior Consultant, Oil Spill Response Limited, UK Planning for the worst: Response inhibitors and the what if question? 2.) Mr. Rufus Whiteford, Sales Manager (India), Kelvin Huges, UK Oil Spill Detection by Radar and Infrared 3.) Mr. Massimo Carmagnini, Product Manager (Raddar), Consilium Marine and safety, Italy Oil Spill Detection Radar at Consilium 4.) Mr. Donald L.Wilson, CEO, Elastec / American Marine Inc., USA Controlled in Situ Burning of Oil as a Spill Response option 5.) Dr. Nils Robbe, CEO, OPTIMARE Sensorsysteme GmbH & Co. KG, Germany Remote Sensors and Mission System Technology for Optimized Operational Airborne Oil Spill Monitoring 1700 - 1735 Hours - Session 6 ‘Technology: Oil Spill recovery’ Session Chairman: Mr. Rune Bergstrom, Department of Emergency Response for the Norwagian Coastal Administration* Speakers: 1.) Mr. Bruce Kivisto, General Manager, Chukar Waterjet, Inc., USA Water Jet Technology and Applications – Deepwater Subsea 2.) Mr.YoppyTan, Senior Preparedness Development Executive, Oil Spill Response Limited, Singapore Contingency Planning for Deepwater Spill Scenarios 37 CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2011
3.) Mr. Subhajit Sarkar, Senior Business Analyst, Wipro Technologies 0 360 Degree View on Economics 1900 Hours onwards - Networking Dinner (Sponsored by Innovation Norway) DAY 3- SATURDAY 1ST OCTOBER 2011 0900 – 1030 hours - Session 7 ‘Oil Spill Recovery Organisation’ Session Chairman: Capt. Sandeep Kalia, Executive Director, Great Offshore Limited, India Speakers: 1.) Sir Mehernosh Shroff, Chief Engineer, Seaworthy Shipping Oil Spill & HNS Response Planning & Practical Oil Spill & HNS Clean UP Ashore and Offshore: India, Far East: Complete Emergency to Clean up Solutions 2.) Mrs. Geeva Varghese, Consultant, Oil Spill Response Limited, Singapore Response Case Studies from Asia 3.) Mr. Geraint Richards, Vice President (Middle East & India), Lamor Corporation, Finland Practical Options for Offshore Oil Recovery 4.) Capt. D. C. Sekhar, Managing Director, Alpha Marine Emergency Response Services, India Capacity Building for Emergency Response 1000 - 1030 Hours -Tea Break 1030 - 1200 Hours - Session 8 ‘Legal Issues and Claims’ Session Chairman: Capt. M M Saggi, Nautical Advisor, DG Shipping Speakers: 1.) Mrs.Vaneeta Patnaik, Doctoral Research Scholar, Doctoral Research Scholar at International Max Planck Research School for Maritime Affairs, Hamburg, Germany Does Indian law affect Salvage operations in an Oil Spill – An overview 2.) Mr. Donny Michael, Director (Fisheries & Environment), Indian Coast Guard, India Legal Aspect in Oil Spill 3.) Mr. John P. Menezes, CEO, Menezes and Associates, India Sub Sea Pollution From Offshore Industry 1200 - 1330 Hours - Session 9 ‘Interactive Session’ Speakers: 1.) Mr. Rakesh Srivastava, IAS, Joint Secretary (Ports), Ministry of Shipping 2.) Dr.Y B Sontakke, Incharge HSMD/ RO(HQ), Maharashtra Pollution Control Board 3.) Capt. M. M. Saggi, Nautical Advisor, Government of India 4.) Dr. S. K. Nanda, IAS, Principal Secretary, Forest and Environment Department, Govt. of Gujarat 5.) Mr. Dependra Pathak, Director Exploration (I), Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas 6.) Mr. U. D. Choubey, Director General, SCOPE 7.) Mr. Anoop Kumar, Convenor, OSI 2011 & Executive Director, ONGC 8.) DIG. Donny Michael, Director (Fisheries & Environment), Indian Coast Guard 9.) Mr. B P Baliga, ED (HSE) Refineries, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. 1330 Hours - Close of conference & Networking Lunch CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2011 38
MASSIMO CARMAGNINI Product Manager RADAR, World expert of Maritime Radar Applications Consilium Marine and Safety Sweden SAFAR MOHAMMAD KHAN Area Manager, West Region (Oil Spill Response) Green Apple Environmental Technologies India DIG DONNY MICHAEL Director (Fisheries & Environment), CGHQ, New Delhi Indian Coast Guard India GERAINT RICHARDS Vice President - Middle East & India Lamor Corporation Finland NEERAJ SINHA Scientist ‘F’/ Senior Director, Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to The Government of India, New Delhi RUFUS WHITEFORD Sales Manager India, Commercial Marine Kelvin Hughes Limited United Kingdom DIG V. D. CHAFEKAR MSc, MPhil Officer in Charge, Bureau of Naviks Indian Coast Guard India BRUCE KIVISTO P.E., General Manager Chukar Waterjet, Inc. USA DEEPAK R. MISHRA Assistant Professor, Department of Geosciences and Northern Gulf Institute, Mississippi State University, USA DR. NILS ROBBE Chief Executive Officer OPTIMARE Sensorsysteme GmbH & Co. KG Germany DR. Y. B. SONTAKKE Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, Govt. of Maharashtra DONALD L. WILSON Chief Executive Officer, ELASTEC / American Marine Inc. USA CAPT. FARHAT IMAM Chief Operating Officer RESOLVE Marine Group THOMAS LIEBERT Head - External Relations and Conference Department International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds United Kingdom CARLO MORUCCI Business Development, Responsible Oil & Gas, Environment, Land Management, Security e-GEOS, Italy CAPT. M. M. SAGGI Nautical Advisor Government of India DR. R. K. SURI Director, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, New Delhi, India SUBHAJIT SARKAR Senior Business Analyst. Wipro Technologies ARVINDER S BRARA Chairman & Managing Director Mantec Consultants Pvt. Ltd. India DR. R. S. KANKARA Scientist-E, MoES Project Directorate, NIOT Campus, Chennai, India DR. R.K. RAJU General Manager - HSE Reliance Industries Ltd. (E&P), India SPEAKERS 2011 SIR MEHERNOSH SHROFF Chief Engineer, Fellow of Inst. of Marine Engineers GEEVA VARGHESE Consultant Oil Spill Response Limited Singapore NICHOLAS JAMES Senior Consultant Oil Spill Response Limited United Kingdom JOHN PRASAD MENEZES FNI, FICS, MCMS Chief Executive Officer Menezes and Associates India VANEETA PATNAIK Doctoral Research Scholar, International Max Planck Research Institute for Pvt. & Comparative Law, Hamburg CAPT. D. C. SEKHAR Managing Director AlphaMERS Pvt. Ltd. India YOPPY TAN Senior Preparedness Dev. Executive Oil Spill Response Limited Singapore AMITABH BASU General Manaer (P) ONGC, Mumbai 39
Inauguration ceremony Inaugural session The lamp lighting ceremony was followed by An Inaugural Session. In Inaugural session, Mr. Anoop Kumar, ED, ONGC & Convener OSI 2011 gave Welcome Address speech. Other Speakers of the session were Mr. A.K. Hazarika, CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2011; Mr. H.P. Bhalla, Director, Cairn; IG VSR Murthy, DDG- Indian Coast Guard; Capt. MM Saggi, NauticalAdvisor,DGShipping;Mr.AbhishekBhatnagar,CEO,iTENMediagavetheVoteofthanks. Mr.A.K.Hazarika,CMD,ONGC&ConferenceChairman,OSI2011InauguratedtheOSI2011InternationalExhibition. Sessions SESSION 1 On day 2, Session 1 focused on the Perspective & Challenges in India.Speakers from Director General of Shipping, Indian Coast GuardandofficeofPSAgavetheirvaluableviewpointandsharedtheexpertise.ThesessionwaschairedbyMr.ApurbaSaha,ED, ONGC. th Oil Spill India 2011 was inaugurated by Mr. A.K. Hazarika, CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2011 on 29 September 2011at1600hrs. 40 SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 2011
Sessions SESSION 2 Session 2 started with the presentations from the eminent speakers from Ministry of Earth sciences, MoEF, MPCB, Resolve MarineGroupInc.,USA.TheSessionwaschairedbyDr.P.B.Rastogi,Director-IADivision,MoEF,GoI. Session 3 was Country presentation session, in which 11 speakers from various Norwegian companies shared their experience &Technology. Session 4 was on Industry perspective, where speakers from Reliance Industries Ltd., ONGC India and Cairn India Limited gave theirpresentations;sessionwaschairedbyMr.AKJain,ED,ONGC. Session 5 was on Oil Spill Response, Chaired by IG SPS Basra, Indian Coast Guard.Speakers from OSRL, UK;Kelvin Hughes, UK;ConsiliumMarine&Safety,UK;Elastec/AmericanMarineInc.,USAandOptimaresharedtheirpresentations SESSION 3 SESSION 4 SESSION 5 41 SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 2011
SESSION 6 Session 6 was on Technology related to Oil Spill Recovery, session chaired by Mr. Rune Bergstrom from Norwegian Coastal Administration.SpeakersfromChukarWaterjetInc.,USA;OSRL,Singapore&WiproTechnologiessharedtheirtechnology. th OnLastdayi.e.,day3,7 SessionstartedwiththetopicofOilSpillRecoveryOrganisation.ItwaschairedbyCapt.SandeepKalia ExecutiveDirector,GreatOffshoreSalvageServicesLtd.SpeakersfromSeaworthyShipping,India;OSRL,Singapore;Lamor Corporation,FinlandandAlphamarineEmergencyResponseServicesgavetheirpresentations. Session 8 was focused on Legal Issues and claims, chaired by Capt.MM Saggi, Nautical Adviser, Govt.of India.Speakers from International Max Planck Research School for Maritime Affairs, Germany; Indian Coast Guard and Menezes and Associates sharedtheirexpertise. Session9wasInteractiveSession,whereCapt.MMSaggi,RakeshSrivastava,Dr.SKNanda,DIGDonnyMichael,Mr.Dependra Pathak,Mr.B.P.Baliga,Mr.AnoopKumar,Mr.U.D.Choubey,Dr.Y.B.Sontakkeparticipatedanddiscussedtheissue. SESSION 7 SESSION 8 Interactive sessions SESSION 9 42 SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 2011
Networking dinner ExhibitioninaugurationwasfollowedbytheWelcomeDinneratFisherman’sWharf,Goa. Exhibition was inaugurated by Mr. A K Hazarika, CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2011. Exhibition showcased participationfrom25companiesfrom10countriesand2countrypavilionsfromUKandNorway. International brands like Lamor, Desmi-Ro Clean, Elastec/American Marine Inc., Optimare, Markleen, Green Apple Environmental Technologies, Ecoceane, ECOservice-NEFTEGAZ Ltd., Ayles Fernie International Ltd., Fastank, SEACOR Response, Vikoma International Limited, OPEC, Darcy Spillcare, 3M India, Aanderra Data Instruments, Aatash Norcontrol, Allmaritim, Aptomar, Frank Mohn, Fugro Oceanor, H Henriksen, Miros, Norlense participated and presented their latest technologiesandadvancements. Exhibitorsgotopportunitiestodiscussthesamewiththedelegatescamefrom18countriesworldwide. Exhibition OSI 2011 SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 2011 43
SHOW STATISTICS 2011 18 Countries 225 Delegates 25 Exhibitors 28.16% 71.83% Annual Biennial 44.28% 39.43% 15.49% 1.41% 0% Preferred Frequency of Conference Networking Relevance of Conference Content Quality of Speakers Participation in OSI 2011 Would like to attend again or not? Excellent V. Good Average Poor Disappointing 51.42% 41.42% 5.71% 1.43% 0% Excellent Excellent V. Good V. Good Average Average Poor Poor Disappointing Disappointing Yes No 64.78% 5.63% 1.41% 0% 28.16% 1.56% 98.40% 92.84% rated the content relevance as excellent / Very Good. 71.82% preferred the frequency of conference to be annual 98.4% said they would like to attend it next time as well. 92.94% rated the quality of speakers as excellent / Very Good 8 3 . 7 1 % s a i d t h a t t h e n e t w o r k i n g opportunities were excellent / Very Good. 44
TAKEAWAYS 2011 l Toidentifytheresponsecapacityoftheregiontomarineoilspillsthatoccurwithinoroutofportlimits. l Toidentifythepreparednessoftheregiontocoveralltypesofoilspillages l To set up a local spill response team depending on the size and nature of the spill and the resources at risk. This team willworkincloseco-ordinationwiththeregionalornationalcontingencyplan. l To set up a pre approved list of the company or agency responsible for the spill clean-up depending upon their capacity tohandletheoilspillviz:Tier1,2or3.Thepaymenttotheapprovedvendortobeguaranteed bytheadministration. l To set up an 'Action Group for Oil spill Response (AGOSR)' independent of any state control & have members from the localindustry&thestateauthoritytoberesponsibletofirstbeavailableincaseofanoilspill. Thisgroupshouldhaveits secretariatatthelocallevelwhichwillworkinco-ordinationwiththestate/regionalauthoritysuchasCoastGuard. l The aim for the action group is to choose spill management strategies at the local level, to first be available for a response,whichareefficienttocontainthedamagetotheenvironment. l To have a set of basic / advanced equipments, vessels, dispersants etc. available at each major / minor district for immediateaction. 45
THANK YOU SPONSORS 2011 Gold Sponsor Silver Sponsor Bronze Sponsor Associate Sponsor Show Supporters High Tea Sponsor THANKYOU SPONSORS 46
POST SHOW REPORT POST SHOW REPORT 47
Oil Spill India conference discusses ways to prevent, control and contain oil spills Coastal oil spills - or any oil spill, for that matter - have always meant indiscriminate environmental destruction and inordinate shipping industry woes around the world.Following the huge BP oil spill that affected the Gulf of Mexico and destroyed millions of marine species and flora and fauna, the Mumbai Arabian Sea region also saw oil spills that affected the environment.It also struck at the heart of the shipping industry, which was the biggest hit in the events. In its wake it was found necessary to look into the specificsofspillandtoformulateforthecountrynecessarymethodstoplan,preventandprotectourcoastlinefromoilspills. The second Oil Spill India Conference organized by iTen Media was held at the Holiday Inn Resort Goa, from Sept.13-15, 2012 having theme PLAN-PREVENT-PROTECT.An impressive array of speakers from the oil industry and from overseas made their valuable contributions during the conference. It was a high-profile event, with Mr. Sudhir Vasudeva, Chairman & Managing Director (CMD) ONGC gracing the occasion as the Chief Guest along with Mr.A K Hazarika, Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman,OSI2012 and Mr.PElango,CEO,CairnIndiaLtdastheGuestsofHonour. Welcoming the guests Capt. Sandeep Kalia, Convenor OSI 2012 of the conference remarked that India has been lucky as no major oil spill has occurred in Indian waters till now, but with increasing maritime traffic in the coming years, things could change drastically. The hydrocarbon exploration arena and oil transportation are major causes of oil spills. He added that the second edition of this conference comes at a time when questions of maritime safety and the related issues of pollution caused by ships have been receiving considerable attention worldwide.Today, protection of the marine environment is the dominant consideration inmostSalvage&Oilspillresponseoperations.Salvor'smissionisto"keepthepollutantintheship". Mr.SudhirVasudeva, Chairman and Managing Director of ONGC during his address stated that global economy has a voracious appetiteforoilduetoindustrialization,urbanizationandmotorization.30%oftheenergybasketwillbeoccupiedbyoiltill2030and beyond, 24% by coal and 23% by gas.The tanker movement in Indian waters has increased over the past decade.The chief guest highlighted that the country has to depend heavily on the import of crude oil to meet its domestic needs.Very large crude carriers (VLCC) can carry up to 2 million barrels of oil which are mostly headed for North America from the Persian Gulf. Human error, equipmentbreakdown,countriesatwar,naturaldisasters,terroristactivitiescanbemajorcausesofoilspills. The coast guard was designated as the central coordination agency for containing oil spills in Indian waters in 1986. However, many issues have yet to be resolved: i)the interface of the nodal agency with other agencies ii)regulation of tankers passing through Indian waters iii) the responsibility of cleaning of shores iv) regulation of shallow water, deep water and ultra deep water explorationsinIndianwaters. Mr. Sudhir Vasudeva further added that the interest generated by OSI conference in this national cause is outstanding and also complemented the audience for representation in vast numbers. As the entire E&P fraternity is venturing from deep to deeper water to discover and produce more hydrocarbons the theme chosen for the conference, Plan - Prevent - Protect aptly reflects the concerns of the society with regards to Oil Pollution. India's premier oil exploration and production company, ONGC, has set a target of doubling India's domestic production by 2030 and overseas acquisitions by almost nine times. A good part of the investmentswillgointo"unlockingdomesticyet-tofindreserves"headded.Whatthismeansis,ONGCwillstepupexplorationand with growth of such quantum there is an imperative need for extending our abilities to gear up for potential pollution threat,Tier 3 andbeyond,recallingtheMacondoincidentinGulfofMexicohestated. Mr.A.K.Hazarika, Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2012 mentioned that onshore oil spills were being cleared with technology that had been developed in house and the company has signed MOU's with other operators for oil spill 48 OVERVIEW 2012
management. He also told that the Oil Spill response perspective plan and the capabilities available in the country along with mitigation strategies have been put in place by ONGC as well as Cairn. Mr. Hazarika also provided an insight into the current statistics of oil activities in the country, national contingency plan & emphasized that OISD is in place for safeguarding the Oil sector. Mr. P Elango, CEO Cairn Energy India Ltd. stated that about a billion tons of oil was waiting to be tapped in India waters. Oil exploration especially in deep waters was being stepped up and this could lead to oil spills in the future unless proper measures weretakentopreventsuchincidentsfromoccurring. Mr. J.G. Chaturvedi from ONGC spoke on the future of oil spill response from offshore. He stated that most of the operations of ONGC were on the west coast of India, as the company has entered the east coast for exploration several issues needed to be addressed regarding oil spills. For instance who would take the first call in the eventuality of an oil spill? Should it be the coast guard or the state pollution control board?Where would the funds for managing an oil spill come from? Moreover there was lack of legislation for punishing the polluter.There was an urgent need for having a regional forum for managing oil spills. Each agency involved in managing an oil spill needed to have a contingency plan. A national regulatory authority for handling oil spills, authorizedandempoweredbyanactofParliamentwassorelyneededinIndia.Adesignatedfundwasalsorequiredforcontrolling oilspillsandtrainedmanpowerwastheneedofthehour. Mr. Hari Kumar of Cairn India observed that India has the capability to handle tier 2 spills. He told that there needs to be action taken in case of oil spills within 6 hours to avoid any catastrophic damage.With the“polluter pays”principle not been incorporated intoIndianlawstheIndiancoastlineandpeoplelivingonthecoastlineveryvulnerabletooilspills. Mr.Yoppy Tan representing Oil Spill Response Ltd. emphasized that planning and practice was required to manage oil spills. Regular exercises needed to be conducted so that trained personnel were available in the eventuality of an oil spill.These mock exercisesneednotbecostlybuttheyhadtobewellplannedandexecuted. The session on the environmental impact of spills on the ecosystem—Damage Assessment and Restoration, had interesting speakers.BernardFrebottofSABspokeaboutthesoftwareapplicationsandmobileapplicationsthathadbeencreatedforhazard management. He told that the indirect costs of the incident were 5—50 times higher than the direct costs. There is a need for understandingthematerialmanagementofhazardoussubstancesonboardvessels.Howeverenvironmentalreportingshouldbe timely&incidentmanagementatvariouslevelsshouldbethemainfocushesaid. Dr.Jagdsih P.N.Giri stated that the environmental impact of the oil spill depended on the quantity of oil spilled, the quality of the oil anditstoxicity.Spilledoilcandamagethefoodchaininthemarineenvironmentanditaffectscoralreefs,mangrovesandtidalflats. Oil spill modeling can be a useful device where the model must forecast the movement of the contaminant, the location, size and physicalpropertiesofthespilledoil,thenatureofthetidalwavesthatarespreadingtheoil,howmuchoilisleftonthesurfaceofthe seaafteraperiodoftime,theweatheringprocessofspilledoiletc. Dr. D. K. Adhikari spoke about the microbial management system of oil spills. There are various kinds of oil spills—on shore, offshore, surface spills, underwater spills. There are biological remedies for underwater spills, the simplest being the aerial sprinklingofmicrobes. Dr. Ajay Deshpande noted that “polluter pays” principle is not there in Indian legislation relating to pollution. Environmental governance in India leaves much to be desired. An information based approach to controlling and tackling pollution is essential usingthetechnologyavailable.Thereisalsoaparadigmshiftaspollutionisbeingseenasapublichealthhazard. Capt. Kapil Dev expatiated on the legal aspects of risk management, risk assessment and compensation. The 1992 CLC convention increased the compensation limit but the tonnage of the vessel was still the crucial deciding factor in awarding compensation. 49 OVERVIEW 2012
Mr. Amitava Majumdar of Bose & Mitra & Co. stated that various conventions are there which enable the western countries to approachtheshipinsurerdirectlyinsteadoftheshipownershouldthelatterbeuntraceableorfailtomaketimelycompensationto the aggrieved parties. The Bunker Convention has not yet been incorporated into Indian law. However, the Wreck removal ConventionhasbeenratifiedbyIndia.ThereisalsotheLimitationofLiabilityConventionof1976.Alltheseconventionsneedtobe incorporatedintoIndianlawsinatimelymanner. Mrs.DeepikaShah,amaritimelawyerspokeabouttheOilPollutionAct(OPA)intheUSAwhichdealswithoilspills.Thereareonly three exceptions to OPA viz.i) Act of God ii) Act ofWar and iii) Act ofThird party.The other positive feature of OPA was its natural resource assessment. Accordingly, whether or not a resource affected by an oil spill has a commercial value, a monetary value should be put on a non-commercial resource like a mangrove forest for instance, in order to claim compensation for rehabilitating such natural resources.If a comparable law was passed by the Indian parliament, it would go a long way in ensuring that natural resourcesinIndiawouldreceivedueattentionaswellasfundsforrehabilitation,shouldtheybeaffectedbyoilspills. Dr.R.K.Raju of Reliance Industries who had practical experience in dealing with oil spills made some interesting observations on the current scenario in India.With more than 250 million people living on India's coastline and more than 200 ports both major and minor, the probability of such mishaps occurring in the future was looming around the corner. In the past decade the number of ports has increased and oil and gas exploration has also been stepped up.The facilities on the west coast of India are 25-30 years oldwhilethoseontheeastcoastareabout10yearsold.Theoilspillresponsedependsonwhethertheoilspillisgoingtowardsthe coast or away from the coast. As the ocean currents and winds may move in different directions, where an oil slick will land up eventually is anybody's guess. Although contingency plans have been formulated by various parties, they may not always be helpfulintacklinganoilspillbecauseofthelargenumberofvariablesinvolved. The general & unanimous comment that followed the two days of the conference was that the shipping companies, port trusts, government authorities, state pollution control boards, legal advisers, scientists and other experts should all be involved in the ongoing effort to protect India's coastline, its inhabitants and natural resources from and after effects of an oil spill.Although India has not witnessed a major oil spill like in the west but with aging oilfields and increasing maritime traffic in Indian waters the likelihood of accidents and oil spills cannot be ruled out.As the climatic conditions in the eastern offshore were more turbulent, all partiesshouldbepreparedforincidentsofftheeastcoastofIndiainthefuture. India needs to become a signatory to two international conventions :i) International convention on Civil Liabilities for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage ii) Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention. Both industry and the government have to invest in equipmentandchemicalsforcleaningupoilspills.TheNationalDisasterManagementAuthorityshouldincludeoilspillsasoneof the disasters in their action plan. It was also felt that regional cooperation for handling oil spills was crucial. For instance the Andamans were closer to Singapore than to the Indian mainland and help could be rushed faster from Singapore in case of an oil spillincident. Morethan250delegates&40exhibitorsmadetheOilSpillIndia2012ahugesuccessandparticipantsleftwithabetterideaofthe challenges facing both the oil industry and authorities regarding the management of oil spills. It was hoped that this conference would provide the oil industry a much needed forum for expressing their views and getting the latest information about oil spill management. OVERVIEW 2012 50
WELCOME ADDRESS 2012 THEME: PLAN PREVENT PROTECT| | 51 WELCOME ADDRESS 2012
As we are aware that iTen Media, in association with ONGC and Interspill, is organising the second edition of Oil Spill India (051) : the International Conference & Exhibition in Goa from 13-15 September, 2012. To combat against any possible oil spillage, the most accepted formula worldwide is based on – 'Plan, Prevent and Protect'. Mostaptly,thisiswhathasbeentakenupastheThemeofthis editionof0S1. It is obvious that the instant event is not only going to become an incredible platform for the professionals to brainstorm and exchange ideas on the demanding needs of the petroleum industry which have been specially underlined by the Macondo incident in the Gulf of Mexico, it will also help to foster a new tie between producers, service providers as well as vendors dealing with the materials and services related to preventing and arresting possibleoilspillageatvariouscircumstancesofon-landandoffshoreoperations. Considering the global dynamics of the petroleum industry, especially when our focus is shifting from safe and knownterritoriesoflandandshallowwatertodeepwatersandultra-deepwaters,itisimperativethatprofessionals from all sections of the oil industry pay maximum attention to explore and include new areas of interest in the field ofspillprevention,preparedness,responseandrestoration. It is also heartening to learn that the Oil Spill India 2012 is also bringing out a brochure documenting our commitmenttowardsprotectingenvironmentwhilewearestrivingformoreandmoreenergy. Let me convey my warm greetings to all the participants and wish a very successful and professionally satisfying conferencing. SudhirVasudeva Chairman&ManagingDirector ONGC 52 WELCOME ADDRESS 2012
As Chairman of the Oil Spill India 2012 (OSI) and on behalf of the steering committee - it is my great pleasure to welcome you to this 2nd International Conference & Exhibition on Oil Spill Planning, Prevention, Response & RestorationSystemsatGoa,India. iTENMedia-theorganizers'ofOSIconference,SteeringCommitteeMembers&theconferencesponsorssharea commongoaltoimprovetheindustry'sabilityinunderstandingandtakingresponsibilityofmaintainingthemarine ecosystem & environment at large. One important aspect of this goal is to understand the impacts of spill and related stressors on the marine and coastal ecosystems and human populations, and applying that information to future response, mitigation, and restoration following spills.Aptly the 2012 conference theme of “ Plan, Prevent & Protect”underlinestheimportanceofthesegoals. This year's event continues to build upon the immense success 1st edition of Oil Spill India conference held last year, the primary purpose of which was to share oil spill preparedness and response expertise, techniques and technologiesfromaroundtheglobeandimplementthoseintheregion. The 2nd International Oil Spill India Conference will witness over 40 speakers including industry leaders, global experts & government regulators - presenting cutting edge technology, research and incident case studies to 300 plus delegates from over 20 countries. Concurrently 35 international exhibitors display the latest in technology andproductscoveringthesector. The 2012 OSI Program Committee has put together what I believe to be one of the best conferences in the series of international conferences. This program includes technical presentations & panel discussions from leading industry, government, and academia experts. I am sure you will find our opening panel of key leaders from the ONGC, CAIRN & Great Offshore Salvage to be very informative and thought provoking in setting the general tone of the conference. The unique social and networking opportunities have been designed to provide an encouraging, thought provoking and interactive experience for all during the event. Thank you for your participation in this prestigious event.I look forward to seeing many of you at the technical sessions, in the Exhibit Hall,oroneofthesocialevents. A.K.Hazarika FormerCMD,ONGC &ConferenceChairman,OSI2012 53 WELCOME ADDRESS 2012
nd I am pleased to learn that the 2 Oil Spill India 2012 conference & exhibition is being organized by iTen Media at th th Goafrom13 septemberto15 September2012atHolidayInn,Goa. We all are aware that any Oil spill is a major disaster for any country but it also gives all of us an opportunity to come together to think on how our collective behavior has brought us to the brink of such a disaster history.We all canmakeadifferenceandweneedtoadoptadifferentattitudetowardsthenaturalworld. I am confident that this conference will provide a platform to nurture successful collaboration among the stakeholders such as the oil companies, regulatory authorities, local ports and shipping industry, local and global vendorsofoilspillresponseequipmentandserviceproviders. We look forward to your participation as experts, commentators, managers and exhibitors to help the concerned globalfraternitylearnfromeachother’sexperience. WarmwelcomeonthebehalfofOSI2012. AnoopKumar ExecutiveDirector,ONGC 54 WELCOME ADDRESS 2012
I am delighted to know that the International Conference and Exhibition‘Oil Spill India 2012’is being organized by iTEN Media at Goa from 13th to 15th September, 2012, with theme“Plan, Prevent, Protect”.I hope‘OSI 2012’will bring together global industry experts, Government bodies and other stakeholders to deliberate in depth on oil spill issues and work towards better legislation and an effective oil spill management system.Oil India Limited is pleasedtosupportthisevent. I convey my best wishes to the organizers for their effort in hosting this conference and exhibition and wish all the success. S.Rath Director (Operations) Oil India Limited 55 WELCOME ADDRESS 2012
I am glad to note that iTEN Media is organising the second edition of Oil Spill India International Conference and Exhibition at Goa during 13th to 15th September 2012 focusing on the issue and challenges faced by the oil industryinIndiaintheveryimportantareaofoilspill.Asourscaleofoperationalincrease,ourresponsibilitiesalso multiply. Such conferences and exhibitions add to our knowledge base and thereby serve the national cause in spurringgrowththatisenvironmentfriendlyandsustainable. J.P.Ojha ExecutiveDirector(Operations) IndianOilCorporationLimited 56 WELCOME ADDRESS 2012
To my mind, Indian E & P industry's foremost priority is to engage in continuous communication with all the stakeholders in our operating environment to educate, train and prepare them to deal with any emergency situation, especially on major oil spill scenarios which tend to have wider and longer impacts on the community andthemarineenvironment.Doingitcollectivelywouldbringthecredibilityandwillbemoreeffective. Indian E&P industry is growing rapidly with widening range of operations in onshore, offshore (shallow and deep) and cross country pipelines.We need to swiftly address highly complex but critical issues such as the emergency wellcappingresources,servicesandTier-3oilspillresponsecapabilities. We learn from each other's success and as well as mistakes. I am confident that the group of national and international luminaries, policy makers, technologists and scientists assembled here at the Oil Spill India Conference 2012 will share their wisdom and inspire the Indian Oil and Gas Industry to adapt the Global Best Practices. We at Cairn, look forward to participating and supporting OSI 2012 conference and exhibition and wish huge successtotheinitiative. P.Elango Interim CEO Cairn India Ltd. 57 WELCOME ADDRESS 2012
Considering the global dynamics of the petroleum industry, especially when the focus of the entire upstream sector is shifting from safe and known territories of land and shallow water to deepwaters and ultra-deepwaters, it is imperative for professionals from all sections of the oil industry to pay maximum attention to the practice of safe exploration. Oil Spill poses serious threats to environment, it damage the mere existence of all the living being.Impact of this spillcanbesoseverethatifthesemeasuresarenotimplementedattherighttimecanbeirreparable.Anyoilspills, onshore or offshore needs to be analyzed seriously and mitigation methods should be applied to minimize the damages. nd Iwishallthesuccessforthe2 editionofOilSpillIndia2012. Hari Kumar Head - HSE and Quality Assurance Cairn India Ltd. WELCOME ADDRESS 2012 58
CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2012 THEME: PLAN PREVENT PROTECT| | 59 CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2012
DAY 1-THURSDAY, TH 13 SEPTEMBER, 2012 1100-1600 - REGISTRATION 1530-1600 - HIGHTEA 1600 - 1730 HOURS: INAUGURAL SESSION Mr. Sudhir Vasudeva, CMD, ONGC - Chief Guest Mr. A K Hazarika, Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2012 - Special Address Mr. P Elango, CEO, Cairn India Limited Release of Souvenir / Show Catalogue Capt. Sandeep Kalia, ED, Great Offhore Salvage Services Ltd. & Convenor - OSI 2012 - Vote of Thanks 1735 - 1900 HOURS - PLENARY SESSION Session Chairman: Mr. P Elango, CEO, Cairn India Limited Speakers: 1.) Capt. M M Saggi, Nautical Advisor, Govt. Of India, DG Shipping Key Regional Issues in India for Development of Policies and Legislation for Oil spill Response 2.) Mr. AndrewTucker, Senior Technical Adviser, ITOPF Oill Spill and Container Ships 1900 HOURS - EXHIBITION INAUGURATION 1930 HOURS ONWARDS- WELCOME DINNER (SPONSORED BY ONGC) TH DAY 2- FRIDAY, 14 SEPTEMBER 2012 0900 - 1015 HOURS - SESSION 1 ‘Oil Spill Preparedness & Response – Planning and Implementation’ Session Chairman: Mr. A K Hazarika, Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2012 Spakers: 1.) Mr. J G Chaturvedi, ED Chief New & Marginal Fiel Development, ONGC Future of Oil spill response from Offshore E&P activities – An approach 2.) Mr.YoppyTan, Senior Preparedness Development Executive, Oil Spill Response Limited Planning for National Oil Spill Response Exercise 1015 - 1130 HOURS - SESSION 2 ‘Environmental Impact of Spills on Ecosystem – Damage Assessment and Restoration’ Session Chairman: Mr. M. L. Jain, ED, (GGM-HSE Designate), ONGC Speakers: 1.) Mr. Bernd Freibott, Director, BD Sustainability Services Hub, SAP Sustainable Safety Management: Incident Management as a Cornerstone for a Successful Safety Culture 60 CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2012
2.) Mr. Jagdish P N Giri, Chief Chemist, Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited, India Mapping and Modelling of Oil Spill in Context of Ecological and Environmental Impact Assessment on the Economics of Coastal Communities 1130 - 1200 HOURS -TEA BREAK 1200 - 1300 HOURS - SESSION 3 ‘Coastal Area Management – Oil Spill Containment & Clean-up Activities’ Session Chairman: Mr. Apurba Saha, OSD (Offshore), ONGC Speakers: 1.) Mr. Arvinder S. Brara, CMD, Mantec Consultants Pvt. Ltd. Pollution Control 2.) Dr. Dilip K. Adhikari, Chief Scientist, Head Biofuel Division & Head iotechnology Conversion Area Microbial Oil Spill Management in Sea 3.) Dr. Ajay Deshpande, Environment Advisor, Maharashtra State Raod Transportation Corporation Trends of Innovative Environmental Governance and Policies in India with reference to Coastal Environment 1300 - 1400 HOURS - LUNCH 1400 - 1500HOURS - SESSION 4 ‘Addressing Legal & Insurance Issues’ Session Chairman: Mr. J G Chaturvedi, ED, Chief New & Marginal Fiel Devl., ONGC Speakers: 1.) Capt. Kapil Dev Bahl, Managing Director, Murray Fenton (India) Surveyors Pvt. Ltd. Risk Assessmant and Management 2.) Mrs. Deepika Shyam, Maritime Lawyer India’s Need for Oil Spill Legislation 1500 – 1600 HOURS - SESSION 5 ‘Challenges & preparedness for offshore Spill Response’ Session Chairman: Mr. J P Ojha, ED Operatons, Indian Oil Corporation Limited Speakers: 1.) Dr. R K Raju, General Mangaer (HSE), Petroleum - E&P, Reliance Industries Limited Vulnerability of Indian Coast Line to Oil Spills and Influence of Seasonal Factors in the Contingency Planning for Oil Spill Response 2.) Mr. Hari Kumar, Head – HSE & Quality Assurance, Cairn India Limited Need for Public-Private cooperation in building Oil Spill response Organizations (OSROs) in India 1600 HOURS -TEA BREAK 61 CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2012
1630-1730 HOURS - SESSION 6 Advances in Equipment andTechnologies for Remote Sensing and‘ Surveillance of Oil spills (I)’ Session Chairman: Mr. Roger Mabbott, Director, UK Spill Association Speakers: 1.) Dr. Nils Robbe, CEO, OPTIMARE Sensorsysteme GmbH & Co. KG Optimized Operational Airborne Oil Spill Remote Sensing: Current Status of Sensor and Mission System Technology 2.) Mr. S. J. Prasad, Scientist, ISG - National Center for Ocean Information Services, MoES, GoI Modelling the Fate of Spilled Oil in Indian Waters using GNOME 3.) Mrs. Arti Chopra, Spill Response Specialist, Oil Spill Response Limited Integration of Oil Spill Modelling Results, Satellite Survelliance in to One Common Operating Picture 1730-1830 HOURS - SESSION 7 ‘Advances in Equipment andTechnologies for Remote Sensing and Surveillance of Oil spills (II)’ Session Chairman: Capt. M M Saggi, Nautical Advisor, Govt. of India, DG Shipping Speakers: 1.) Mr. Krayukhina Maria, ECO service-NEFTEGAZ” Ltd Block-modular Complex for Separation Oily Bilge Water 2.) Mr. Michael Ryderb, Sales Manager, Miros AS Introduction to Various Technologies for Remote Monitoring and Detection of Oil Spills 3.) Mr. Fredrik Björkbäck, Sales, Todo (Sweden) Open or Closed Transfer of Liquids and Gases – Dry-Break will Save the Environment and Money 1830 – 1930 hours - Session 8 ‘Country Presentation – UK Spill Association’ 1930 hours - UK SPILL ASSOCIATION RECEPTION (By invitation) DAY 3- SATURDAY 15TH SEPTEMBER 2012 0900 – 1030 HOURS - SESSION 9 ‘Oil Spill Response: Efficacy and Effects’ Session Chairman Capt. Sandeep Kalia, ED, Great Offhore Salvage Services Ltd. & Convenor, OSI 2012 Speakers: 1.) Mr. Absjorn Klaussen, Sales Manager, NorLense AS Oil Spill Emergency Prevention of Response 2.) Mr. Melany Carter Groves, Spill Response Specialist, Oil Spill Response Limited Changing Needs in Initial Oil Spill Responder Training and Exercises 3.) Capt. D.C.Sekhar, Director, Alpha MERS Pvt Ltd, Regulation Covering Discharge of ‘Clean Water’ from Spill Response Vessels 62 CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2012
1030 - 1130 HOURS - SESSION 10 ‘Oil Spill Response Arrangements – Maritime and Port’ Session Chairman: Mr. D Mehrotra, Dy. Chief Surveyor - cum - Sr. DDG (Tech), Directorate General of Shipping Speakers: 1.) Mr. Deepak Sachdeva, COO, Vadinar Oil Terminal Limited Sensitivity Mapping of Coastline for Oil Spill Contingency Planning & Response 2.) Mr. PradeepThatte, Jt. Sr.Vice President - Crude Oil Terminal, Bharat Oman Refineries Ltd. Realistic Oil Spill Risk Assessment for Gulf of Kucth - The Need for fresh Thinking 3.) Mr. Ankit Vaishnav, Regional Head, QHSSE & Training, DP World, Subcontinent Region Oil Spill Response: A Container Terminal Operator’s Perspective 1130 HOURS -TEA BREAK 1200-1300 HOURS - SESSION 11 ‘Interactive Session: Effective and Applicable Strategies for Oil Spill Prevention – Industry / Government Co-operation’ Panelist: 1.) Capt. M M Saggi, Nautical Advisor, Govt. Of India, DG Shipping 2.) Dr. P B Rastogi, Director - IA Division, MoEF 3.) Dr. R K Raju, General Manager, HSE, Petroleum - E&P, Reliance Industries Ltd. 4.) Mr. Hari Kumar, Head, HSE & Quality Assurance, Cairn India Limited 5.) Mr. Anoop Kumar, ED Head, HSE, ONGC 6.) Dr. Avinash Chandra, Former (First) Director General of Hydrocarbons, Govt. of India 7.) Mr. D Mehrotra, Dy. Chief Surveyor - cum - Sr. DDG (Tech), Directorate General of Shipping Moderator: Capt. Sandeep Kalia, ED, Great Offshore Salvage Services & Convenor OSI 2012 1300 HOURS - VOTE OFTHANKS CLOSE OF CONFERENCE FOLLOWED BY LUNCH CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2012 63
SPEAKERS 2012 CAPT. DEEPAK SACHDEVA Chief Operating Officer & ED, Vadinar Oil Terminal Limited DR. DILIP K. ADHIKARI Chief Scientist Head Biofuel Division & Head Biotechnology Conversion Area MIKAEL RYDBERG Sales Manager Miros AS YOPPY TAN Senior Preparedness Development Executive Oil Spill Response Limited DR. JAGDISH P. N. GIRI Chief Chemist, Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited, India ARVINDER S BRARA Chairman and Managing Director Mantec Consultants Pvt. Ltd KAPIL DEV BAHL Managing Director, Murray Fenton India Surveyors Pvt. Ltd. Director, BMT Consultants India Pvt. Ltd. S. J. PRASAD Scientist, ISG INCOIS, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh DR. NILS ROBBE Chief Executive Officer OPTIMARE Sensorsysteme GmbH & Co. KG Germany ASBJORN KLAUSSEN Sales Manager NorLense CDR. ANKIT ASHWIN VAISHNAV (RETD.) Regional Head QHSSE & Training, DP World, Subcontinent Region S. RATH Director (Operations) Oil India Limited CAPT. SANDEEP KALIA Executive Director Great Offshore Salvage Service Ltd. & Convener, OSI 2012 ANDREW TUCKER Senior Technical Adviser The International Tankers Owners Pollution Federation (ITOPF) CAPT. D. C. SEKHAR Director Alpha MERS Pvt Ltd DR. AJAY DESHPANDE Head Environmental Information Centre FREDRIK BJÖRKBÄCK Sales Todo AB (Sweden) DR. R.K. RAJU General Manager - HSE Reliance Industries Ltd. (E&P), India THOMAS LIEBERT Head External Relations & Conference Dep. IOPC Funds, United Kingdom BERND FREIBOTT Director, BD Sustainability Services Hub SAP DEEPIKA SHYAM Maritime Lawyer THATTE PRADEEPKUMAR R. Jt. Sr Vice President Bharat Oman Refineries Ltd MELANY CARTER-GROVES & NICOLA JACKSON Oil Spill Response Specialist Oil Spill Response LTD ARTI CHOPRA Spill Response Specialist Oil Spill Response Limited DR. Y. B. SONTAKKE Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, Govt. of Maharashtra 64
SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 2012 Inauguration ceremony Inaugural session Sessions SESSION 1 On day 2, Session 1 focused on the Perspective & Challenges in India. Speakers from Dy. DG Shipping, ONGC, Oil Spill Response Ltd. gave their valuable viewpoint and shared the expertise.The session was chaired by Mr. A. K. Hazarika, Former CMD,ONGC&ConferenceChairman,OSI2012 ThelamplightingceremonywasfollowedbyAnInauguralSession. Oil Spill India 2012 was inaugurated by Mr.SudhirVasudeva, CMD, ONGC and accompanied by Mr.A K.Hazarika, Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2012, Capt. Sandeep Kalia, ED, Great Offshore Salvage Services Ltd. & Convenor - OSI th 2012&Mr.P.Elango,CEO-CairnIndiaLtd. on13 September2012at1600hrs. Mr.A.K.Hazarika,FormerCMD,ONGC&ConferenceChairman,OSI2012InauguratedtheOSI2012InternationalExhibition. 65
Sessions SESSION 2 SESSION 3 SESSION 4 SESSION 5 Session 2 started with the presentations from the eminent speakers from SAP, ONGC.The Session was chaired by Mr.M L Jain, ED(GGM-HSC),ONGC Session 3 started with the presentations from the eminent speakers from Mantec Consultants Pvt.Ltd., Maharashtra State Road Transportation Corporation, Biofuel Division & Biotechnology Conversion Area.The Session was chaired by Mr. Apurba Saha, OSD(Offshore),ONGC Session 4 was on Addressing Legal & Insurance Issues, where speakers from Bose & Mitra & Co., Murray Fenton (India) SurveyorsPvt.Ltd.,MaritimeLawyergavetheirpresentations;sessionwaschairedbyMr.JGChaturvedi,EDChiefNewMarginal FielDevl,ONGC Session 5 was on Challenges & Preparedness for offshore Spill Response, where speakers from Reliance Industries Ltd., Cairn IndiaLtd.,OilspillResponseLtd.,Singaporegavetheirpresentations;sessionwaschairedbyMr.JPOjha,ED(Operations)IOCL SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 2012 66
SESSION 6 SESSION 7 SESSION 8 SESSION 9 Session 9 was on Oil Spill Response : Efficacy & Effects, where speakers from Oil Spill Response Ltd., NorLense AS & Alpha MERSPvt.Ltdgavetheirpresentations;sessionwaschairedbyCapt.SandeepKalia,ED,GreatOffshoreSalvageServicesLtd.& Convenor,OSI2012. Session8wasCountryPresentation-UKSpillAssociation. Session 7 was on Advance in Equipment &Technologies for Remote Sensing & Surveillance of Oil Spill (II), where speakers from NEFTEGAZ Ltd., MiorsAS, Todo (Sweden) gave their presentations; session was chaired by Capt.M M Saggi, Nautical Advisor, DGShipping Session 6 was on Advance in Equipment &Technologies for Remote Sensing & Surveillance of Oil Spill (I), where speakers from OPTIMARE Sensirsysteme GmbH & Co.KG, Indian National Center for Information Services, Oil Spill Response Ltd.gave their presentations;sessionwaschairedbyMr. RogerMabbott,Director,UKSpillAssociation. SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 2012 67
SESSION 10 SESSION 11 Session 10 was on Oil Spill Response Arrangements - Maritime & Port, where speakers from Vadinar Oil Terminal Ltd., Bharat Oman Refineries Ltd. & DP World, Subcontinent Region gave their presentations; session was chaired by Mr. D. Mehrotra, Dy. ChiefSurveyor-cum-Sr.DDG(Tech),DirectorateGeneralofShipping. Session 11 was Interactive Session, where speakers from Great Offshore Salvage Services, DG Shipping, Reliance Industries Ltd., Cairn India Ltd., ONGC, MoEF gave their presentations; session Moderator was Capt. Sandeep Kalia, ED, Great Offshore SalvageServicesLtd.&Convenor,OSI2012 Networking dinner ExhibitioninaugurationwasfollowedbytheWelcomeDinneratHolidayInn,Goa. SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 2012 68
Exhibition OSI 2012 Exhibition was inaugurated by Mr.A K Hazarika, Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2012.Exhibition showcased participationfrom25companiesfrom10countriesand2countrypavilionsfromUKandNorway. International brands like Aptomar AS, Ayles Fernie International Ltd., Chukar Waterjet Inc., Darcy Spillcare Manufacture, Ecoservive - Neftegaz, Ltd., Energy Plus Communications, Fosse Liquitrol Ltd., Frank Mohn AS, Gayatri Industrial Corporation, Indiamart.com, JRE Pvt.Ltd, Kelvin Hughes Ltd., Micros AS, Norlense AS, Oil India Ltd., Oil Spill Response Ltd., OPEC Ltd, Spill International, TODO AB, Woodfield Systems (India) Pvt. Ltd. participated and presented their latest technologies and advancements. Exhibitorsgotopportunitiestodiscussthesamewiththedelegatescamefrom18countriesworldwide. SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 2012 69
SHOW STATISTICS 2012 20 35 Countries 290 Delegates Exhibitors 25% 75% Annual Biennial 45% 35% 17% 3% 0% Preferred Frequency of Conference Networking Relevance of Conference Content Quality of Speakers Participation in OSI 2012 Would like to attend again or not? Excellent V. Good Average Poor Disappointing 55% 40% 5% 0% 0% Excellent Excellent V. Good V. Good Average Average Poor Poor Disappointing Disappointing Yes No 60% 4% 1% 0% 35% 4% 96% 95% rated the content relevance as excellent / Very Good. 75% preferred the frequency of conference to be annual 96% said they would like to attend it next time as well. 95% rated the quality of speakers as excellent / Very Good 80% said that the networking opportunities were excellent / Very Good. 70
TAKEAWAYS 2012 Themajorissuesaddressedduringtheconferencewere: regionalcooperationl needtohaveanodalagencyforhandlingoilspillsl regulatoryissuesandinternationalconventions.l themaintenanceandseaworthinessofvarioustypesofvesselsl navigationerrorsandtrainingofpilotsl fatiguefactorduringnavigationl monitoringofvesselsbyporttrustsl trainingneedsl contingencyplanning,mapping,modelingl needforinternationalsalvers.l Thefollowingactionsplanwasrecommendedfordealingwithoilspillsinthefuture: needtodevelopanexclusiveareaonoilspillcontainmentunderthehealth,safetyandenvironmentl departmentsofallcompaniestoaddressoilspillissuesl needtoforgeanalliancewithallagenciesworkinginIndiatopooloutresourcesatthetimeofcrisisl effortstofilltheknowledgegaponoilspillsthroughawarenessprogram&trainingl managingofoilspillsonhighseasbysatellitebasedmonitoring&modelingl activeinvolvementofcustomsandstatepollutioncontrolboardsl networkingisessentialfordealingwithemergenciesthatmayarise.l 71
worldbunker Platinum Sponsor Silver Sponsor Bronze Sponsor Associate Sponsor Show Supporters THANKYOU SPONSORS THANK YOU SPONSORS 72
Oil Spill India 2014 International Conference & Exhibition 18-20 September, Holiday Inn Resort, Goa TM POST SHOW REPORT Theme: PRACTICE TO PERFECTION 73
Established in 2011, Oil Spill India (OSI) - The International Conference & Exhibition on Oil Spill Prevention, Preparedness, Response & Restoration systems has over the years created a global forum for governments, regulators, industry, academia and response organizations to discuss, deliberate, share & learn the best of practices, technologies & experiences on oil spill management. Each edition of Oil Spill India has witnessed the world's most eminent experts including Policy Makers, CEO's of Oil Producers, Regulators, Responders & Technology Providers delivering Plenary & Keynote Addresses, Case Studies, Forecast Papers and breakthroughResearchpapershighlightingtheraisingglobalfocusonoilspillmanagement. One of the central goals of the Oil Spill India (OSI) Conference is to partake at this critical juncture in brining a promising future for the global oil spill industry & its stakeholders. Since its inception in 2011, OSI has continually evolved & OSI 2014 was no exception in meeting the changing needs and interests of the community that it serves.Attended by over 300 delegates from the global spill industry the 3rd edition of Oil Spill India 2014 was organized from18-20 September 2014 at the Holiday Inn Resort, Goa.The three-day international conference & exhibition was organized by iTEN Media and was jointly supported by the industry atlarge. The diversity of over 60 international speakers, attendees & the exhibitors at OSI 2014 underlined just how important the oil spill subject has become the world over. OSI continues to showcase the latest in technological advances while also offering an unparalleled platform for industry and government leaders to discuss and debate the latest opportunities and challenges facing theindustry.Theeventhadastrongfocusonbuildinggrassrootnetworksacrosstechnicallymindedpeople. TheconferencewasinauguratedbylightingofthelampceremonybyCaptK.P.Jaykumar,DDG,DirectorateGeneralofShipping, Ministry of Shipping, Govt.of India;Capt K.Devdas, Sr.Vice President, Shipping Corporation of India;Mr. Suresh Mehra, GGM, HeadSafety,ONGCalongwiththeChiefGuestDIGA.A.Hebbar,Director,Environment,IndianCoastGuard. With the theme of "Practice to Perfection" the conference addressed the increasing incidents of the oil spill world over and highlightedtheproblemsthatoilspillscausetothemarineenvironmentandthewaterresources. Mr. A.K. Hazarika, Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2014 in his inaugural speech made an observation of recent Oil spills across the world. He further stated that oil spills like the one from Exxon Valdez to the Gulf of Mexico are not uncommonandmanymoreoilspillshaveoccurredintheworld'soceansandotherwaterwaysinthepastthatwentunnoticed. Approximately 5.74 million tonnes of oil were lost as a result of tanker incidents from 1970 to 2013, according to International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Limited, which collects data on oil spills from tankers and other sources.Analysts for the Oil Spill Intelligence Report have reported that spills ranging from small to large have occurred in the waters of 112 nations since 1960. Citing an example of the Khaleeja and Chitra in Mumbai in 2010, he stressed the need of introducing robust spill policies and the necessary regulations for the Indian waters. He further highlighted that while increased sea borne trade might imply increased risk, it was encouraging to observe that downward trends in oil spills continue despite an overall increase in oil trading since the mid-1980s. However, not merely comparing figures; the size of the spill is certainly not the only factor of importance in terms of whatenvironmentaldamagecanbecausedbyaspill. He concluded his speech by stressing that no matter how much we can do by ourselves on the national or international level whether it is research or development, it is never enough.Therefore the industry must join together in an action-oriented effort to theproblemsthatloomslargeoverourindustry&theindustryshouldcollectivelydevoteitselftothedevelopmentintechnologyto addresstheissuesrelatedtooilspills. Capt K.P.Jaykumar, from DG Shipping stated that with the modern day sailing oil spill has been subject of discussion all over the Practice to Perfection OVERVIEW 2014 74
globe. Capt. Jaykumar stressed on various IMO conventions for the prevention of oil spill. Referring to various conventions, he advocated the continuous practice of preventive measures along with the national contingency Plan for Oil spill would help in ensuringoilspillfreeoceans. Capt. K. Devadas, Sr. Vice President (T & OS), Shipping Corporation of India, stated that he would like to congratulate the organizers for choosing an apt theme“Practice to Perfection”for this conference that suits the business of most of the companies. “Intoday'stimesandastheoldsayinggoespracticemakesamanperfectmayitbesportsorprofessionallives. All of us over here should pledge to practice safe working procedures to give a perfect finish to the work that we are being entrustedupon”. He further stated that it is generally understood that all businesses have a major role to play in preventing pollution and reducing releases of harmful emissions into the environment and this is particularly true of the shipping industry.The impact of pollution on fragileecosystemsisparticularlysevereinthemarineenvironment,andtoaddressthistherearevariousinternationalregulations relatedtoenvironmentalcontrol,includingcomprehensivesurveyandcertificationrequirements. Elaboratingitfurtherhestatedthatapproximately706milliongallonsofwasteoilentertheoceaneveryyear,withoverhalfcoming fromlanddrainageandwastedisposal. Offshore drilling and production operations and spills or leaks from ships or tankers typically contribute less than 8 percent of the total. The remainder comes from routine maintenance of ships (nearly 20 percent), hydrocarbon particles from onshore air pollution(about13percent)andnaturalseepagefromtheseafloor(over8percent). IMO is the principal United Nations agency charged with responsibility to regulate maritime safety, security and pollution prevention&theguidelinessetbythemshouldbestrictlyfollowedbyallseagoingmarinecraft,includingdrillingrigshestressed. He further stated that pollution prevention includes any activity geared towards eliminating or reducing ship-source oil and chemicalspills,whichincludestheenactmentandenforcementofrelevantlegislationandregulations.Itisveryimportantforeach & every company to identify the risks that are within or related to the areas of their responsibility but also should have emergency management plans in place. An up-to-date knowledge of risks regarding ship-source spills, training, exercises and appropriate spill response equipment, are important aspects of being prepared to respond to ship-source oil and chemical spills.We as the stateownedshippingcompanyhavepreventionandresponsesystemsdevelopedtoaddressoilspillsiftheyoccur. Stated that in his opinion we all should develop a regime so that the entities who would typically be involved in responding to a spill—such as ports, shipping companies, private spill response companies, local fire departments, and the Coast Guard, are aware of what role they would play.Effective system can be had if each stake holder understands their respective roles, have well and more informed decisions regarding training, exercises, and equipment investments. There is a need to have pollution preventionstudy,beforeanyincidenthappens,thatwilldetermineariskreductionindex. He concluded by saying that the most effective instrument in the marine environment protection is regional treaties. Almost all regional treaties include a general obligation for signatory states to prevent, reduce and control all forms of maritime pollution. However, the elaborated rules need to be enforced and complied with. A closer co-operation and sharing of informational resources within the international community is urgently required, especially in the cases of conventions and their amendments ratification. Mr. Suresh Mehra, GGM, Head Safety, ONGC was very brief in his address. With an initial introduction of the topic and acknowledgingthefacts,hestressedthepointthatmostofthecompaniesshoulddevelopthesystemofself-assessment. ONGC, one of the largest PSU's and as a responsible organization, has developed mechanism and measure on western and eastern shore to overcome such problems. However he was of the view that when it comes to preventing Oil Spill, India as a countryisatinfancystageandthereislotmoretobedone. OVERVIEW 2014 75
ChiefGuestofthefunctionDIGA.A.Hebbar,DirectorEnvironment,IndianCoastGuard(ICG)ishisaddressstatedthatonehasto becriticalandassessallthemeasuresforensuringpreventionofincidents. HealsoinformedthatICGhasmadeamendmentstotheNationalOilSpillDisasterContingencyPlan(NOSDCP)&itisinprocess foradaptation.Oncepassedbytheauthoritieswillbeofgreathelptotheindustryatlarge. Post the address of the Chief Guest, the Inuagural Session dignitaries released the official show catalogue of the 3rd edition of OSIi.e.OilSpillIndia2014. Mr.Abhishek Bhatnagar, CEO, iTEN Media proposed theVote of thanks expressing his gratitude towards the Dignitaries andThe GovernmentofIndiafortheiractiveparticipation. Asoilexplorationanditstransportationworldwidecontinuetoriseanddifferentindustrysectorsleverageusageofoilfortheirown service, growth brings its own challenges. It was observed that closer relationships between operators and technology vendors can generate new efficiencies in industry value chain.For their part, operators must pay close attention to new dynamics in their customer relationships & high levels of trust will be vital if new opportunities are to be translated into winning propositions.The full benefits of better technology capabilities can be realized only through a supportive enabling environment that creates and safeguardsincentivesforcollaboration&investment. Delivering engaging, informative and technically focused presentations by a mix of national, regional & global experts in Spill Planning, Prevention, Response & Restoration technologies, helped achieve the objectives set out for the 2014 agenda of the conference. Therangeanddepthofpresentationscomplementedbythelatestinglobaltechnologies,equipment's&servicesbeingdisplayed by a host of exhibitors from the world over provided the audience a right mix of knowledge sharing & networking opportunity that OSIisrecognizedfor. OVERVIEW 2014 76
WELCOME ADDRESS 2014 Theme: PRACTICE TO PERFECTION WELCOME ADDRESS 2014 77
Spilled oil poses serious threats to Environment.Its aftereffect can seriously create problem that can damage the mere existence of all the living being. Impact of this spill can be so severe that if these measures are not implementedattherighttimecanbeirreparable.Anyoilspills,onshoreoroffshoreneedstobeanalyzedseriously andmitigationmethodsshouldbeappliedtominimizethedamages. I am happy to know that the iTEN Media is organizing Oil Spill India conference and exhibition in association with SpillAssociationofIndia(SAI)atGoafrom18thto20thSept.,2014. This conference will provide the best platforms that highlight the causes of oil spill, mitigation methods, regulations and guidelines, technological innovations in equipments & training needs to the people for damage controlintime. With the hope that all the experts in the field will come together and bring out the solutions required in the oil spill, I wishalltheparticipantsandotherdignitariessuccessintheirendeavor. I also congratulate the organizers for coming up with this event, which would undoubtedly help address this concerneffectivelyandwishthemsuccess. ManoharParrikar Hon’bleChiefMinister,GOA WELCOME ADDRESS 2014 78
iTenMediainassociationwithSpillAssociationofIndia(SAI)isorganizingOilSpillIndia2014inGoaduring18-20 September 2014.To combat against any possible oil spillage, the most accepted formula worldwide is based on “PracticetoPerfection”.Mostaptly,thisiswhathasbeentakenupasthethemeofthiseditionofOilSpillIndia. Considering the global dynamics of the petroleum industry, especially when the focus of the entire industry is shifting from safe and known territories of land and shallow water to deepwater and ultra-deep water, it is imperative that professionals from all sections of the oil industry pay maximum attention to explore and practice safeexploration. OSI 2014 is not only going to be an incredible platform for the professionals to brainstorm and exchange ideas on the demanding needs of the Macondo incident in the Gulf of Mexico, but also will help to foster a new tie between producers, service providers as well as vendors dealing with materials and services related to preventing and arrestingpossibleoilspillagecircumstancesofon-landandoffshoreoperations. It is also heartening to learn that the OSI 2014 is bringing out a brochure documenting commitment towards protectingenvironmentwhilestrivingformoreandmoreenergy. IwishOilSpillIndia2014greatsuccess. Dr.ShaileshNayak Secretary MinistryofEarthSciences GovernmentofIndia WELCOME ADDRESS 2014 79
Directorate General of Hydrocarbons (DGH) wishes to convey its congratulations to Spill Association of India (SAI) for organizing“Oil Spill India 2014”- International Conference & Exhibition during 18-20 September 2014 at Goa.Thethemeof“PracticetoPerfection”isverypertinenttothepresentdayoilindustryinIndia. As a technical arm of the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, Government of India, DGH is monitoring various aspects of E&P sector in India and is of the firm belief that “Oil Spill Management” is an essential aspect of any petroleumoperationsbyanyoperatorintheoilandgasindustry. I, on my personal behalf, convey my best compliments to President, SAI and sincerely wish “Oil Spill India 2014” becomes a grand success contributing towards technology and knowledge upgradation while taking it forward throughpracticetoperfection. BNTalukdar DirectorGeneral DirectorateGeneralofHydrocarbons(DGH) WELCOME ADDRESS 2014 80
th WelcometoOilSpillIndia2014InternationalGatewayIndiaeventfrom18thto20 September2014atHolidayInn Resort, Goa. The theme of the Conference “Practice to Perfection” is very topical and addresses to a very significant issue on Oil Spill Concern and Management which has received a lot of international attention in the recentyears. Theorganizingcommitteeisworkingveryhardtomakethisyear’seventofmuchbetterqualityandexperiencefor participantstorememberascomparedtothepreviousconferences. This is an international Conference-cum-Exhibition for Hydrocarbon Industry and I am sure most of the industry friendshavemadegooduseofthisopportunityandchosentoparticipateinthethirdeditionofOilSpillIndia2014. We have immense pleasure in organising such an event which will surely prove to be a potent platform for dissemination of knowledge and experience of experts from across the world who will not only discuss the relevantissuesofOilSpillconcerningoilandgasindustrytodaybutalsoshallarticulatethevisionforfuture. I am sure there will be a very encouraging response from delegates from world-over to showcase the latest technology and product lines in the exhibition. The confluence of some of the best minds in the business and participation of front line Organisations will ensure that the Conference and Exhibition provide an unparallel“Sea ofnetworkingopportunity”forallparticipants. IwishOilSpillIndia–2014alltheverybestforagrandsuccess. A.K.Hazarika FormerCMD,ONGC &ConferenceChairman,OSI2014 WELCOME ADDRESS 2014 81
The ever growing thirst for energy security is leading oil and gas industry to explore for resources in deep water frontiers and even the most inhospitable terrains in the world. As you are aware deep water drilling underHPHTregimeishighlycomplexandposesamajorriskunlessproperlyplannedandexecuted. In case of any eventuality such a blow out or a major oil spill, the consequences could be severe on both the individualsandthemarineenvironmentaswehaveseeninthecaseofMacondoincident. Hence this presentation looks into various facets of emergency preparedness and the level of integration of responsesrequiredfromvariousfunctionsandstakeholders. The presentation also discusses various efforts being taken by the global E&P industry in pooling of resources and sharing best practices to handle major marine oil spills. Challenges faced by the Indian Oil and Gas industry and the opportunities for forging ahead with collective efforts in this context are also discussed. HariKumar DirectorHSEQ&Security CairnIndiaLtd. WELCOME ADDRESS 2014 82
I am happy to know that the iTEN Media is organizing Oil spill India conference and exhibition in association with SpillAssociationofIndiaatGoafrom18thto20thSeptember2014. Every day, millions of barrels of oil are transported through the seas to various destinations around the globe. Accidently releases of crude oil from tankers, offshore platforms, drilling rigs and wells polluted and destroyed marineecologicallife. I am sure that the Conference will bring together internationally renowned experts and technologists from around theworldonOilSpillResponseandrecoveryandholdin-depthdeliberationsonissuesrelatingtotheOilSpill. We must continue to discuss, explore through these events and invest in new solutions for prevention and responsemeasurestobeeffective. I convey my best wishes and compliments to the organizers, participants and other dignitaries connected to the conferenceandexhibitionforthesuccessfulconductoftheevent. HelgeTryti Director InnovationNorway CommercialCounsellor,RoyalNorwegianEmbassy WELCOME ADDRESS 2014 83
IamdelightedtolearnthattheInternationalConferenceandExhibition‘OilSpillIndia2014’isbeingorganizedby iTen Media at Goa from 18th to 20th September, 2014, with the theme ‘Practice to Perfection’.The timing and theme of this conference cum exhibition are both apt, considering the wide impact of hydrocarbon spills and the needforperfectioninthepracticeofspillpreventionandmanagement.OilIndiaLimitedispleasedtosupportthis event. We learn from each other’s successes as well as failures, and I am confident‘OSI 2014’will bring together global industry experts, Government bodies, technocrats and other stakeholders to share their experience and deliberate in depth on Oil Spill issues and work towards better legislation and deliberate in depth on Oil Spill managementsystem,andinspiretheIndiaOilandGasIndustrytoadoptthe‘PracticetoPerfection’. I convey my best wishes to the organizers for their effort in hosting this conference & exhibition and wish the eventeverysuccess. SatchidanandaRath Director(Operations) OilIndiaLimited WELCOME ADDRESS 2014 84
As we are aware, iTen Media, in association with Spill Association of India (SAI), is organising the third edition of Oil Spill India (OSI), the International Conference & Exhibition in Goa, from 18-20 September 2014.To combat againstanypossibleoilspillage,themostacceptedformulaworldwideisbasedon–“PracticetoPerfection”.Most aptly,thisiswhathasbeentakenupastheThemeofthiseditionofOilSpillIndia. Considering the global dynamics of the petroleum industry, especially when the focus of the entire upstream sector is shifting from safe and known territories of land and shallow water to deepwaters and ultra-deepwaters, it is imperative for professionals from all sections of the oil industry to pay maximum attention to the practice of safe exploration.Perfectioncomesfrompracticeandthroughpracticeonlyperfectioncanbeachieved. It is obvious that the instant event is not only going to become an incredible platform for the professionals to brainstorm and exchange ideas on the demanding needs of the petroleum industry, which have been specially underlined by the Macondo incident in the Gulf of Mexico, it will also help to foster new ties between producers, service providers as well as vendors dealing with materials and services related to preventing and arresting possible oil spillage during on-land and offshore operations. Such events will surely go a long way in preparing ourselvestofacethechallengesposedbytheverynatureofourindustry. Itisalsohearteningtolearnthat,onthisoccasion,OilSpillIndia2014isbringingoutabrochure,documentingour commitmenttowardsprotectingtheenvironmentwhilewearestrivingforharnessingmoreandmoreenergy. Let me convey my warm greetings to all the participants and best wishes for a very successful and professionally satisfying3daysoftheconference. V.S.Okhde Director(Pipelines) IndianOilCorporationLimited WELCOME ADDRESS 2014 85
On behalf of ITEN Media, it is my privilege to extend you all a warm welcome to the 3rd International Conference onOilSpillPrevention,Response&Restoration;OilSpillIndia2014(OSI). Over the past 4 years & 2 events, the success of OSI has been a reflection of the efforts of its committee & supporters.Continued benefaction from our formal supporters;Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, OilIndustrySafetyDirectorate,SpillAssociationofIndia&Sponsors;ONGC,CairnIndia,IndianOil,OilIndia,EIL, Innovation Norway, OSRL & Lamor is a testimonial of the exceptional value that Oil Spill India offers both as a traditionalconference&aglobalnetworkingforum. Oil Spill India 2014’s theme “Practice to Perfection” is a simple expression that highlights a value that is most important when preparing for prevention of incidents.With a host of prolific national & international speakers this year’s conference would provide an engaging & interactive opportunity the for local, regional and global representatives of the industry, government & community to discuss oil spill incidents, learning’s & the latest in SpillPrevention,Response&Restorationsystems. In addition to the conference, Oil Spill India 2014 will also profile an expansive number of exhibitors showcasing state-of-the-artintechnologies&equipment’s. Ilookforwardtoyoursuccessfulparticipation&hopeyouenjoyvisitingGoa-alandofamazingcontrasts. “KennaChill,KennaThrill” AbhishekBhatnagar CEO iTENMedia The expression “Kenna” means “Sometimes” in Konkani, a language widely spoken in Goa & also dramatizes contrasts.Inaway,“Kenna”invitesyoutoexplorethemanysidesofGoa...andyourself! WELCOME ADDRESS 2014 86
CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2014 Theme: PRACTICE TO PERFECTION CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2014 87
DAY 1,THURSDAY , 18 SEPTEMBER 2014 1430 – 1600 HRS: REGISTRATION & HIGHTEA 1600 - 1730 HRS: INAUGURAL SESSION Mr. A. K. Hazarika, Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman OSI 2014 - Welcome Address DIG. A. A. Hebbar, Director Environment, Indian Coast Guard Capt. K. P. Jayakumar, Dy. Nautical Advisor [I/C], Directorate General of Shipping Capt. K. Devadas, Director (T&OS), Shipping Corporation of India - Key Note Address Mr. Suresh Mehra, GGM - Head Safety, ONGC Release of OSI 2014 Show Catalogue Vote ofThanks by Mr. Abhishek Bhatnagar, CEO, Ten Mediai 1735 - 1900 HRS: PLENARY SESSION Session Chairman: Mr. Apurba Saha, Director-Technical Integration & ExCo Member, Cairn India Limited Speakers: 1.) Mr. Asbjoern Klaussen, Sales Manager & Director, NorLense Russia, NOSCA Member Nosca, - the Norwegian OSR supplier industry and the development of compliancy to the strict environmental regulations from the Norwegian authorities 2.) Mr. Hari Kumar, Director HSSEQ, Cairn India Ltd. Oil Spill 3.) Mr. Dinesh Kumar Arya, Senior Trade & Investment Adviser- Energy, UKTI, British High Commission Oil Spill - UK Offer 4.) Mr. Richard H. Johnson, Technical Director, ITOPF Shipping and Pollution – Risks and Consequences in India 1900 HRS. ONWARDS: EXHIBITION HALL OPENING & WELCOME RECEPTION 1930 HOURS ONWARDS- WELCOME DINNER (SPONSORED BY ONGC) DAY 2, FRIDAY , 19 SEPTEMBER 2014 0900 - 1015 HRS : SESSION 1 ‘Building a HSE Culture - Understanding Safety Procedure’ Session Chairman: Mr. A K Hazarika, Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2014 Speakers: 1.) Mr. Bernd Freibott, Head of Global Services Sustainability Consulting, SAP Deutschland SE & Co. KG The Roadmap towards a holistic safety culture based on an intergrated EHS solution landscape 2.) Mr. Ghana Gogoi, Dy. General Manager (CEMG-P), Oil India Limited New Regulations in Controlling Offshore Blowout and Government Regulations to curb Oil Spill. 3.) Mr. Zishaan Muhammad Wajid Haindade, Production Engineer, Oil India Limited Well Stimulation Operations Related Oil Spills and their safety hazards CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2014 88
1015 - 1115 HRS: SESSION 2 ‘Advancements in SurveillanceTechniques & Assessing Environmental Sensitivity’ Session Chairman: Capt. Prakash Correa, V.P. Operations, Great Eastern Shipping Co. Ltd. Speakers: 1.) Dr. Polly Hill, Consultant, Oil Spill Response Ltd. Long Term Planning: Ecological Evaluation Assessments & Environmental Sensitivity Mapping 2.) Dr.Theo Hengstermann, Business Development & Sales, Optimare Systems GmbH Airborne pollution surveillance of Spanish waters 3.) Mr. Seyed Mojtaba Zarei, Pollution Control Officer, Maritime Authority of Iran Comparing the concentration of PAHs in white shrimps, in north part of Persian Gulf, with Levels of Concerns (LOCs) established by FDA for Shrimps and Craps 1115 - 1130 HRS:TEA BREAK 1130 HRS - 1215 HRS: CASE STUDY Session Chairman: Capt. Kuldeep Singh, Director, Marine & Technical, US Gulf Operations, Gallagher Marine Systems, LLC Speakers: 1.) Mr. S. J. Prasad, Project Scientist B, INCOIS Online oil spill advisory for Indian waters 2.) Mr. H.V. Gurudutt, Scientist D, Central Pollution Control Board Well & Pipeline Incidents Detection & intervention 1215 HRS - 1315 HRS: COUNTRY PRESENTATION NORWAY Session Chairman: Mr. Hari Kumar, Director HSSEQ, Cairn India Ltd. Speakers: 1.) Mr. Olafur Nesse, International Key Account Manager, AllMaritim AS Tomorrow’s oil spill response strategy and technology 2.) Mr. Jan Qvale, Sales Executive, Miros AS Developments in oil spill detection radar systems used in offshore environments 3.) Mr. Azam Ali Khan, Market Advisor - Oil & Gas, Innovation Norway Developments in oil spill detection radar systems used in offshore environments 4.) Mr. Asbjorn Klaussen, Sales Manager & Director, Norlense Russia & NOSCA Member Innovations in OSR operational procedures to reduce risk for operating personnel and to speed up time of response. 5.) Mr.Tor Magnus Okstad, International Sales Manager, Aptomar AS Safety at your finger tips 6.) Mr. Roald Wie, Area Sales Manager, Frank Mohn AS TransRec the cost effective offshore spill recovery system 1315 - 1400 HRS: LUNCH 1400 - 1445 HRS: SESSION 3 ‘Environmental Effects of Oil Spill’ Session Chairman: Mr. Anoop Kumar, Former Executive Director & Chief HSE, ONGC Speakres: 1.) Dr. R. S. Kankara, Scientist-F, ICMAM-Project Directorate, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India Oil Spill Sensitivity mapping for Effective Oil Spill Management CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2014 89
2.) Dr. Sheela Nair, Scientist ‘E’ 2, National Centre for Earth Science Studies, MoES, Govt. of India Oil Spill Trajectory Modelling Of Spill Off The Coast Of Kiltan In The Lakshadweep Group Of Islands 3.) Dr. Indumathi M Nambi, Head of Division, Environment & Water Resources, Department of Civil Engineering, IITMadras, Chennai Inland Petroleum Spills - Environmental Issues and Cleanup 1445 - 1530 HOURS: SESSION 4 ‘Oil Spill Management - An Approach’ Session Chairman: Mr. A KTyagi, Former Executive Director (MM), IOCL Speakers: 1.) Mrs. Borislava Manolova, International Sales Manager, Kongsberg Satellite Services “Mid Latitude Detetion of Oil Spills from Space - A Multi-Mission Approach for India” 2.) Mrs. Konstanze Reichert, Business Development - Asia Pacific, OceanWaves Supporting oil spill recovery efforts by using marine X- band radar imaging and tracking capabilities 3.) Mr.Yodi Satya, Operations Manager, OSCT Indonesia Combating Oil Spill in Indonesia 1530 - 1545 HRS:TEA BREAK 1545 - 1715 HRS: SESSION 5 ‘Mitigation Methodologies for Oil Spills’ Session Chairman: Capt. Sandeep Kalia, Vice President, ICC Shipping Association Speakers: 1.) Dr. Srikanth Mutnuri, Associate Professor, Department of Biological Sciences, BITS - Pilani, Goa Campus Bioremediation as a possible solution for oil spills 2.) Mr. Shaik Ameer Basha, Production Engineer, Oil India Limited Production without Pollution 3.) Mr. Bidyut Pawan Das & Mr. Udai A. Dutta, Dy. Superintending Engineer & Senior Production Engineer, Production Oil, Oil India Limited A Case Study of Application of ‘OILZAPPER’ In The Upper Assam Oil Fields of Oil India Limited 4.) Prof. Prabhakar Clement , Groome Endowed Professor of Environmental Engineering, Auburn University, Alabama, USA “Lessons learned from monitoring shoreline contamination along Alabama’s beaches in the USA after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill - A case study” 5.) Mr. Ravindra Ravuri & Mrs. Lisa Callaghan, Manager & Regional Manager, DNV GL Minimising Oil Spills through the use of real-time CPM Leak Detection Category 1715 HRS - 1800 HRS:YOUTH SESSION - UNDERSTANDING OIL SPILL Session Chairman: Mr. Apurba Saha, Director, Technical Integration & ExCo Member, Cairn India Ltd. Speakers: 1.) Mr. Aditya Harsh, Student, RGIPT Waste Utilization in tackling oil spillage CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2014 90
2.) Mr.Vidit Mohan, Student, RGIPT Development of technique to detect oil spill using LISS III and google earth images DAY 3, SATURDAY , 20 SEPTEMBER 2014 0830 - 1000 HRS : SESSION 6 ‘Oil spill challenges faced by Ports, Shipping & legal organizations - Way forward’ Session Chairman: Mr. Anand Kumar, Director, Petrotech Speakers: 1.) Mr. Ashwin Shanker, Partner, Law Chambers of George A Rebello Failure of the Oil pollution regime in India 2.) Capt. Anil Kishore Singh, COO, Adani Hazira Port Pvt. Ltd & Adani Petronet (Dahej) Port Pvt. Ltd. OIL Spill Response - Indian Port’s Perspective 3.) Mr. Dipak Sonawane, Surveyor, Indian Register of Shipping Oil Spill Risk Analysis of Port to Develop Scenarios for Contingency Planning 1000 - 1045 HRS: SESSION 07 ‘Analysing Future Risk - Importance of Govt. & Private Partnership’ Session Chairman: Capt. Sandeep Kalia, Vice President, ICC Shipping Association Speakers: 1.) Dr.Y. B. Sontakke, Joint Director (Water Pollution Control), Maharashtra Pollution Control Board The Role of Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (SPCBs) during Oil Spill 2.) Mr. Geraint Richards, Managing Director, Lamor Middle East LLC Oil Spill Response Readiness 1045 - 1100 HRS:TEA BREAK 1100 - 1230 HRS: SESSION 08 ‘Panel discussion:Working on a New Model - Contingency Planning Guidelines for Spill’ Panelist: 1.) Mr. A. K. Hazarika, Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2014 2.) Mr.Tarsen Singh, Director, Exploration & Production, OISD 3.) Mr. Apurba Saha, Director, Technical Integration & ExCo Member, Cairn India Ltd. 4.) Mr. Hari Kumar, Director, HSSE Q, Cairn India Ltd. 5.) Mr. Anoop Kumar, Former ED & Chief HSE, ONGC. 6.) Mr. Neeraj Sinha, Scientist ‘F’/ Senior Director, Office of the Principal Scientific Advisor to the GoI Moderator: Capt. Sandeep Kalia, Vice President, ICC Shipping Association 1230 HRS:VOTE OFTHANKS CLOSE OF CONFERENCE FOLLOWED BY LUNCH CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2014 91
SPEAKERS 2014 BIDYUT PAWAN DAS Dy. Suptdg. Production Engineer Oil India Limited DR. SRIKANTH MUTNURI Associate Professor, Department of Biological Sciences Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Goa Campus DR. Y. B. SONTAKKE, M.S. (ENV.) PH.D. D.I.S. Joint Director (Water Pollution Control) Maharashtra Pollution Control Board HIRAK DUTTA Executive Director Oil Industry Safety Directorate Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas L. SHEELA NAIR Scientist E 2 National Centre For Earth Science Studies Ministry of Earth Science, Govt. of India S J PRASAD Scientist, ISG (INCOIS), Misistry of Earth Sciences, Govt of India INDUMATHI M NAMBI PH.D. Associate Professor and Head Environmental and Water Resources Division Department of Civil Engineering IIT Madras OLAFUR NESSE International Key Account Manager AllMaritim AS SEYED MOJTABA ZAREI Pollution Prevention & Control Expert Ports & Maritime Organization of Iran Port of Bushehr, Iran ASHWIN SHANKER Partner Law Chambers of George A Rebello DR. R S KANKARA Scientist-F ICMAM-Project Directorate Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India Dr. Polly Hill Consultant Oil Spill Response Ltd ADITYA HARSH B.Tech 4th Year, Petroleum Engineering Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Rae Bareli, U.P CAPT. ANIL KISHORE SINGH Chief Operating Officer (COO) Adani Dahej & Hazira Port GHANA GOGOI Dy. General Manager (CEMG-P) Oil India Limited ASBJOERN KLAUSSEN Sales Manager & Director NorLense Russia & NOSCA Member KONSTANZE REICHERT Business Development - Asia Pacific OceanWaveS RAVINDRA RAVURI Manager DNVGL UDAI A. DUTTA Senior Production Engineer Oil India Limited ZISHAAN MUHAMMAD WAJID HAINDADE Production Engineer-Oil Oil India Limited BERND FREIBOTT, BERND Head of Global Services Sustainability Consulting, SAP Deutschland SE & Co. KG CAPT. K. P. JAYAKUMAR Dy. Nautical Adviser to the Govt. of India Directorate General of Shipping DINESH KUMAR ARYA Senior Trade & Inv. Adviser - Energy UK Trade & Investment DR. THEO HENGSTERMANN Business Development & Sales Optimare Systems GmbH H. V. GURUDUTT Scientist D Central Pollution Control Board LISA CALLAGHAN Regional Manager, India DNVGL RICHARD H JOHNSON Technical Director ITOPF Ltd CAPT. L. K. PANDA Nautical Advisor to the GoI, Directorate General of Shipping BORISLAVA MANOLOVA International Sales Manager Kongsberg Satellite Services (KSAT) CAPT. KULDEEP SINGH Director Marine & Technical Gallagher Marine Systems Llc., U.S.A. GERAINT RICHARDS Managing Director Lamor Middle East LLC JAN QVALE Sales Executive Miros AS PRABHAKAR CLEMENT, PH.D., P.E., F.ASCE Groome Endowed Professor of Environmental Engineering Auburn University, Alabama, USA SHAIK AMEER BASHA Production Engineer Oil India Limited VIDIT MOHAN Student RG Institute of Petroleum Technology ARUN KUMAR GUPTA Chairman & Managing Director The Shipping Corporation of India Ltd. (SCI) DIPAK RAMCHANDRA SONAWANE Surveyor Indian Register of Shipping 92
SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 2014 Inauguration ceremony Inaugural session Sessions The lamp lighting ceremony was followed by An Inaugural Session. Oil Spill India 2014 was inaugurated by Mr. A.K. Hazarika (FormerCMD,ONGC&ConferenceChairman,OSI2014)withDIGAAHebbar(IndianCoastGuard),Capt.KDevadas(Shipping th Corporation),Capt.KPJayakumar(DGShipping),SureshMehra(ONGC), on18 September2014at1600hrs. In Inaugural session, welcome address by Mr.A K Hazarika (Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2014) with DIG A A Hebbar (Indian Coast Guard), Capt. K Devadas (Shipping Corporation), Capt. K P Jayakumar (DG Shipping), Suresh Mehra (ONGC) Followedbytheplenarysession,Mr.AKHazarika(FormerCMD,ONGC&ConferenceChairman,OSI2014)InauguratedtheOSI 2014InternationalExhibition. 93 PLENARY SESSION Session focused on the Environmental Regulations, speakers from Norlense, Crain India, UKTI, Gallgher Marine Systmes LLC, &ITOPF.TheSessionwaschairedby Mr.ApurbaSaha,DirectorTechnicalIntegration&ExCoMember, CrainIndiaLtd.
Sessions SESSION 2 Session 2 focused on the Advancements in Surveillance Techniques & Assessing Environment Sensitivity, speakers from Oil SpillResponseLtd,OptimareSystemsGmbH,MaritimeAuthorityofIran. TheSessionwaschairedby Capt.PrakashCorrea,V.P Operations,GreatEasternShippingCo.Ltd. SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 2014 94 SESSION 1 On day 2, Session 1 focused on the Building a HSE Culture - Understanding Safety Procedure, Speakers from SAP Deutschland SE & Co. KG, Oil India Limited gave their valuable viewpoint and shared the expertise. The session was chaired by Mr. A. K. Hazarika,FormerCMD,ONGC&ConferenceChairman,OSI2014 COUNTRY PRESENTATION NORWAY Session was Country Presentation Norway, speakers from AllMaritim AS, Miros AS, Innovation Norway, Aptomar, Norlense, FrankMohn.TheSessionwaschairedbyMr.HariKumar, DirectorHSSEQ,CrainIndia. SESSION 3 Session 3 focused on the Environmental Effects of Oil Spill, speakers from Ministry of Earth Science, Govt.of India, IIT Madras. TheSessionwaschairedby Mr.AnoopKumar,FormerED&ChiefHSE,ONGC.
SESSION 6 Session 6 focused on the Oil Spill Challenges faced by Ports, Shipping & legal Organizations -Way forward, speakers from Law Chambers of George A Rebello, Adani Hazira Port Pvt.Ltd.& Indian Register of Shipping.The Session was chaired by Mr.Anand Kumar,Director,Petrotech. SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 2014 95 SESSION 4 Session 4 focused on the Oil Spill Management - An Approach, speakers from Kongsberg Satellite Services, Ocean Waves, OSCTIndonesia.SessionwaschairedbyMr.A.K.Tyagi,FormerED(MM),IOCL. SESSION 5 Session 5 focused on Mitigation Methodologies for Oil Spills, speakers from BITS - Pilani, Goa, Oil India Limited, Auburn University,Alabama,USA,&DNVGL.SessionwaschairedbyCapt.SandeepKalia,V.P,ICCShippingAssociation. Sessions YOUTH SESSION Session focused onYouth Section - Understanding Oil Spill, Speakers form Rajiv Gandhi Institute of PetroleumTechnology, Rae Bareli,UttarPradesh.SessionwaschairedbyMr.ApurbaSaha,DirectorTechnicalIntegration&ExCoMember,CairnIndia.
Networking dinner ExhibitioninaugurationwasfollowedbytheWelcomeDinneratHolidayInn, Goa. SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 2014 96 SESSION 8 Session 8 was Panel discussion, where Mr. A. K. Hazarika, Mr. Tarsem Singh, Mr. Apurba Saha, Mr. Hari Kumar, Mr. Anoop Kumar,Mr.NeerajSinha&Capt.SandeepKaliaparticipatedanddiscussedtheissue. Sessions SESSION 7 Session 7 focused on the Analysing Future Risk - Importance of Govt. & Private Partnership, speakers from Maharashtra PollutionControlBoard,LamorMiddleEastLLC.TheSessionwaschairedby Capt.SandeepKalia,VicePresident,ICCShipping Association.
Exhibition OSI 2014 Exhibition was inaugurated by Mr.A K Hazarika, Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2014.Exhibition showcased participationfrom25companiesfrom10countriesand2countrypavilionsfromUKandNorway. International brands like Miros AS, AllMaritim AS, Aptomar AS, Boerger Pumps Asia Pte Ltd, Maharashtra Maritime Board, NorLense, NAVTEK, Indian Private Ports &Terminals Association, Rutter Inc., Unisafe Services/ Multienviro, Unicare Emergency Equipment Pvt. Ltd., Kongsberg NorControl Surveillance Pvt. Ltd., Frank Mohn AS, ABN Equipments & Systems Pvt. Ltd., DestinationMICE participatedandpresentedtheirlatesttechnologiesandadvancements. Exhibitorsgotopportunitiestodiscussthesamewiththedelegatescamefrom18countriesworldwide. SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 2014 97
SHOW STATISTICS 2014 25 40 Countries 325 Delegates Exhibitors 20% 80% Annual Biennial 40% 43% 16% 1% 0% Preferred Frequency of Conference Networking Relevance of Conference Content Quality of Speakers Participation in OSI 2014 Would like to attend again or not? Excellent V. Good Average Poor Disappointing 52% 43% 4% 1% 0% Excellent Excellent V. Good V. Good Average Average Poor Poor Disappointing Disappointing Yes No 65% 4% 1% 0% 30% 1.56% 98.40% 95% rated the content relevance as excellent / Very Good. 80% preferred the frequency of conference to be annual 98.4% said they would like to attend it next time as well. 95% rated the quality of speakers as excellent / Very Good 80% said that the networking opportunities were excellent / Very Good. 98
TAKEAWAYS 2014 l The need for a comprehensive revision to the existing National Disaster Contingency Plan as per internationalstandards. l The need for development of an Online Oil Spill Advisory system that provides the trajectory of an oil spill.In the event of oil spill, the direction and movement of the oil will be predicted in advance in by the system and would be disseminated to the relevant authorities.The clean up and control measures will be planned and carriedoutaccordingly. l Need for complete mapping of environmental sensitivities in coastal zones.Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps provide a concise summary of coastal resources that are at risk if an oil spill occurs nearby. Whenanoilspilloccurs,ESImapscanhelprespondersmeetoneofthemainresponseobjectives:reducing the environmental consequences of the spill and the cleanup efforts. Additionally, planners can use ESI maps—before a spill happens—to identify vulnerable locations, establish protection priorities, and identify cleanupstrategies. l Develop Capabilities for deployment of Aerial Dispersant Spray System. Aerial dispersants are a powerful tool in the fight against marine pollution; they can provide a significant impact on a spill in reducing overall levels of pollution and possible levels of shoreline impact.It is a major response tool that is used throughout the world and continues to gain acceptance even in those countries that previously were completely opposedtoit. l Facilitating the regional oil spill contingency plans under the auspices of the South Asia Cooperative Environment Program of the United Nations including development of national plans for immediate coastal neighbors. l Finally the need to set up an Industry Association that represents the interests of the companies, organisations & individuals engaged in the Spill Planning, Prevention, Preparedness & Response of On Land & Offshore Oil/Chemical/HNS spills, marine casualty, marine pollution, wreck removal, cargo recovery, towage and related activities in protection of the Environment. Championing their development throughconstantlearning,networking&collaborationwithIndustry,stakeholders&regulators. 99
THANK YOU SPONSORS THANKYOU SPONSORS Platinum Sponsor Gold Sponsor Silver Sponsor Lunch & High Tea Sponsor Associate Sponsor Show Supporters 100
TESTIMONIAL John P. Menezes Menezes and Associates “Congratulations to you and your team for putting up such a well organized event. The venue, the speakers, entertainment etc was well planned andexecuted.” Geraint Richards Lamor Corporation Ab “I feel the event was a great success and look forward to supportingthenextone.” Dr. P.B. Rastogi Ministry of Environment & Forests “ I t w a s a w e l l o r g a n i z e d International Conference on the Oil Spills covering all aspects related to the subject and most probably updated all concerned on the subject. Wish youallthebestforfutureendeavour.” R K Talukdar ONGC “Thanks to iTEN for organizing such an eye-opening Conference ontheOilSpillHazard.” Capt. Farhat Imam RESOLVE Marine Group, Inc “ I w a s p l e a s e d w i t h h i s experience at Oil Spill India. Thank you for the opportunity to participate.” Dr. Y.B. Sontakke MPCB “I am really thankful for your courtesy and nice organization of event” Thomas Liebert IOPC Funds “Thanks again for the invitation to OSI 2011 and congratulations for succeeding in organizing such a wellattendedevent.” Subhajit Sarkar Wipro Technologies “I congratulate you all at ITEN media for conducting the event very successfully. It was a great pleasure to speak and network with very importantdignitariesandstakeholdersatthis arena.” Capt. Derrick F Vaz Phoenix Shipbuilders,Ship repairs & Dry Dock Engineering “Oil Spill India 2016....India's c o m m i t m e n t t o S t a t u t o r y compliance, arealityintheoffing.” Shri. Dinesh Vaidya Reliance Industries Limited “We don't want an environmental disaster to become a human disaster.” Barkley Lloyd (Alaska CleanSeas).” Shri. K. R. Sachar Great Offshore Limited “Spill in any form; be it from Oil, HNS, Hazardous substances etc. is one of the major threats for the marine environment. The consequences of Spills adversely affect harbours, beaches, wild life,fisheries,tourismandsocietyatlarge. IamverypleasedtobeassociatedwithOilSpill India under the aegis of iTen Media as they are doing a wonderful job in addressing the seriousimpactsofspills.MybestwishestoOSI 2016 and hope it will be a grand event with think tanks from across the globe, meeting underoneroof..” Dr. R. S. Kankara Ministry of Earth Sciences “The quality of conference was excellent.” Mr. Surendra Jagtap Essar Projects (India) Limited “Oil spill control is still neophyte topic among various Disaster M a n a g e m e n t P r o g r a m s worldwide. When you fully understand the situation,it is worse thanyou think. If you drill, there's going to be a spill. Thus we need to create Oil Spill awareness and persistence efforts in preventing, minimizing, and effective recovery and clean-up operations throughsuchevents.” 101
GLIMPSES 2011-2014 102
GLIMPSES 2011-2014 103
INVITATION OSI 2016 DearIndustryColleagues, In the wake of the recent Sundarbans Oil Spill incident, we are yet again reminded of the fragility of similar eco-sensitive areas in the waters following any oil spill & the increasing amount of uncertainty for similar incidents.Fortunately since the last Oil Spill India Conference in September 2014 at Goa, thequantumofworkbeendone&theprogressmadeonactionablepointsbyvariousstakeholdersof theindustryledbyIndianCoastGuards(ICG)hasbeennoteworthy. We are riding a new wave of expansive research, innovation and renewed dedication to advancing efectiveness in oil spill response capabilities.Leading the wave of change is the Indian Coast Guard throughnumerousmeasuresincluding:therecentlyreleased&comprehensivelyrevisedNationalOil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan 2015 (NOS-DCP), which meets international standards; An Online Oil Spill Advisory system-a system that places India amongst a select list of countries that have indigenously developed capabilities for prediction of trajectory of oil spills; Mapping of environmental sensitivities in coastal zones, deployment of Aerial Dispersant Spray System & finally facilitating the regional oil spill contingency plans under the auspices of the South Asia Cooperative Environment Program oftheUnitedNationsincludingdevelopmentofnationalplansforMaldivesandSriLanka. One of the key objectives of the Oil Spill India (OSI) Conference is to remain abreast of the global developments & standards, brainstorm on the strategies, techniques, models used for prevention, mitigation and response for the benefit of the industry & its stakeholders. Since its inception in 2011, OSI has continually evolved & OSI 2016 will be no exception in meeting the changing needs and interests of the community that it serves. Themed - “Commitment, Synergy, Excellence”, “Commitment” for Environmental Sustainability, Oil Spill Preparedness & Prevention, the need for “Synergy” in Spill Response & “Excellence” in Restorationefforts. It is with great pleasure that the undersigned, on behalf of the Advisory Board, invite you to participate in the 4th edition of Oil Spill IndiaConference(OSI),tobeheldduringAugust2016inMumbai. Whether you are a Technologist, Researcher, Scientist or Engineer wishing to share new innovations, models, techniques or applications of spill methodology, Regulator or Administrator, engaged in E&P exploration, oilfield production, exporter or carrier of Oil or Hazardous substances, associated with Shipyard, Port, Shipping line, Offshore or Logistics services provider, Coast Guard, Navy, Flag/Port state, Classification society, P&I / H&M clubs, Maritime Law, Salvage, Spill response or equipment manufacturers, OEMs, Training institute or Trade association, pursuing CSR initiative in corporate or private sector or a citizen who is involved / concerned about Environment & impact of pollution and want to share your experience or draw insights from the experts,OilSpillIndiaprovidesyouwithauniqueopportunity&platform. Please join us in this noble cause.Your participation is integral in achieving the objectives of this conference and the e ectiveness oftheinternationaloilspillcommunity. Yours Sincerely, A. K. Hazarika Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2016 104 A. K. Hazarika Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2016 OIL SPILL INDIA 2016 th 4 International Conference & Exhibition August 2016, Mumbai, India
www.oilspillindia.org TM August 2016, Mumbai, IndiaAugust 2016, Mumbai, IndiaAugust 2016, Mumbai, India Oil Spill India 2016 4th International Conference & Exhibition Theme: Commitment, Synergy, Excellence Register Now!! OIL SPILL INDIA 2016
iTEN Media is one of India's leading organizers of international exhibitions & conferences across key industries & markets. Powered by cutting edge industry research & expertise, exceptional networking with governments, trade and allied agencies, iTEN services its customers through its distinctive range of high quality trade events & marketing opportunities, delivering value-added business and networking opportunitiesforitscustomers. A professionally owned and managed enterprise, the team at iTEN has over 60 years of cumulative experience & successful track record in organizing over 150 international events across 20 industry verticals like defense, automotive, electronics & communication, energy, engineering, manufacturing, infrastructure, building & construction, IT & telecom, jewellery, media & entertainment, mining & metals, safety&securityetc. Geared with strong fundamental & professional experience gained with world leading organizations, iTEN today partners governments, trade associations & investment promotion agencies delivering industry leading trade shows & conferences including globally acclaimed events like Petrotech, Global Refining & Petrochemicals Congress(GRPC)andOilSpill India!! Organiser Oil Spill India 2016 Secretariat Team iTEN MEDIA Pvt. Ltd. Plot No.-33, Janki House, 4th Floor, Sector-12 A, Dwarka, New Delhi-110075, INDIA Tel.: +91 11 43013474 | Fax: +91 11 42171483 | www.oilspillindia.org Secretariat address: Manoj Kumar E: manoj@itenmedia.in M: +91 9871238544 Project Head Ravi Kumar E: ravi@itenmedia.in M: +91 9711433860 Exhibition Sales Sunny Mehta E: sunny@itenmedia.in M: +91 9711433168 Speaker Coordination Shalinder Chauhan E: secretariat@itenmedia.in M: +91 9711433960 Delegate Sales ORGANISER OSI Secretariat Team

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The Voyage So Far

  • 1.
    THE VOYAGE SOFAR Oil Spill India International Conference & Exhibition Organised By www.oilspillindia.org
  • 2.
    Strategic Partners SPILL CONFERENCE& EXHIBITION Indian Private Ports & terminals Association IPPTA Industry Partners PAST PARTNERS Attendee Organisations Exhibitors
  • 3.
    CONTENTS INDEX FOREWORD 02 POST SHOWREPORT 2011 03 OVERVIEW 04 WELCOME ADDRESS 05 BACKGROUND PAPER 13 CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 35 SPEAKERS 39 SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 40 SHOW STATISTICS 44 TAKEWAYS 2011 45 POST SHOW REPORT 2012 47 OVERVIEW 48 WELCOME ADDRESS 51 CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 59 SPEAKERS 64 SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 65 SHOW STATISTICS 70 TAKEWAYS 2012 71 POST SHOW REPORT 2014 73 OVERVIEW 74 WELCOME ADDRESS 77 CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 87 SPEAKERS 92 SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 93 SHOW STATISTICS 98 TAKEWAYS 2014 99 TESTIMONIAL 101 GLIMPSES 2011 - 2014 102 INVITATION OSI 2016 104 01 Oil Spill India THE VOYAGE SO FAR
  • 4.
    Oil Spill incidentsincluding disasters in marine ecosystems & the increasing amount of uncertainty for similar incidents over the last 3 decades have time & again reminded us of the fragility of similar eco-sensitive areas in regional waters following any spill.Such incidents are extremelydetrimentalfornotjusttheeconomybutalsofortheecologyofanation. The International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness Response and Cooperation (OPRC 90) Article 6, set down a requirement for all operators of offshore installations, drilling rigs, terminals and ports to have in place an oil spill response system that will include contingency plans, pre positioned response equipment, training and regular exercise, appropriate to perceived risk.Considering the need for the comprehensive response system for Oil Spill Management in the maritime zones of India, the Committee of Secretaries to the Government of India had approved the National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan (NOS-DCP) in November'93. The Director General Coast Guard was designated as the Central Coordinating Authority (CCA) to implement the plan, and coordinate response activities in the event of oil spill at sea. The Ministry of Shipping, the Department of Ocean Development, the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, oil companies, Port authorities and Maritime States are also the stake-holdersintheplan.HowevermaintainingofpollutionresponsesystemsbyasingulargovernmentagencylikeIndian Coast Guard for a developing & vast country such as India was not cost effective. The most operationally efficient and economically viable solutions was pooling in of resources and integrating the capabilities of industry stakeholders for this nationalcause. Understanding the need for an industry forum to deliberate, demonstrate & collaborate on the response systems for Oil Spill in the region, ITEN Media in association with the Indian Coast Guard & Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd conceptualized OIL SPILL INDIA as an industry led international conference and exhibition in 2011. One of the central goalsoftheOilSpillIndia(OSI)Conferencewastopartakeatthatcriticaljuncturebriningtogethertheglobalspillresponse industry & its stakeholders in the region for spill planning, prevention, response, and restoration, concurrently building an informativescheduleoftheraisingGlobalStandards. Since its inception in 2011, OSI has continually evolved, each edition of Oil Spill India has witnessed the world's most eminent experts including Policy Makers, CEO's of Oil Producers, Regulators, Responders & Technology Providers delivering Plenary & Keynote Addresses, Case Studies, Forecast Papers and breakthrough Research papers highlighting the raising global focus on oil spill management. The concurrent exhibition has over the years showcased global technology & equipment suppliers displaying the latest in equipment, technology, services & solutions for prevention & responseofoilspill. Over the past 5 years & 3 editions, the success of OSI has been a reflection of the efforts of its committee & supporters.As we approach the landmark 4th edition of this international conference & exhibition scheduled in 2016, on behalf of the advisory board of Oil Spill India it gives me immense pleasure to present this special report titled “Oill Spill India-The VoyageSoFar”,coveringtheforum'ssuccessfuljourneyfromitsinceptiontilldate. It is a gesture to extend our deepest gratitude to our formal supporters; Indian Coast Guard, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Oil Industry Safety Directorate, Indian Private Ports & Terminals Association, ICC Shipping Association & Sponsors; ONGC, Cairn India, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, Oil India, EIL, Innovation Norway, OSRL and many more who have continued their benefaction of the conference for the nation's cause. I would also like to thank our distinguishedpanelofspeakers,delegates,exhibitors&visitorsfromacrosstheglobethathavebeenapartofOSIoverthe years.This report is also a testimonial of the exceptional value that Oil Spill India offers both as a traditional conference & a globalnetworkingforum. Lastly, I would like to thank my industry colleagues who have been a part of the OSI advisory board over the years and the teamatITENMediatheorganisers,withouttheirdedicationandsupport,thisconferencewouldnothavebeenpossible. Yours Sincerely, Shri. A. K. Hazarika Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI FOREWORD 02
  • 5.
    POST SHOW REPORT POST SHOW REPORT GLOBALCOLLABORATION FOR CLEANER SEAS THEME: 03
  • 6.
    OVERVIEW 2011 st The inauguralOil Spill India (OSI) 2011 an International Conference and Exhibition was organized from 29th September to 1 October2011atHolidayInnResortGoabyiTENMedia. This event was of great importance as it proved to be one of the most significant to Oil Spill industry discussing the critical need for preparedness for the prevention and response to any kind of oil spill and also to have a unified approach to address the challenge. Italsoaddressedtheneedforreviewingtheoilspillpolicyofthecountry. Inaugurating the event Mr. A K Hazarika CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2011 stated that over 225 delegates from 18 countries & 25 exhibitors from 10 countries are participating in the event. He further stated that this is a unique conference and exhibition focussing on the sensitive subject of Oil spill. Emphasising the theme ‘Global collaboration for cleaner seas’ he mentionedthatthisthemeindicatestheintentiontounitetheglobalindustrytoworkmoresensibly&efficientlytofightthemenace ofoilspill. As oil will grow to be the single largest source of energy by 2035 oil production will significantly increase from offshore, making it more vulnerable to spills. India is the sixth largest consumer of oil in the world and our domesticenergy demands are met by imports.Being the major refining hub having huge oil tanker movements in the continent Indian coastline is more prone to oil spills hetold. Making a note of the Gulf of Mexico incident he told that the Oil and Gas operators have been forced to adopt more rigorous safety standards for offshore drilling and exploration. New products and technologies will be need of the hour to evaluate our preparednesstodealwithsuchincidentsofoilspill.Showinghisconcerntowardstherecentoffshoreaccidentsnearthesensitive coastline of India he told that we will have to enhance our capabilities and preparedness to fight any eventuality of a larger magnitude. In his inaugural speech IGVSR Murthy,TS, DDG (Ops & CS) Indian coast guard stated that public anxiety over spilled oils is not unique to India.Any incident of oil spill echoes the need for the stakeholders to gear up to handle the challenge of an oil spill.He mentioned that the industry sees the oil spill response as an ad-hoc measure rather than a long term investment to protect the marine environment. Stressing the requirement for the polluter to respond first in case of an oil spill he told that coast guard respondsfirstandtakesimmediatestepstopreventthespillbeforethepollutertakesup.Creatingafundtobeutilizedincaseofan oilspillisanurgentrequirementheaverred. Concluding his speech he told that Coast guard will take up the conclusions of the conference and putting an effective oil spill responsesysteminIndiaattheearliest. Mr. Anoop Kumar Executive Director, ONGC & the Convenor OSI 2011 welcoming the dignitaries stated that there is a tremendous challenge in front of the technocrats in the E & P business to ensure safe operations of their facility without compromising the safety of man & machinery. He mentioned that the oil industry’s view to do business has changed due to the costsinvolvedincleaningupofthespillathighseas. Addressing the demanding needs of the Indian market an exhibition was co-organized with the conference of leading oil spill equipment & technology providers from around the world, was inaugurated by Mr. A K Hazarika CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2011. The highlight of the exhibition was the UK & Norwegian pavilions. Many other exhibitors like Lamor, Optimare, Ecoceane had also participated in the show.Exhibitors showcased the latest in innovative technologies, services and solutionsforthespill. The show focussed on driving international attention to the region and encouraging growth of international companies within the region. The Industry Rises to the Challenges of Oil Spill: 04
  • 7.
    WELCOME ADDRESS 2011 GLOBAL COLLABORATION FORCLEANER SEAS THEME: 05 WELCOME ADDRESS 2011
  • 8.
    I am happyto know that the ITEN Media is organizing Oil spill India conference and exhibition in association with ONGCandPetrotechsocietyatGoafrom29thSepto01Oct2011. Every day, millions of barrels of oil is transported through the seas to various destinations around the globe. Accidently releases of crude oil from tankers, offshore platforms, drilling rigs and wells polluted and destroyed marineecologicallife. IamsurethattheConferencewillbringtogetherinternationallyrenownedexpertsandtechnologistsfromaround theworldonOilSpillResponseandrecoveryandholdin-depthdeliberationsonissuesrelatingtotheOilSpill. We must continue to discuss, explore through these events and invest in new solutions for prevention and responsemeasurestobeeffective. I convey my best wished and compliments to the organizers, participants and other dignitaries connected to the conferenceandexhibitionforthesuccessfulconductoftheevent. DigambarKamat ChiefMinister Goa 06 WELCOME ADDRESS 2011
  • 9.
    India is world’ssixth largest energy market. Oil constitutes 33% share in India’s primary energy consumption. GDP growth rate of 8 percent translates into energy demand growth rate of 5.2 percent. In India, crude oil exploration, production, transportation and refining have shown an increasing trend.With the focus on meeting theenergydemand,wehaveonerousresponsibilityoftakingcareoftheEnvironmentalConcernsandtheoilspill is the biggest challenge in the E&P industry. The international Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness ResponseandCooperation(OPRC90)setsdownarequirementtohaveinplaceanoilspillresponsesystem. Understanding the need for a platform to demonstrate the skills developed & concerns faced by the industry, the first Oil Spill India (OSI 2011) international conference and Exhibition, with a theme ‘Global Collaboration for Cleaner Seas’, has been organised by iTEN Media in association with ONGC, Petrotech Society and supported by various Ministries of the Govt. of India. As Conference Steering Committee Chairman, OSI 2011, it is my pleasure to invite you to attend the International Conference and Exhibition “Oil Spill India 2011” from 29th September to1stOctoberatHolidayInnResort,Goa,India. I am happy to note that this conference will bring together global experts & stakeholders from 101 organisations of 17 countries to discuss oil spill issues including cause and prevention, preparedness, response management and environmental issues. This forum encapsulates myriad dimensions including Technologies/Equipments, Preparedness,RestorationPlanning,R&D,Training,RegulatoryPolicyandCaseStudies. Such an international platform has been set to function as a thought provoker, change- agent and enabler for networking opportunities between experts.While we provide the opportunity, it is your participation that will truly helpusachieveourintendedobjectives. WishingallthesuccessfortheConference&Exhibition. A.K.Hazarika ChairmanandManagingDirector OilandNaturalGasCorporation &ConferenceChairman,OSI2011 07 WELCOME ADDRESS 2011
  • 10.
    I am pleasedto learn that the first‘Oil Spill India’Conference and Exhibition is being organised by iTEN Media in associationwithONGCatGoafrom29Septemberto01October2011. Iamcertainthataneventofthismagnitudewillbethebestforumtodiscussandaddressthechallengesinoil-spill preventive measures, first response at sea, protection of the marine environment and conservation of natural resources. Iamconfidentthatthisgatheringof‘oil-spill’expertsfromaroundtheworldandprofessionalsfromtheoilindustry, oil-spillresponseandrecoveryindustry,willleadtoavibrantexchangeofideastofurtherthecauseofcleanseas. As the Chairman of the National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan (NOSDCP) Committee, I have maintained a view that the best way of resolving the complex coordination issues of oil spill response, is to create platforms for discussion on prevention and preparedness measures, whilst fostering people-to-people relationships. At the nationallevel,thisisachievedattheNOSDCPmeetingsconductedbytheCoastGuard.Theproactiveinitiativein conduct of ‘OSI 2011’, involving international experts is highly innovative, and I am sure that the conference will bringinnewlevelsofenvironmentprotectionawarenessandprofessionalisminIndia. Iwishtheorganisersallthesuccess. AnilChopra ViceAdmiral DirectorGeneral IndianCoastGuard 08 WELCOME ADDRESS 2011
  • 11.
    Oil Spill India(OSI) 2011 is a well thought out subject for a conference by the organizers and I would like to congratulatethemontheirefforts. Thetheme‘GlobalCollaborationforcleanerseas’showstheinclinationtounite &fightthecatastrophicdamagethespillscancreate. We all are aware that any Oil spill is a major disaster for any country but it also gives all of us an opportunity to come together to think on how our collective behavior has brought us to the brink of such a disaster history.We all canmakeadifferenceandweneedtoadoptadifferentattitudetowardsthenaturalworld. This conference will take a look at what role we all play, as individuals and as society, so that we can hopefully makebetterchoicesinthefuture.Weallareawarethattheproblemcannotbesolvedovernight,buteachoneofus cantakethefirststep. Wishingtheconferenceagreatsuccess. Dr.S.B.Agnihotri DirectorGeneralofShipping&Ex-officio AdditionalSecretarytoGovt.ofIndia 09 WELCOME ADDRESS 2011
  • 12.
    I am delightedthat the international conference and exhibition “Oil Spill India 2011” with the theme “Global Collaboration for Cleaner Seas” is being held in India. The increasing production and transportation of oil and petroleum products in and around India creates a greater need for the nation to be better prepared to respond to any oil spill incident. Cairn India is pleased to support this important event with particular appreciation of the organiserITENMediaandthemajorsponsor,ONGC. I am confident that this conference will provide a platform to nurture successful collaboration among the stakeholders such as the oil companies, regulatory authorities, local ports and shipping industry, local and global vendorsofoilspillresponseequipmentandserviceproviders. I earnestly hope that the conference will help our industry and the nation to build capacity by disseminating the global best practices and latest technologies on oil spill response and control through the presentations by renownedglobalexperts. Iwishallsuccesstotheconferenceandexhibition. RahulDhir ManagingDirector CairnIndiaLimited 10 WELCOME ADDRESS 2011
  • 13.
    I have theprivilege to welcome you to OSI 2011 International Conference and Exhibition on oil spill issues being held during 29th September to 1st October at Holiday Inn, Goa. The event is organised by iTen Media in association with ONGC and Petrotech Society, and supported by Ministry of Shipping, Govt.of India, Ministry of Science &Technology, Govt.of India, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt.of India, Indian Private Ports &Terminals Association(IPPTA)andInterspill. The theme of OSI 2011 ‘Global Collaboration for Cleaner Seas’ has been aptly chosen to address issues post Macondo Incident. We had after all, come through the global recession more or less unscathed. We were not complacent,butcertainlyrelieved.ThenthingsstartedtogowrongwithatragicblowoutintheGulfofMexico.Very soonitwasclearthatdespitethebesteffortsofallconcerned,thespillwasoutoforder.Inanattempttocontrolthe oil spill some 600,000 gallons of chemical dispersants have been used. More than 4 million feet of containment/sorbent boom was utilised.More than 650 vessels are responding on site, including skimmers, tugs, barges, and recovery vessels to assist in containment and cleanup efforts.After taking so much effort, spending billionsofdollars,still1183&351numbersofbirdsandseaturtleswereaffectedduetheoilslick. Againstthisbackdrop,mostoilcompaniesarestrivinghardforthebestoilspillcontingencyplanandresourcesfor cleanerseas.OSI2011setsthestageforanimmenselyinterestingdebateintheforthcomingconference. We look forward to your participation as experts, commentators, managers and exhibitors to help the concerned globalfraternitylearnfromeachother’sexperience. WarmwelcomeonthebehalfofOSI2011. AnoopKumar ExecutiveDirector,ONGC andConvenor,SteeringCommittee,OSI2011 11 WELCOME ADDRESS 2011
  • 14.
    DearColleagues, I note withpleasure that Oil Spill India - 2011 is being organized at Goa from 29th September -1st October 2011. The theme“Global Collaboration for Cleaner Seas”is very topical and addresses a very significant issue that in the recent yearshavereceivedalotofinternationalattention. This is an international Conference-cum-Exhibition for Hydrocarbon Industry and I am sure most of the industry friendshavemadegooduseofthisopportunityandchosentoparticipateinthefirsteditionofOilSpillIndia2011. We at Petrotech have immense pleasure in supporting such an event which will surely prove to be a potent platform for dissemination of knowledge, as experts from across the world will discuss the relevant issues concerning oil and gas industrytodayandarticulatethevisionforfuture. I am sure there will be a very encouraging response from delegates world-over to showcase the latest technology and product lines in the exhibition.The confluence of some of the best minds in the business and participation of front line organisations will ensure that the Conference and Exhibition provide an unparallel “sea of networking opportunity”for all. IwishOilSpillIndia–2011alltheverybest. AshokAnand DirectorGeneral PetrotechSociety WELCOME ADDRESS 2011 12
  • 15.
    BACKGROUND PAPER GLOBAL COLLABORATION FORCLEANER SEAS THEME: 13 BACKGROUND PAPER
  • 16.
    PREAMBLEPresence of significantlylarge amount or layers of crude or refined oil on soil or sea water is commonly known as Oil spill.It can be controlled by chemical dispersion, combustion, mechanical containment, and/or adsorption. Spills from tanks and pipelines can also occur away from water bodies, contaminating the soil,gettingintosewersystemsandthreateningundergroundwatersources. Marine oil spills may result in oil pollution over large areas and present serious environmental hazards. The primary source of accidental oil input into seas is associated with oil transportation by tankers and pipelines, whereas the contribution of offshore drilling and production activities is comparatively less. Large and catastrophic spills have the potential to cause the most serious ecological risk - primarily for sea birds and mammals, results in long-term environmental disturbances in coastal zones and economicimpactoncoastalactivities. In recent years, this attention has created a global awareness of the risks of oil spills and the damage they do to the environment. However, oil is a necessity in our industrial society, and a major sustainer of our lifestyle. Most of the energy used today is for transportation that runs on oil and petroleum products. According to trends in energy usage, this is not likely to decreasemuchinthefuture.Industryusesoilandpetroleumderivativestomanufacturesuchvitalproductsasplastics,fertilizers, andchemicalfeedstocks,whichwillstillberequiredinthefuture. In fact, the production and consumption of oil and petroleum products are increasing worldwide and the threat of oil pollution is increasing accordingly.The movement of petroleum from the oil fields to the consumer involves a number of transfers between many different modes of transportation including tankers, pipelines, railcars, and tank trucks. Oil is stored at transfer points and at terminals and refineries along the route.Accidents can happen during any of these transportation steps or storage times. Oilspillsmayoccurinanumberofways,includingtheaccidentsandmishandlingofoilpipesandtankers.Thefateofspilt oildependsonanumberoffactors,suchastheamountofoilspilled;itsinitialphysicalandchemicalcharacteristics;theprevailing weather and sea conditions; and whether the oil remains at sea or comes ashore. Once spilled at sea, the natural tendency for the oil will be to spread, break up and become dissipated over time. This dissipation is a resultofanumberofchemicalandphysicalprocessesactingonthespiltoil. In considering the fate of spilled oil at sea and potential clean-up and response techniques, the persistence of the oil in the environment should betakenintoaccount. A variety of models exist which may be used to aid in decision making processes and forecasting the likely locations the oil may strand. Models can be used at a contingency planning stage, allowing stakeholders to envisage a variety of scenarios and their likely outcome, as well as during a real-time spill to aid clean-up andresponsedecisions. The effect of oil spills can be far reaching, posing both an environmental and economic threat. Recreational activities, local industry, fisheries, and marine life are among the resources that can be adversely affectedbyoilspills. Therecoveryoftheenvironmentafteraspilldependsonavarietyof factors such as the type and amount of oil spilled;the biological and physical characteristics of the affected area;time of year and weather conditions, and notably the clean-up and response strategy used. Typical environmental impactsrangefromtoxicitytosmotheringeffects. There are also many deterrents to oil spills, including government fines and the high cost of cleanup.The average cost of cleanup worldwide ranges from $20 to $200 per litre, depending on the type of oil and where it is spilled.Cleaningupoilonshorelinesisusuallythemostexpensivecleanupprocess. The costs of an oil spill are both quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative costs include loss of the oil, repair of physical facilities, payment for cleaning up the spill and remediating the environment, penalties assessed by regulatory agencies, and money paid in insurance and legal claims.Qualitative costs of an oil spill include the loss of pristine habitat and communities, as wellasunknownwildlifeandhumanhealtheffectsfromexposuretowaterandsoilpollution. 14 BACKGROUND PAPER
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    Responsibility for theprevention of oil spills falls upon individuals as well as on governments and industries.Because the sources ofoilwasteintheoceanaregenerallycareless,ratherthanaccidental,trulyeffectivepreventionofoilspillsinvolveseveryone. CAUSESANDIMPACTOFOILSPILLS Most people think of marine oil spills when they visualize an oil spill, but the escape of oil into the natural environment is a problem on land as well.Since humans rely heavily on petroleum products such as plastic, fuel, and lubricating oil, oil spills are an unfortunate byproduct of the human way of life. A number of things cause oil spills, ranging from carelessness to deliberate dumping. Many people are familiar with tanker accidents, since they are highly publicized and they release large volumes of oil into the ocean. In fact, only a small percentage of global oil spills are related to tanker accidents such as explosions, hull failure, running aground, and collisions. These oil spills tend to be very harmful because of the sheer volume of oil released at once, posing a serious threat to marine animals and seabirds.They are also used to attract attention to the larger issue of oil spills, in the hopesofreformingpolicieswhicharelaxonpetroleumregulation. One of the most common causes of oil spills is actually runoff from the land. Release from onshore oil facilities and numerous land-based engines such as those used to run cars function on petroleum fuel and use petroleum based lubricants, disposeofthingslikeusedmotoroilaccumulatesinthegroundandultimatelyendupintheocean. Oil spills can also be caused by natural seepage, especially in the ocean. As tectonic plates shift, they may release oil from reserves trapped deep beneath the ocean floor.Natural seepage can also be accelerated through human activity such as drilling. The routine loading and unloading of crude oil and other petroleum products also causes oil spills, as do deliberate acts such as dumpingoilorsettingoilwellsonfire. Extraction and storage of oil are also accompanied by seepage and spills. Offshore drilling routinely creates low level spills, and can sometimes cause a blowout. Storage tanks are a common source of oil spills as well. On land, storage tanks and pipes can be damaged by things like hurricanes, resulting in leaks of all sizes, and in the ocean, bunkering can lead to the release oflargeamountsofoil. The petroleum industry undertakes measures such as the use of negative pressure pipes and storage containers to reduce the likelihood of oil spills. These measures protect both the environment andtheprofitsoftheoilcompany. OILSPILLBEHAVIOUR Whenoilisspilledintheocean,itinitiallyspreadsinthewater(primarilyon thesurface),dependingonitsrelativedensityandcomposition.Theoilslickformed may remain cohesive, or may break up in the case of rough seas. Waves, water currents, and wind force the oil slick to drift over large areas, impacting the open ocean,coastalareas,andmarineandterrestrialhabitatsinthepathofthedrift. Oil that contains volatile organic compounds partially evaporates, losing between 20 and 40 percent of its mass and becoming denser and more viscous (i.e.,moreresistanttoflow).Asmallpercentageofoilmaydissolveinthewater.Theoilresiduealsocandispersealmostinvisiblyin the water or form a thick mousse with the water. Part of the oil waste may sink with suspended particulate matter, and the remainder eventually congeals into sticky tar balls. Over time, oil waste weathers (deteriorates) and disintegrates by means of photolysis (decomposition by sunlight) and biodegradation(decompositionduetomicroorganisms).Therateofbiodegradationdepends ontheavailabilityofnutrients,oxygen,andmicroorganisms,aswellastemperature. EFFECTSOFOILONPLANTSANDANIMALS Some toxic substances in an oil spill may evaporate quickly.Therefore, plant, animal, and human exposure to the most toxic substances are reduced with time, and are usually limited to the initial spill area. Although some organisms may be seriously injured or killed very soon after contact with the oil in a spill, non-lethal toxic effects can be more subtle and often longer lasting. For example, aquatic life on reefs and shorelines is at risk of being smothered by oil that washes ashore. It can also be poisoned slowly by long-term exposure to oil trapped in shallow water or on beaches. SENSITIVITYOFAQUATICHABITATS Aquatic environments are made up of complex interrelations between plant and animal species and their physical 15 BACKGROUND PAPER
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    environment.Harm to thephysical environment will often lead to harm for one or more species in a food chain, which may lead to damage for other species further up the chain. Where an organism spends most of its time – in open water, near coastal areas, or on the shoreline – will determine the effectsanoilspillislikelytohaveonthatorganism. In open water, fish and whales have the ability to swim away from a spill by going deeper in the water or further out to sea, reducing the likelihood that they will be harmed by even a major spill. Aquatic animals that generally live closer to shore, such as turtles, seals, and dolphins, risk contamination by oil that washes onto beaches or by consuming oil-contaminated prey. In shallow waters, oil may harm sea grasses and kelp beds, which are used for food, shelter, and nesting sites bymanydifferentspecies. Spilledoilandcleanupoperationscanthreatendifferenttypesofaquatichabitats,withdifferentresults. Ÿ Coral reefs are important nurseries for shrimp, fish, and other animals as well as recreational attractions for divers. Coral reefs and the aquatic organisms that live within and around them are at risk from exposure to the toxic substanceswithinoilaswellassmothering. Ÿ Exposed sandy, gravel, or cobble beaches are usually cleaned by manual techniques.Although oil can soak into sand and gravel, few organisms live full-time in this habitat, so the risk to animal life or the food chain is less than in other habitats,suchastidalflats. Ÿ Sheltered beaches have very little wave action to encourage natural dispersion.If timely cleanup efforts are not begun, oilmayremainstrandedonthesebeachesforyears. Ÿ Tidal flats are broad, low-tide zones, usually containing rich plant, animal, and bird communities. Deposited oil may seepintothemuddybottomsoftheseflats,creatingpotentiallyharmfuleffectsontheecologyofthearea. Ÿ Salt marshes are found in sheltered waters in cold and temperate areas.They host a variety of plant, bird, and mammal life.Marshvegetation,especiallyrootsystems,iseasilydamagedbyfreshlightoils. Ÿ Mangrove forests are located in tropical regions and are home to a diversity of plant and animal life. Mangrove trees have long roots, called prop roots that stick out well above the water level and help to hold the mangrove tree in place.A coating of oil on these prop roots can be fatal to the mangrove tree, and because they grow so slowly, replacing a mangrovetreecantakedecades. Ÿ Marshes and swamps with little water movement are likely to incur more severe impacts than flowing water. In calm waterconditions,theaffectedhabitatmaytakeyearstorestore. Ÿ Other standing water bodies, such as inland lakes and ponds, are home to a variety of birds, mammals, and fish.The humanfoodchaincanbeaffectedbyspillsintheseenvironments. Ÿ River habitats may be less severely affected by spills than standing water bodies because of water movement. However, spills in these water bodies can affect plants, grasses, and mosses that grow in the environment.When rivers are used as drinking watersources,oilspillsonriverscanposedirectthreatstohumanhealth. Ÿ An oil spill can harm birds and mammals in several ways:direct physical contact, toxic contamination,destructionoffoodsourcesandhabitats,andreproductiveproblems. Ÿ Physical contact – When fur or feathers come into contact with oil, they get matted down.This matting causes fur and feathers to lose their insulating properties, placing animals at risk of freezing to death. For birds, the risk of drowning increases, as the complex structure of their feathers that allows them to float or to fly becomes damaged. Ÿ Toxic contamination – Some species are susceptible to the toxic effects of inhaled oil vapors. Oil vapors can cause damage to the animal’s central nervous system, liver, and lungs. Animals are also at risk from ingesting oil, which can reduce the animal’s abilitytoeatordigestitsfoodbydamagingcellsintheintestinaltract. Ÿ Destruction of food resources and habitats – Even species which are not directly in contact with oil can be harmed by a spill. Predators that consume contaminated prey can be exposed to oil through ingestion. Because oil contamination gives fish and other animals unpleasant tastes and smells, predators will sometimes refuse to eat their prey and will begin to starve.Sometimes a local population of prey organisms is destroyed, leaving no food resources for predators. Depending on the environmental conditions, the spilled oil may linger in the environment for long periods of time, adding to the detrimental effects.In calm water conditions, oil that interacts with rocks or sediments can remain in the environmentindefinitely. Ÿ Reproductive problems – Oil can be transferred from birds’plumage to the eggs they are hatching.Oil can smother eggs by sealing pores in the eggs and preventing gas exchange. Scientists have also observed developmental effects in bird embryos that were exposed to oil.Long-term reproductive problems have also been shown in some studies in animals that havebeenexposedtooil. 16 BACKGROUND PAPER
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    OILSPILLSMANAGEMENT The health ofthe world’s oceans is degrading as a result of human activities. Further, as the human population continues to grow and extend the range of its activities, as well as increase its demands for marine goods and services, the world’soceansandcoastswillbeincreasinglystressedandthesituationismore aggravated in countries like India where more than 40 percent of the population are living in the coastal areas and the level of awareness of marine environmentaldegradationamongstthepopulaceisveryminimal. The oceans are a vast resource whose usefulness to the global society is continuing to be realized.Thus, it is in the best interest of humanity that they are exploited in a manner that is protective and sustainable, in order to preserve their health and guarantee their continuing viability. However, the complexity of ocean ecosystems combined with the equally complex socio-economic conditions that dictate human behavior make sustainable management and exploitation of marine resources and services a formidable challenge. Meeting this challenge begins with the proactive approach taken by the governmental agencies. There are many issues arising from the recent Deepwater Horizon oil spill.The oil industry needs to work together with strategic groupsandwithintheoilspillcommunitytoensurethattheyareontherightfootingforthefuture. One of the key features of the spill was the coming together of many different organizations and agencies and a collaborative approach that saw resources being used from all around the world. A significant lesson learned was that cooperation is vitally important in major spills. In particular the need for ready access to resources from other response organizations and the importanceofgoodindustrystandardsisrequired. PREPARINGFOROILSPILLS:CONTINGENCYPLANNING Most of the oil spills are accidental, so no one can know when, where, or how they will occur.Spills can happen on land or in water, at any time of day or night, and in any weather condition.Preventing oil spills is the best strategy for avoiding potential damage to human health and the environment. However, once a spill occurs, the best approach for containing and controlling the spill is to respondquicklyandinawell-organizedmanner.Aresponsewillbequickandorganizedifresponsemeasureshavebeenplanned aheadoftime. TheRoleofContingencyPlans A Contingency Plan is a set of instructions that outlines the steps that should be taken before, during, and after an emergency.A contingency plan looks at all the possibilities of what could go wrong and, “contingent” upon actual events, has the contacts, resourcelists,andstrategiestoassistintheresponsetothespill. ElementsofaContingencyPlan At first glance, an oil spill contingency plan may appear complicated because it provides many details about the numerous steps required to prepare for and respond to spills.It also covers many different spill scenarios and addresses many different situations that may arise during or after a spill.Despite its complexity, a well-designed contingency plan should be easy to follow.Although they are different in many respects, contingency plans usually have four major elements in common: Hazard identification, Vulnerabilityanalysis,RiskassessmentandResponseactions.Eachofthefourelementsisdescribedbelow: Hazard Identification: It is impossible to know when an oil spill is going to happen and how much oil is likely to be spilled. However, it is possible to identify where oil is stored, the corridors through which it travels, and the industries that use large quantitiesofoil. Different situations can affect the ability of response personnel to contain and clean up an oil spill, such as weather conditions, geographic isolation, and spill size. Private companies and local, state, and federal agencies design their contingency plans to address spills from many locations and under many different conditions.The following information is usually collected as part of thehazardidentification: Ÿ Typesofoilsfrequentlystoredinortransportedthroughthatarea Ÿ Locations where oil is stored in large quantities and the mode of transportation used to move the oil, such as pipelines, trucks,railroads,ortankers Ÿ Extremeweatherconditionsthatmightoccurintheareaduringdifferenttimesoftheyear 17 BACKGROUND PAPER
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    Ÿ Thelocationofresponseequipmentandpersonneltrainedtousetheequipmentandrespondtothespill Vulnerability Analysis:The vulnerability analysis section of a contingency plan provides information about resources and communities that could be harmed in the event of a spill.This information helps personnel involved in cleaning up a spill make reasonable, well-informed choices about protecting public health and the environment.Vulnerability analysis information might includethefollowing: Ÿ Listsofpublicsafetyofficialsinthecommunity Ÿ Listsoffacilitiessuchasschools,nursinghomes,hospitals,andprisons Ÿ Listsofrecreationalareas,suchascampgrounds Ÿ Listsofspecialeventsandwhentheytakeplace Ÿ Identificationofpartsoftheenvironmentthatareparticularlysusceptibletooilorwaterpollution Risk Assessment: Contingency planners compare the hazard and the vulnerability in a particular location to see the kind of risk thatisposedtoacommunity.Theplanthenaddressesthoseproblemsbydetermininghowbesttocontrolthespill,howtoprevent certainpopulationsorenvironmentsfromexposuretooil,andwhatcanbedonetorepairthedamagedonebythespill. Response Actions: Response actions are developed to address the risks that are identified in the risk assessment. A carefully designed contingency plan will describe major actions that need to be taken when a spill occurs.These actions should take place immediately following a spill so as to minimize hazards to human health and the environment.The following response actions shouldbeincludedinacontingencyplan: Ÿ Notifyingallprivatecompaniesorgovernmentagenciesthatareresponsibleforthecleanupeffort Ÿ Gettingtrainedpersonnelandequipmenttothesitequickly Ÿ Defining the size, position, and content of the spill; its direction and speed of movement; and its likelihood of affecting sensitivehabitats Ÿ Ensuringthesafetyofallresponsepersonnelandthepublic Ÿ Stoppingtheflowofoilfromtheship,truck,orstoragefacility,ifpossible,andpreventingignition Ÿ Containingthespilltoalimitedarea Ÿ Removingtheoil Ÿ Disposingoftheoilonceithasbeenremovedfromthewaterorland Contingency planners are now using geographic information systems (GIS) to make contingency plans better and easier to use. GIS make electronic maps that can focus attention on the locations of things that are important to planners and oil spill responders. For example, planners can make maps that show the locations of sensitive environments, drinking water intakes, roads, oil storage and production facilities, pipelines, and boat launches.GIS can also provide detailed information about each of the items shown on a map, such as how large an oil storage facility or pipeline is, whether a road is paved, or the times of the year thatsensitivespeciesareinthearea. OILSPILLRISKASSESSMENT Millions of tonnes of crude oil is routinely transported by tankship around the world’s oceans on a daily basis. Despite the introductionofstringentoperatingandsafetyregimesthereremainsthepossibilityofanincidentoccurringthatcouldthreatenthe watersandshorelinesofcountriesthatareinthevicinityoftheseroutes.Shipboardandinternationalcontingencyplansassumea levelofpreparednesswhichmaybelimitedinsomeofthecountriesthatlayalongtheseshippinglanes. Although the probability of significant oil pollution incidents occurring whilst the vessel is on the high seas is minimal, they have occurred,somewithconsiderableimpactontheareasconcerned. Whilst the majority of countries have some form of mutual aid and agreements in place and a number have access to equipment stockpiles,therearestillasignificantnumberofareaswherethereisheavyrelianceonlocalresources. AstudycarriedoutbytheInternationalTankerOwnersPollutionFederation,foundthatthereisconsiderablevariationintheriskof major oil spills from tanker traffic around the world. Factors contributing to the risks include high traffic density, bad weather conditions and navigational obstacles, these, individually or in any combination could result in a grounding, collision, fire or explosionthatcouldresultinamajoroilspill. RegionalResponse There are a number of national, regional and international response organizations operating around the world, although most of them are area specific.The two most notable exceptions are Oil Spill Response Limited (OSRL) in the United Kingdom and East Asia Response Pty Ltd (EARL) in Singapore. Both these organizations operate transport aircraft and have a 24-h response; 18 BACKGROUND PAPER
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    however, depending wherethe incident occurs, it could be 48–72 h before first arrival.This presupposes that the area concerned hasanairportandinfrastructureabletodealwiththeamountofheavyequipmentrequiredforsuchoperations. Over the years the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the United Nations Environmental Programme have been active in promoting regional agreements, aimed at the developing countries ability to deal with a major marine pollution emergency. The International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC Convention) in general terms requires governments and industry to work together to promote active regional agreements aimed at the developing countries ability to deal with a major marine pollution emergency, through development of its National Contingency Plan(NCP). TheInternationalOilPollutionCompensationFunds(IOPCFunds) The International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds (IOPC Funds) are part of an international regime of liability and compensation for oil pollution damage caused by oil spills from tankers. Under the regime the owner of a tanker is liable to pay compensation up to a certain limit for oil pollution damage following an escape of persistent oil from his ship.If that amount does not cover all the admissible claims, further compensation is available from the 1992 Fund if the damage occurs in a State which is a Member of that Fund.Additional compensation may also be available from the Supplementary Fund if the State is a Member of thatFundaswell. There are at present three IOPC Funds: the 1971 Fund, the 1992 Fund and the Supplementary Fund. These three intergovernmental organizations were established at different times (1978, 1996 and 2005 respectively), have different maximum amounts of compensation and have different Member States.The membership of the 1992 Fund is increasing.The Supplementary Fund was established to supplement the compensation available under the 1992 Civil Liability and Fund Conventions with an additional third tier of compensation. Membership of the Supplementary Fund is optional and any State which is a Member of the 1992 Fund may join.The membership of the Supplementary Fund is expected to increase fairly quickly. Due to a number of denunciations of the 1971 Fund Convention, this Convention ceased to be in force on 24 May 2002 and the 1971 Fund therefore no longer has any Member States.The 1971 Fund will continue to deal with a number of incidents which occurredin1971FundMemberStatesbeforethatdate.ThethreeorganizationshaveajointSecretariat,basedinLondon. The IOPC Funds are financed by levies on certain types of oil carried by sea.The levies are paid by entities which receive oil after seatransport,andnormallynotbyStates. AnyonewhohassufferedpollutiondamageinaMemberStatemaymakeaclaimagainsttheIOPCFundsforcompensation. RESPONSEOPTIONS In very broad terms the response options open for consideration are open seas, near shore and shoreline response.Depending onavarietyoffactorssuchasweather,sensitiveareas,typeof oil,availabilityofequipmentandpersonnel,itmaynotbepossible to mount any of the accepted cleanup responses within the open sea or near shore zones and even if responses were attempted, acceptingtheirlimitations,wearefacedwithashorelinecleanup. On rare occasions it has been known for oil spills to occur in conditions that have taken the oil away from the shore where it has dispersed naturally. In such circumstances the only action required was to carefully monitor the slick to ensure that conditions remainedfavourableandkepttheoiloffshore. Unfortunately, in the majority of cases, oil spills will threaten the shoreline. More often than not the high profile associated with such events compels organizations to be seen to be doing something, even if it is unproductive.Removing the pollutant from the seaandrestoringthemarineenvironmenttoitspre-spillconditionistheoptimumcourseofaction. MechanicalContainmentandRecoveryofOil Twomajorstepsinvolvedincontrollingoilspillsarecontainmentandrecovery. Containment:When an oil spill occurs on water, it is critical to contain the spill as quickly as possible in order to minimize danger andpotentialdamagetopersons,property,andnaturalresources.Containmentequipmentisusedtorestrictthespreadofoiland to allow for its recovery, removal, or dispersal.The most common type of equipment used to control the spread of oil is floating barriers,calledbooms. Containment booms are used to control the spread of oil to reduce the possibility of polluting shorelines and other resources, as well as to concentrate oil in thicker surface layers, making recovery easier.In addition, booms may be used to divert and channel oilslicksalongdesiredpaths,makingthemeasiertoremovefromthesurfaceofthewater. Althoughthereisagreatdealofvariationinthedesignandconstructionofbooms,allgenerallysharefourbasiccharacteristics: Ÿ Anabove-water“freeboard”tocontaintheoilandtohelppreventwavesfromsplashingoiloverthetopoftheboom Ÿ Aflotationdevice 19 BACKGROUND PAPER
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    Ÿ Abelow-waterskirttocontaintheoilandhelpreducetheamountofoillostundertheboom Ÿ A“longitudinal support,” usually a chain or cable running along the bottom of the skirt, that strengthens the boom againstwindandwaveaction;mayalsoserveasaweightorballasttoaddstabilityandhelpkeeptheboomupright Booms can be divided into several basic types.Fence booms have a high freeboard and a flat flotation device, making them least effective in rough water, where wave and wind action can cause the boom to twist.Round or“curtain”booms have a more circular flotationdeviceandacontinuousskirt.Theyperformwellinroughwater,butaremoredifficulttocleanandstorethanfencebooms. Non-rigidinflatableboomscomeinmanyshapes.Theyareeasytocleanandstore,andtheyperformwellinroughseas.However, they tend to be expensive, more complicated to use, and puncture and deflate easily. All boom types are greatly affected by the conditionsatsea;thehigherthewavesswell,thelesseffectiveboomsbecome. Booms can be fixed to a structure, such as a pier or a buoy, or towed behind or alongside one or more vessels.When stationary or moored,theboomisanchoredbelowthewatersurface. It is necessary for stationary booms to be monitored or tended due to changes produced by shifting tides, tidal currents, winds, or other factors that influence water depth and direction and force of motion. People must tend booms around the clock to monitor andadjusttheequipment. The forces exerted by currents, waves, and wind may impair the ability of a boom to hold oil. Loss of oil occurring when friction between the water and oil causes droplets of oil to separate from the slick and be pulled under the boom is called entrainment. Currents or tow speeds greater than three-quarters of a knot may cause entrainment.Wind and waves can force oil over the top of the boom’s freeboard or even flatten the boom into the water, causing it to release the contained oil. Mechanical problems and impropermooringcanalsocauseaboomtofail. While most booms perform well in gentle seas with smooth, long waves, rough and choppy water is likely to contribute to boom failure. ln some circumstances, lengthening a boom’s skirt or freeboard can help to contain the oil. Because they have more resistancetonaturalforcessuchaswind,waves,andcurrents,oversizedboomsaremorepronetofailureorleakagethansmaller ones. Generally, booms will not operate properly when waves are higher than one meter or currents are moving faster than one knot per hour.However, new technologies, such as submergence plane booms and entrainment inhibitors, are being developed thatwillallowboomstooperateathigherspeedswhileretainingmoreoil. Theeffectivenessofcontainmentboomsdesignedtoreconcentratetheslickisgovernedbytheweatherandspeedofresponse,it was estimated that during the Exxon Valdez incident that the slick had spread to cover an area of 12 sq. km in the first 12 h. If sufficientboomwasavailableitwouldhavebeenlogisticallyimpossibletodeployitinthetimeforittowork. OtherBarriers:ImprovisedBooms When a spill occurs and no containment equipment is available, barriers can be improvised from whatever materials are at hand. Although they are most often used as temporary measures to hold or divert oil until more sophisticated equipment arrives, improvised booms can be an effective way to deal with oil spills, particularly in calm water such as streams, slow-moving rivers, or shelteredbaysandinlets. Improvised booms are made from such common materials as wood, plastic pipe, inflated fire hoses, automobile tires, and empty oil drums.They can be as simple as a board placed across the surface of a slow-moving stream, or a berm built by bulldozers pushingawallofsandoutfromthebeachtodivertoilfromasensitivesectionofshoreline. RecoveryofOil: Once an oil spill has been contained, efforts to remove the oil from the water can begin. Three different types of equipment – booms,skimmers,andsorbents–arecommonlyusedtorecoveroilfromthesurface. Booms When used in recovering oil, booms are often supported by a horizontal arm extending directly off one or both sides of a vessel. Sailing through the heaviest sections of the spill at low speeds, a vessel scoops the oil and traps it between the angle of the boom and the vessel’s hull.ln another variation, a boom is moored at the end points of a rigid arm extended from the vessel, forming a “U”- or “J”shaped pocket in which oil can collect. In either case, the trapped oil can then be pumped out to holding tanks and returnedtoshoreforproperdisposalorrecycling. Skimmers A skimmer is a device for recovery of spilled oil from the water’s surface.Skimmers may be self-propelled and may be used from shore or operated from vessels.The efficiency of skimmers depends on weather conditions.In moderately rough or choppy water, 20 BACKGROUND PAPER
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    skimmers tend torecover more water than oil.Three types of skimmers – weir, oleophilic, and suction – are described below.Each type offers advantages and drawbacks, depending on the type of oil being cleaned up, the conditions of the sea during cleanup efforts,andthepresenceoficeordebrisinthewater. Weir skimmers use a dam or enclosure positioned at the oil/water interface.Oil floating on top of the water will spill over the dam andbetrappedinawellinside,bringingwithitaslittlewateraspossible.Thetrappedoilandwatermixturecanthenbepumpedout through a pipe or hose to a storage tank for recycling or disposal.These skimmers are prone to becoming jammed and clogged by floatingdebris. Oleophilic (oil-attracting) skimmers use belts, disks, or continuous mop chains of oleophilic materials to blot the oil from the water surface.The oil is then squeezed out or scraped off into a recovery tank. Oleophilic skimmers have the advantage of flexibility, allowing them to be used effectively on spills of any thickness.Some types, such as chain or “rope-mop” skimmers, work well on waterthatischokedwithdebrisorroughice. A suction skimmer operates like a household vacuum cleaner. Oil is sucked up through wide floating heads and pumped into storage tanks. Although suction skimmers are generally very efficient, they are vulnerable to becoming clogged by debris and require constant skilled observation.Suction skimmers operate best on smooth water where oil has collected against a boom or barrier. Sorbents Sorbents are materials that soak up liquids.They can be used to recover oil through the mechanisms of absorption, adsorption, or both. Absorbents allow oil to penetrate into pore spaces in the material they are made of, while adsorbents attract oil to their surfaces but do not allow it to penetrate into the material.To be useful in combating oil spills, sorbents need to be both oleophilic and hydrophobic (water-repellant).Although they may be used as the sole cleanup method in small spills, sorbents are most often used to remove final traces of oil, or in areas that cannot be reached by skimmers.Once sorbents have been used to recover oil, they must be removed from the water and properly disposed of on land or cleaned for re-use.Any oil that is removed from sorbent materialsmustalsobeproperlydisposedoforrecycled. Sorbents can be divided into three basic categories: natural organic, natural inorganic, and synthetic. Natural organic sorbents include peat moss, straw, hay, sawdust, ground corncobs, feathers, and other carbon-based products. They are relatively inexpensive and usually readily available.Organic sorbents can soak up from 3 to 15 times their weight in oil, but they do present somedisadvantages.Someorganicsorbentstendtosoakupwateraswellasoil,causingthemtosink.Manyorganicsorbentsare loose particles, such as sawdust, and are difficult to collect after they are spread on the water. Adding flotation devices, such as empty drums attached to sorbent bales of hay, can help to overcome the sinking problem,andwrappinglooseparticlesinmeshwillaidincollection. Natural inorganic sorbents include clay, perlite, vermiculite, glass, wool, sand, and volcanic ash. They can absorb from 4 to 20 times their weight in oil. Inorganic substances, like organic substances, are inexpensive and readily available in large quantities. Synthetic sorbents include man-made materials that are similar to plastics, such as polyurethane, polyethylene, and nylon fibers. Most synthetic sorbents can absorb as much as 70 times their weight in oil, and some types can be cleaned and reused several times. Synthetic sorbents that cannot be cleaned after they are used can present difficulties because they must be stored temporarily until they can be disposedofproperly. AlternativeCountermeasures Chemical and biological treatment of oil can be used in place of mechanical methods, especially in areas where untreated oil may reach shorelines and sensitive habitats where a cleanup becomes difficult and environmentally damaging.Alternative treatment typicallyinvolvesaddingchemicalorbiologicalagentstospilledoilandalsoincludesin-situburning. Twotypesofsubstancescommonlyusedinrespondingtoanoilspillaredispersingagentsandbiologicalagents. DispersingAgents Dispersing agents, also called dispersants, are chemicals that contain surfactants, or compounds that act to break liquid substancessuchasoilintosmalldroplets.Inanoilspill,thesedropletsdisperseintothewatercolumn,wheretheyaresubjectedto naturalprocesses–suchaswind,waves,andcurrents–thathelptobreakthemdownfurther.Thishelpstoclearoilfromthewater surface,makingitlesslikelythattheoilslickwillreachtheshoreline. The effectiveness of a dispersant is determined by the composition of the oil it is being used to treat and the method and rate at which the dispersant is applied. Heavy crude oils do not disperse as well as light- to medium-weight oils. Dispersants are most 21 BACKGROUND PAPER
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    effectivewhenappliedimmediatelyfollowingaspill,beforethelightestcomponentsintheoilhaveevaporated. Environmental factors, includingwater salinity and temperature, and conditions at sea influence the effectiveness of dispersants. Studies have shown that many dispersants work best at salinity levels close to that of normal seawater.While dispersants can workincoldwater,theyworkbestinwarmwater. Some countries rely almost exclusively on dispersants to combat oil spills because frequently rough or choppy conditions at sea make mechanical containment and cleanup difficult.Dispersants used today are much less toxic than those used in the past, but fewlong-termenvironmentaleffectstestshavebeenconductedafteradispersantapplication. These problems are being overcome, however.New technologies that improve the application of dispersants are being designed. The effectiveness of dispersants is being tested in laboratories and in actual spill situations, and the information collected is being usedtohelpdesignmoreeffectivedispersants. BiologicalAgents Biological agents are nutrients, enzymes, or microorganisms that increase the rate at which natural biodegradationoccurs.Biodegradationisaprocessbywhichmicroorganismssuchasbacteria,fungi, andyeastsbreakdowncomplexcompoundsintosimplerproductstoobtainenergyandnutrients. Biodegradation of oil is a natural process that slowly – over the course of weeks, months, or years – removes oil from the environment.However, rapid removal of spilled oil from shorelines and wetlands maybenecessaryinordertominimizepotentialenvironmentaldamagetothesesensitivehabitats. Bioremediationtechnologiescanhelpbiodegradationprocessesworkfaster.Bioremediationrefersto theactofaddingmaterialstotheenvironment,suchasfertilizersormicroorganisms,thatwillincrease the rate at which natural biodegradation occurs. Furthermore, bioremediation is often used after all mechanicaloilrecoverymethodshavebeenused.Twobioremediationapproacheshavebeenusedin theUnitedStatesforoilspillcleanups–biostimulationandbioaugmentation. Biostimulation is the method of adding nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen to a contaminated environment to stimulate the growth of the microorganisms that break down oil. Limited supplies of these necessary nutrients usually control the growth of native microorganism populations. When nutrients are added, the native microorganism population can grow rapidly, potentially increasing the rateofbiodegradation. Bioaugmentation is the addition of microorganisms to the existing native oil-degrading population. Sometimes species of bacteria that do not naturally exist in an area will be added to the native population. As with nutrient addition, the purpose of seeding is to increase the population of microorganisms that can biodegrade the spilled oil.This process is seldom needed, however, because hydrocarbon-degrading bacterial exist almost everywhere and non-indigenous species are often unable to compete successfully with native microorganisms. During the ExxonValdez oil spill cleanup and restoration activities, the use of bioremediation products was authorized, including biostimulation and bioaugmentation.Nutrient addition use was approved for approximately 100 miles of the PrinceWilliam Sound shoreline.DatacollectedthroughamonitoringprotocolrequiredbytheStateofAlaskaindicatedthatnutrientadditionaccelerated thenaturaldegradationofoilwithnoobservedeutrophicationortoxicity. In-SituBurning In-situ burning of oil involves the ignition and controlled combustion of oil. It can be used when oil is spilled on a water body or on land. Insitu burning is typically used in conjunction with mechanical recovery on open water. Fire resistant booms are often usedtocollectandconcentratetheoilintoaslickthatisthickenoughtoburn. Many factors influence the decision to use in-situ burning on inland or coastal waters. Elements affecting the use of burning include water temperature, wind direction and speed,waveamplitude,slickthickness,oiltype,andtheamountofoilweatheringand emulsification that have occurred. Weathering is a measure of the amount of oil already having escaped to the atmosphere through evaporation.Emulsification is the process of oil mixing with water. Oil layer thickness, weathering, and emulsification are usually dependent upon the time period between the actual spill and the start of burn operations.For many spills, there is only a short “window of opportunity” during whichin-situburningisaviableoption. The major issues for in-situ burning of inland spills are proximity to human 22 BACKGROUND PAPER
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    populations (burning musttake place at least three miles away from population at risk), soil type, water level, erosion potential, vegetationspeciesandcondition,andwildlifespeciespresence.Burningmayactuallyallowoiltopenetratefurtherintosomesoils andshorelinesediments. Because it releases pollutants into the air, in-situ burning requires careful air quality monitoring.Devices are pre-deployed near populations to measure particulate levels.If airqualitystandardsareexceeded,theburnwillbeterminated. Because in-situ burning uses intense heat sources, it poses additional danger to response personnel. Igniting an oil slick requires a device that can deliver an intense heatsourcetotheoil. Vessel-deployed ignition devices are soaked with a volatile compound, lit, and allowed to drift into an oil slick. Hand-held ignition systems can be thrown into oil slicks but require personnel to be in close proximity to the burning oil. A recently developed ignition device called the “Helitorch,” delivers a falling stream of burning fuel from a helicopter, allowing personnel to maintain a safer distance from the burning slick and distributeignitionsourcesoverawiderarea. Although it can be effective in some situations, in-situ burning is rarely used on marine spills because of widespread concern over atmospheric emissions and uncertainty about its impacts on human and environmental health. However, burning of inland spillsisfrequentlyusedinanumberofstates.Allburnsproducesignificantamountsof particulate matter, dependent on the type of oil being burned. Burning oil delivers polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide into the air in addition to other compounds at lower levels. In addition, when circumstances make it more difficult to ignite the oil, an accelerant such as gasoline may need to be added, possibly increasing the toxicity of the volatilizing particles. Lack of data regarding the environmental and human health effectsofburninghasalsodiscourageditsuse. Despite its drawbacks, in-situ burning may be an efficient cleanup method under certain conditions where there are few negative effects on humans or the environment. These conditions include remote areas, areas with herbaceous or dormantvegetation,andwaterorlandcoveredwithsnoworice. OILSPILLCLEANUPCOST Obtaining detailed cost information for spills is generally difficult. Understandably many aspects of the clean-up operations and damage claims are confidential business agreements or settlements between claimants and those providing compensation. Detailedcostdataarethereforenotreadilyavailable. Some cost data is published in the Annual Report of the International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds, but this only concerns spills in States that are party to the Fund Conventions.Because the IOPC Fund only becomes involved in paying compensation once the total value of claims has exceeded the tanker owner’s limit of liability under the Civil Liability Conventions, the IOPC data settendstoconcernonlythelargerandmoreexpensivespills.ThereisalsoarestrictedgeographicalspreadofIOPCFundcases. American spill (United States is not party to the Fund Conventions) cost data is generally in the public domain and published on the internet, but such data is not representative of costs in other countries because of the uniqueness of the US response and damageassessmentsystems. It is evident from the past incidents between spill cost and size of tanker. Part of the reason for this is that it is exceptionally rare for a vessel to spill all the oil it carried on board.The usual scenario is that part of the contents ofoneormoretanksislostasaresultofphysicaldamage.Thismeansthat there is not a very clear link between vessel size and volume spilled in an incident. Indeed, some of the most troublesome spills have been caused by relatively small tankers. In these cases the most important factor has beenthetypeofoilspilled. Another part of the problem is the fact that the quantity of oil spilled is not closelyrelatedtothecostofthespill.Therearesomanydifferentvariables involved that it makes little sense, for example, to think of cost in terms of “average” clean-up costs per tonne of oil spilled. In fact, even within a 23 BACKGROUND PAPER
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    limitedgeographicarea,itisimpossibletogiveareliableaveragecostpertonnespiltbecauseeveryoilspillisdifferentwithitsown uniquesetofconditions. One of themost expensive oil spills in history is the Exxon Valdez (Alaska, 1989). Cleanup alone cost in the region of US$2.5 billionandtotalcosts(includingfines,penaltiesandclaimssettlements)have,attimesbeenestimatedatasmuchasUS$7billion. The court cases continue, however, so the final costs are not yet known.The Amoco Cadiz (France, 1978) reportedly cost about US $282 million, of which about half was for legal fees and accrued interest.The cost of cleaning up after the Sea Empress (UK, 1996)wasUS$37million,withtotalcostsfortheincidentmorethanUS$60milliononcealldamagesettlementsweremade. More recently, the disastrous Deepwater Horizon oil spill (April, 2010) caused the principal developer, BP, to shell out huge amountofmoneyfortheclean-up.BPhasbeenchargedanextra$400montopofthe$40.9bnithadpreviouslydesignatedforthe clean-up.TheamountcomeslargelyfromassetsthatBPsoldoffaftertheincident.Thishashadasignificantimpactonitscapacity –thetotalamountofoilproducedbyBPfellby11%to3.578mbarrelsaday. BP has agreed a $1bn early restoration programme for natural resource damage in the Gulf.The Coast Claims Facility has so far received267,960compensationclaimsfromindividuals,withoverhalfstilltobeprocessed. FactorsAffectingtheCostsofSpills Thefactorsthataffectcleanupcostarecomplexandinterrelated.Eachspillinvolvesauniquesetofcircumstancesthatdetermine cleanupcost. The costs associated with cleaning up an oil spill are strongly influenced by the circumstances surrounding the spill including:the type of product spilled;the location and timing of the spill;sensitive areas affected or threatened;liability limits in place;local and national laws; and cleanup strategy.The most important factors determining a per-unit amount (either per-gallon or per-tonne) cost are location and oil type, and possibly total spill amount.The complex interrelationships of these factors and the manner in whichtheyareinfluencedbyotherfactorsisshowninthefigurebelow Thefollowingsectionsexplorethevarioustechnicalfactorswhichplayaroleindeterminingthecostsofcleanupanddamage. TypeofOil Oil type is one of the most important factors governing cleanup costs.In general, the more viscous, sticky and persistent the oil, the more difficult and costly the cleanup is likely to be, all other factors being equal. Spills of light refined products (e.g. gasoline and diesel) do not normally require a cleanup response.They may be toxic in the short term and require careful monitoring, but because of their high volatility, they do not persist on the sea surface for any significant time.Instead, due to rapid evaporation of the“light end”components and the speed with which they disperse and dissipate naturally, especially in rough seas, spills of light hydrocarbonsdonotresultinlong,expensivecleanupoperations.Attheotherendofthespectrumarethehighlypersistentheavy crude oils and heavy fuel oils which are normally very viscous and have only a small proportion of volatile components.Because theydonotbreak-upeasilyandoftenemulsifyintopersistentmatsofoil,theseoilshavethepotentialtotravelgreatdistancesfrom the original spill location and can cause widespread contamination of coastlines. They are difficult to clean up at sea, in coastal waters and on shorelines. As a consequence, cleanup is invariably long, resource- and manpower- intensive, and therefore,costly. The nature of potential damage also varies according to the type of oil spilled. Light refined products may constitute a fire and explosion hazard which may require restricting access and the temporary closure of port areas or nearby industry. As mentioned above, light oils tend to be more toxic than heavier oils, which can lead to mortalities of marine plants and animals if there are sufficiently high concentrations in the water column.This is not always the case because the dilution of such oils is relatively fast, but it may occur if there is strong wave action in shallow waters, where dilutionislessimportant.Suchoilsmayalsocausethetaintingofediblefish,shellfish and other marine products.All such effects will, however, usually be highly localized and short-lived because the toxic components are also the ones that evaporate most rapidly,andfishandshellfishrapidlylosethetaintoncecleanwaterconditionsreturn. Heavy fuel oils and crude oils are generally of low toxicity and their main impact is usually through physical contamination.Birds and other wildlife may become coated, and tourist beaches, fishing gear, mariculture facilities and other structures can also becontaminatedandrequirecleaning.Insomecircumstancesheavieroilscansinkif they interact with sediment particles, which can result in the prolonged contamination of the sea bed.Sunken oil can be a reservoir for the fouling of bottom 24 BACKGROUND PAPER
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    fishing gear andmay cause repeated re-oiling of cleaned beaches if the sunken oil is remobilised after storms.All these problems canresultinlargeclaimsforcleanupcostsandeconomicloss. Between the two extremes of gasoline and heavy fuel oil there are many intermediate crude oils and refined products that are transported by tankers and used in a variety of marine engines.The fate and effects of all these oils, as well as the requirement for cleanup,willvarygreatly,whichwillalsomeanthatcostvariesgreatly. AmountSpilled,SpillLocationandRateofSpillage Theamountofoilspilledisclearlyanimportantfactorindeterminingoverallresponsecostsanddamages.Forexample,ifallother factors are similar, a 10,000 tonne spill is likely to result in far wider zone of contamination and impact than a 100 tonne spill. However, the location of the spill is also important. For example, the three largest tanker spills of all time - Atlantic Empress off Tobago,West Indies in 1979, ABT Summer off Angola in 1991 and Castillo De Bellver off South Africa in 1983 resulted in minimal cleanup and damages because these spills happened well offshore and none of the spilled oil contaminated coastlines. In such circumstances the cost of the response would normally be limited to aerial surveillance to monitor slick movement and natural dissipation.This emphasizes the inappropriateness of simplistic comparisons between the costs of individual spills based on the singleparameterofspillvolume. The rate of spillage can also be an important factor. For example, the cleanup operation required in response to a single large release of oil may be considerable but may be completed in a matter of weeks.However, the same quantity of oil lost over several months from a damaged vessel close to the coast may require a prolonged cleanup effort, with repeated cleaning of amenity areasandpotentiallymoreprolongedeffectsonfisheryresourcesandtourism. The physical characteristics of the spill site (e.g. prevailing winds and weather, tidal range, currents, water depth, coastal topography) also have a bearing on cost as they affect the feasibility and difficulty of mounting response operations at sea and ashore.The sensitivity of different shoreline types, the extent to which they self-clean, and the availability and cost of local labour andresourceswillinfluencetheoverallcostofanoilspillcleanup. Socio-economic factors and resources at risk vary both within and between countries.Some areas will be of high national or even international importance for fishing, mariculture, tourism, other industries or conservation, whereas others will only rank as locally important. Seasonal differences will also occur in the sensitivity of these resources to oil pollution and therefore the economic impact of a spill.This in turn will help determine the requirement for and extent of thecleanupandthusitscost. CleanupatSea As noted earlier, oil spills will sometimes dissipate naturally and not pose a threat to sensitive coastal resources.On other occasions there may be little that can be done due to bad weather or other particular circumstances.Under such circumstances, the decision to not attempt to respond may, nonetheless, be a difficult one, especially as it is likely to be viewed by the public, politicians and media as unacceptable.It is sometimes observed that an active response is therefore often adopted even when technical opinion is agreed that it is unlikely to have a significant benefit.Part of this may be a result of the fact that oil spilled on the surface of the sea spreads rapidly, thereby extending over an area that is too great to be countered by available techniques.Added to this are the limitations on containment and collection systems imposed by winds, waves and currents, and the problems posed for the effective use of chemical dispersants by high viscosity oils and the rapid formation of water-in-oil emulsions (“mousse”).At times, these technical realities frequently fail to deter those in charge from deploying numerous oil recovery ships or dispersant spraying vessels and aircraft in order to be “seen to be doing something”. In extreme cases an ineffective at-sea response may be continued for a long period, leading to high cleanup costs for little or no benefit.The actual cost-effectiveness of an at-sea response will depend upon many factors including the nature of the incident;the availability of trained personnel and required equipment and materials;the number of vessels, aircraft and specialized equipment employed; and, perhaps most importantly, the effectiveness of the pre-spill 25 BACKGROUND PAPER
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    planningandthecontroloftheactualoperations. ShorelineCleanup Shoreline cleanup frequentlyrelies on manual recovery methods and locally-available equipment. In terms of amount of oil collected relative to financial outlay it is often more cost effective than an at-sea response, which typically requires expensive equipment,vessels,aircraftandtrainedoperators. An important factor in the cost of shoreline cleanup is the extent to which cleaning is required to bring the contaminated area to a condition considered as acceptable. The first stage in most shoreline response along a heavily contaminated shoreline is the removalofbulkoil.Thisishardwork,yetisoftenrelativelystraightforwardandcanbeaccomplishedquickly,dependingonthetype of shoreline (e.g. rock, sand, mud) and ease of access.The type and amount of oil involved, the time of year, prevailing weather conditionsandotherfactorswillalsoinfluencetheeasewithwhichthickaccumulationsofbulkoilcanberemoved. As the cleanup operation progresses and the degree of contamination is continually reduced, ever more effort is required to effect further improvement.The operation becomes one of diminishing returns, with costs escalating rapidly as the amount of remaining oil becomes less and less.This is one of the key reasons that shoreline cleanup costs cannot be related directly to the degree of initial contamination: the level of effort to deal with a lightly contaminated area during the “secondary” and final cleaning may be very similar to that expended in the first place on the heavily oiled area.The overall costs therefore depend to a large extent on the degree of fine cleaning required for eachlocationandthedurationofworkuntiltheoperationcanfinallybeterminated. ManagementofResponseOperations Unfortunately, poor management and inadequate planning often result in the mistakesofpreviousspillsbeingrepeatedtimeandtimeagain.Theresultisdamage totheenvironmentandeconomicresourcesthatcouldhavebeenavoidedandthus, excessive costs. The tendency to react to political, media and public perceptions and pressures, rather than basing decisions on technical realities, is a special problem that can also escalate the cost of any incident beyond what would be considered“reasonable”undertheinternationalcompensationconventions. OILSPILLMANAGEMENTININDIA The Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation (OPRC) Convention, 1990 established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) provides all states to establish measures for dealing with pollution incidents either nationally or in cooperation with other countries. Consequently, the Government of India directed Indian Coast Guard (ICG) to prepare a National Oil Spill DisasterContingencyPlan(NOSDCP). The ICG was formed in 1977 for protection of maritime and other national interests in the Maritime Zones of India. The Coast Guard Act, 1978 specifies the charter of duties of the Coast Guard. The ICG assumed the responsibility of protecting the marine environment in the maritime zones constituting the territorial waters and Exclusive Economic Zone on 07 Mar 1986, when the responsibilitiesweretransferredfromtheMinistryofShipping. The NOSDCP was approved by the Committee of Secretaries on 04 Nov 1993 and the ICG published and promulgated the NOSDCP for combating the oil spill at sea at the national level in Jul 1996.Since 2003, the NOSDCP has come under the purview oftheNationalDisasterManagementAuthority,MinistryofHomeAffairsundertheMarineOilspillManagementinIndia. The NOSDCP envisages the Director General Indian Coast Guard (DGICG) as the Central Coordinating Authority (CCA) for enforcing the provisions of the NOSDCP in the Maritime Zones of India, and delineates the duties and responsibilityofeachparticipatingagency. NationalOilSpillDisasterContingencyPlan The Indian Coast Guard coordinates NOSDCP preparedness meeting annually and delegates from the Government departments, Ports, Oil industry, Oil explorationsunitsandStatePollutionControlBoardsparticipatesinthemeeting. 26 BACKGROUND PAPER
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    The NOSDCP meetingaddresses various issues related to the preparedness of the State Governments, Ports and Oil handling agenciestoestablishthenecessarypollutionresponsecapabilitytocombatmarineoilspillintheirareaofresponsibility. ContingencyPlanningandTier-IResponseCapability As per the directives of the Ministry of Shipping and Department of Oil Industry Safety Directorate (Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas), the Ports and the Oil Handling agencies are to establish oil pollution contingency plan and tier-I pollution response capacity to address oil spills upto 700 tons in their respective area of jurisdictions. The NOSDCP preparedness meetings, therefore, review the progress made by various stake holders in developingTier-1 oil spill response in their area of responsibility and also discusses other issues related to coordination, training, exercise and best practices. The protection of marine environment against oil spill is a challenge confronting the country in the backdrop of growing trade through sea and increase in shippingtraffic. OIL SPILL MODELLING AND MAPPING OF OIL SPILL RISK AREAS IN INDIA Detection of oil spills and predicting its movement towards Indian shores and assessment of extent of damage is an important activity pre-requisite for management and oil spills and combating its ill effects. The Ministry of Earth Sciences has developed this expertise under the programme on ‘Oil Spill ModellingandMappingofOilSpillRiskAreas’. The potential threat from operational or accidental oil spills from tankers and other oil related activities could lead to large scale destruction of marine life and property of the coastal region. Oil spillsinmarinewaterscandamagesocialandeconomicsystems as well as the natural environment of surrounding seas which support valuable fishing grounds, coastal ecosystems, Protected Marine National Park areas, long recreational and tourist beaches. Protection of marine life, environmental resources and property, prevention of loss of resources against oil spills damages is a priority concern for oil spill management in India. The Western part of Indian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), Lakshadweep and the Nicobar Islands lie close to one of the major oil tanker routes originating from the Gulf countries going to South East Asia. Nearly 500 million tones of crude oil are carried by about 3500 tankers along this route. Any major oil spill occurring in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal will lead to large scale damage to marine environment.The country has several ecologically sensitive areas like Coral Reefs, mangroves and areas of unique biodiversity like turtle nesting grounds, etc. To protect these areas against oil spill damages, the country has a spill management programme since 1980.The important aspects includeR&Dinoilspilldetection,management,combatingandlegalaspects .UnderthisOilSpillModellingandMappingofOilSpillRiskAreasfollowingarecovered Ÿ Development of oil spill trajectory model indicating the movement of oil spills from Western and Eastern EEZ to the coastalareasofthecountry. Ÿ Developmentarea/habitatspecificoilspillmodelsforhighriskareas; Ÿ Operationalisingthemodelduringoilspillincidents. PriorityAreasThatNeedProtection All the major ports along the Indian coastline, the locations of Single Point Moorings (SPMs), and exploration, locations of oil refineries, tanker movements, and areas pose risk of oil spills. The ecologically and environmentally sensitive areas namely mangrove, coral reef, lagoons and turtle nesting grounds; economically sensitive areas like tourist beaches and archeologically sensitiveareassuchasForts,ancientmonumentsetcfacevariouslevelsofoilspillthreats.. OilSpillTrajectoryModel Integrated Coastal Marine Area Management Project Directorate (ICMAM-PD), Chennai, an R&D unit of the Ministry has developedthismodelwhichcontainsthefollowing: 27 BACKGROUND PAPER
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    Ÿ racking ofoil spills from offshore to coastal areas of India based on windspeed,windvelocity,seacurrent,etc.; Ÿ The ICMAM-PD has also developed habitat specific oil spill model forGulfofKutch; Ÿ Strategiesthatneedtobeadoptedfor highriskareas The oil spill trajectory model for tracking oil spills has already been installed at IndianNationalCentreforOceanInformationServices(INCOIS),Hyderabad, an autonomous institute under this Ministry, which mans it on 24x7 basis along with interim tsunami warning system.In case of an oil spill, INCOIS will run this model and provide prediction along with recommendations to Coast Guard,DisasterManagementOfficeandotherseniorfunctionariesintheGovernment. Benefits Ÿ Timely deployment of booms to prevent movement of oil to sensitive coastal habitats (corals, mangroves, beaches, lagoons)anddamagetomarinelife; Ÿ Timely information to industries/power plants which have sea water intake system for cooling purposes, etc.so that theirsystemsarenotdamaged. Ÿ Estimationoflossofresources,whichwillhelpinclaimingcompensation. HowDoestheModelWork Step 1: Detection of loss of oil by tankers/spotting of oil spill by Coast Guard Surveillance Ship/Indian Navy Passing Vessels/MaritimeRescueCenter. Step2:Informationonlocation,quantityofoilspilledetc.passedontoINCOIS Step3:ModelisrunbyINCOISbasedonoiltype,location,bathymetry(depthofwater)livedataofwindspeed,winddirection,sea current,tidecondition,etc. Step4:LikelypathtobetakenbyoilspillandshorelinetobeaffectedarepredictedbyModel; Step 5:Online intimation sent to Coast Guard, concerned Port Authority, State Government, MHA, NDMA, State Pollution Control Board,etc. The path and affected areas are further refined every three hours or as required based on latest data on wind speed & wind direction. PositionofoilspillwillalsobetrackedbasedonsatellitepicturebyINCOISand/orbyaerialsurveybyCoastGuard. 28 BACKGROUND PAPER
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    WORLDWIDESCENARIO Public concern overmarine oil spills has been clearly augmented since the 1967Torrey Canyon supertanker accident off the UK coast, when 100,000 tonnes of spilled oil caused heavy pollution of the French and British shores with serious ecological and fisheries consequences. The highly publicized 1989 spill of the Exxon Valdez in Prince William Sound, Alaska caused unprecedented damage to the fragile Arctic system.Marshes and sediments in PrinceWilliam Sound retained oil for many years, affecting the development of fish embryos on the bottom. Since then, impressive technical, political, and legal experience in managing the problem has been gained in many countries and at the international level, mainly through a number of Conventions initiated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). As a result of the Exxon Valdez oil spill, the U.S. passed legislation requiringallnewlybuilttankerstohaveadoublehull. AftertenyearsofExxonValdezoilspill,pocketsofoilremainedinthemarshes,andmussels,clams,ducksandseaottersshowed evidence of harm in some localized areas. Remedial actions after oil spills are controversial, and some of the cures (e.g. aggressive cleaning with large heavy equipment) may be worse than the original problem, as was seen in the attempted clean up aftertheExxonValdezoilspill. WORLD’sWORSTOILSPILLS There are many ways to measure the severity of oil spills – from the volume spilled to the extent of environmental damage to the costofclean-upandrecovery.Thefollowinglistdescribestheworstoilspillsinhistory,judgedbytheamountofoilreleasedintothe environment. 1.GulfWarOilSpill Date:January19,1991 Location:PersianGulf,Kuwait OilSpilled:380million-520milliongallons Ironically, the worst oil spill in human history wasn’t the result of an accident. During the Gulf War, Iraqi forces, attempting to thwart a potential landing of American soldiers, opened the valves at an offshore oil terminal and dumped oil from several tankers.The oil they released created a 4-inch thick oil slick that covered 4000 square miles.To put it in perspective, that’s enoughoiltocovertheentirestateofRhodeIslandonefootdeepinoil. 2.DeepwaterHorizonOilSpill Date:April20-July15,2011 Location:GulfofMexico OilSpilled:205.8milliongallons TheDeepwaterHorizonoilspill(alsoknownastheGulfofMexicoOilSpillortheBPOilSpill)is the largest marine oil spill in history, and was caused by an explosion on the Deepwater Horizon offshore oil platform about 50 miles southeast of the Mississippi River delta on April 20,2010.Mostofthe126workersontheplatformweresafelyevacuated.Elevenworkerswere presumedkilledintheinitialexplosion.TheDeepwaterHorizonsankinabout5,000feet(1,500 m) of water on April 22, 2010.On April 23 the U.S.Coast Guard suspended the search for missing workers who are all presumed dead.After a series of failed efforts to plug the leak, BP said on July 15 that it had capped the well, stopping the flow of oil into the GulfofMexicoforthefirsttimein86days. 3.LakeviewGusher Date:March1910-September1911 Location:KernCountry,California OilSpilled:378milliongallons The worst accidental oil spill in U.S.and world history occurred in 1910, when a crew drilling for oil beneath California scrubland tapped into a high-pressure reservoir 2,200 feet below the surface. The resulting gusher destroyed the wooden derrick and caused a crater so large that no one could getcloseenoughtomakeaseriousattemptatstoppingthegeyserofoilthatcontinueduncontrolledforapproximately18months. 29 BACKGROUND PAPER
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    4.Ixtoc1OilSpill Date:June3,1979throughMarch23,1980 Location:BayofCampeche,Mexico OilSpilled:140milliongallons A blowout occurredat an offshore oil well that Pemex, a state-owned Mexican oil company, wasdrillingintheBayofCampeche,offthecoastofCiudaddelCarmeninMexico.Theoilcaughtfire,thedrillingrigcollapsed,and oil gushed out of the damaged well at a rate of 10,000 to 30,000 barrels a day for more than nine months before workers succeededincappingthewellandstoppingtheleak. 5.AtlanticEmpress/AegeanCaptainOilSpill Date:July19,1979 Location:OffthecoastofTrinidadandTobago OilSpilled:90milliongallons On July 19, 1979, two oil tankers, the Atlantic Empress and the Aegean Captain, collided off the coast of Trinidad and Tobago during a tropical storm.The two ships, which were carrying about 500,000 tons (154 million gallons) of crude oil between them, caught fire on impact.Emergency crews extinguished the fire on the Aegean Captain and towed it to shore, but the fire on the Atlantic Empress continued to burn out of control.The damaged ship lost approximately 90 million gallons of oil – the record for a ship-related oil spill – before it exploded and sank on August 3, 1979. 6.KolvaRiverOilSpill Date:September8,1994 Location:KolvaRiver,Russia OilSpilled:84milliongallons A ruptured pipeline had been leaking for eight months, but the oil was contained by a dike. Whenthedikecollapsed,millionsofgallonsofoilspilledintotheKolvaRiverintheRussianArctic. 7.NowruzOilFieldOilSpill Date:February10-September18,1983 Location:PersianGulf,Iran OilSpilled:80milliongallons During the Iran-Iraq war, an oil tanker crashed into an offshore oil platform at the Nowruz Oil Field in the Persian Gulf.Fighting delayed efforts to stop the oil spill, which was dumping about 1,500 barrels of oil into the Persian Gulf each day. In March, Iraqi planes attacked the oil field, the damaged platform collapsed, and the oil slick caught fire.The Iranians finally managed to cap the well in September, an operation that claimed the lives of 11 people. 8.CastillodeBellverOilSpill Date:August6,1983 Location:SaldanhaBay,SouthAfrica OilSpilled:79milliongallons The Castillo de Bellver oil tanker caught fire about 70 miles northwest of Cape Town, South Africa, then drifted before finally breaking apart 25 miles off the coast, presenting South Africa with its worst-ever marine environmental disaster.The stern sank in deep water with approximately 31 million gallons of oil still aboard.The bow section was towed far away from the coast by Altatech, a marine services company, then scuttled and sunk in a 30 BACKGROUND PAPER
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    controlledmannertominimizepollution. 9.AmocoCadizOilSpill Date:March16-17,1978 Location:Portsall,France OilSpilled:69milliongallons TheoilsupertankerAmocoCadizwascaughtinaviolentwinterstormthatdamageditsrudder, making it impossiblefor the crew to steer the ship.The captain sent out a distress signal and several ships responded, but nothing could stop the huge tanker from running aground. On March17,theshipbrokeintwoandspilleditsentirecargo–69milliongallonsofcrudeoil–into theEnglishChannel. 10.ABTSummerOilSpill Date:May28,1991 Location:approximately700nauticalmilesoffthecoastofAngola OilSpilled:51-81milliongallons TheABTSummer,anoiltankercarrying260,000tonsofoil,wasenroutefromIrantoRotterdamwhenitexplodedandcaughtfire on May 28, 1991. After three days, the ship finally sank about 1,300 kilometers (more than 800 miles) off the coast of Angola. Because the accident occurred so far offshore, it was assumed that high seas would disperse the oil spill naturally.As a result, not muchwasdonetocleanuptheoil. 11.M/THavenTankerOilSpill Date:April11,1991 Location:Genoa,Italy OilSpilled:45milliongallons On April 11, 1991, the M/T Haven was unloading a cargo of 230,000 tons of crude oil at the Multedo platform, about seven miles off the coast of Genoa, Italy.When something went wrong during a routine operation, the ship exploded and caught fire, killing six people and spilling oil into the Mediterranean Sea. Italian authorities attempted to tow the tanker closer to shore, to reduce the coastal area affected by the oil spill and to improve access to the wreck, but the ship broke in two and sank.For the next 12 years, theshipcontinuedtopollutetheMediterraneancoastsofItalyandFrance. 12.OdysseyandOceanOdysseyOilSpills Date:September/November,1988 Location:OfftheEastCoastofCanada OilSpilled:About43milliongallonsperspill Two oil spills that occurred hundreds of miles off the east coast of Canada in autumn 1988 are often mistaken for each other. In September 22, 1988, the Ocean Odyssey, an American-owned offshore drilling rig, exploded and dumped more than a million barrels (about 43 million gallons) of oil into the North Sea.The ultimate direct cause of the incident was a failure of the subsea wellheadequipmentafteraprolongedperiodofwellcontrol.Onepersonwaskilled,66otherswererescued. Odyssey, a British-owned oil tanker, was an oil tanker in operation from 1971 to November 10, 1988, when an explosion occurred on board, causing the ship to break into two and begin sinking in the North Atlantic off the coast of Canada.As the ship sank 700 nauticalmiles(1,300km)offthecoastofNovaScotia,afirebrokeoutonitssternsection,causingtheoilonboardtocatchfireand spillingaboutamillionbarrelsofoil.All27crewmembersweremissingandpresumeddead. By volume, the Exxon Valdez oil spill ranks around 35th, but it is considered an environmental disaster because the oil spill occurredinthepristineenvironmentofAlaska’sPrinceWilliamSoundandtheoilfouled1,100milesofcoastline. 31 BACKGROUND PAPER
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    INDIANSCENARIO India, particularly theArabian Sea is not new to oil spills what with a number of oil refineries along the coasts of Maharashtra and Gujarat. However,therehavebeenfewmajorspillsintheregion. Recently, the collision of two large ships off the Mumbai coast and the resulting oil spill has come as a test of India’s preparedness to handle shipping disasters. A strong oil spill response system is of paramount importance. Yet capacity-building efforts in major ports have not kept pacewiththeneed. It is precisely to meet such challenges that a National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan (NOS-DCP) was drawn up in 1996.Based on this, all ports should by now possess functional spill response systems. The proceedings of the 14th NOS-DCP and Preparedness Meetingheldin2009highlightedtheslowprogressinachievingfullresponsecapacityevenatthebasiclevelatMumbaiandJNPT ports. India has ratified key environmental and shipping conventions, including the International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation. The national coastline is about 7,500 km long and has, in the assessment of the Coast Guard (CG), 11 major and 20 minor ports that must be equipped to combat oil pollution.A few ships sink in Indian coastal waterseveryyear;in2007,asmanyasfivevesselswithatotalof658tonnesofoilwentdown. OILSPILLOFFMUMBAICOAST Ship collisions or grounding leading to oil spills has been a perennial occurrence.But this phenomenonappearstohavegotskewedintherecentpastespeciallyforMumbai. The government has identified Mumbai’s coast as ecologically sensitive and drafted specialconservationprogramsforthearea. Besides damaging coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, oil spills can affect the movement of ships at Mumbai’s ports, which are some of the country’s busiest and most strategicallyimportant. M.V.RAKoilspill M.V.RAK which sank in the Arabian Sea on August 4, 2011, approximately 35 km off Mumbai’s coast became the 23rd vessel to be involved in an accident during the past 29 years resulting in oil spill around the coast of Mumbai.In all, over 60,000 tonnes of oil has been known to have spilled by these 23 ships into the sea thus frequently ravaging the Mumbai coast and causing destruction to marine life and incalculable loss.The oil spill to hit Mumbai coast so far is half the total oil spilt around the entire Indian coast for the same period since 1982 viz. 113,000 tons as a result of 74 ship accidents. These are the statistics made available by the IndianCoastGuards,thedesignatedfirstresponseagencytocombatoilspillsintheocean. When it sank, MV Rak had 60,000 metric tonnes of coal in its hold and 290 tonnes of fuel oil and 50 tonnes of diesel.It was on its way to Dahej port in Gujarat from Indonesia.The coast guard and the navy rescued its 30-member crew following a distress call fromthevessel. On Aug 7, 2011, oil started leaking from the sunken vessel at a rate of 1.5 to 2 tonnes an hour.The oil spread about seven nautical miles around the vessel. A Coastguard ship, SamudraPrahari,whichwasonpatrol,responded andusedoildispersanttoneutralizethespilledoil. More than 700kg of oil spill dispersant was sprayed over seven nautical miles from where the shipsankandthespillwasnoticed. But alarm bells started ringing soon with environmentalists advising people to stay off fish for a while and authorities telling fishermen not to venturenearthespillagearea. Theoildoesnotgetdissolvedinseawater;ratherit forms a thick layer over it. This affects marine biology and disrupts the marine food chain. Big 32 BACKGROUND PAPER
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    fishes eat smallones coated with oil and fishermen catch big fishes for the market.The oil layer also cuts off the oxygen supply in waterresultinginthedeathofmarineanimals. SpillfromONGC’sMumbai-UranTrunk(MUT)OilPipeline Around a mile long oil spill was detected from a ruptured pipeline some 80 km off the Mumbai coast on January 21, 2011.The spill was caused due to a leakage detected at ONGC’s Mumbai-Uran Trunk (MUT) oil pipeline (which transports crude oil from the MumbaiHighoffshorefields)at0845hours. Production at ONGC’s Mumbai high, the nation’s biggest oilfield, and Bassein oilfield was immediately stopped and the pipeline closed. The oil flow was stopped at noon, but the spill was spread.The Coast Guard and Navy were immediately alerted and four ships, DornierplanesandChetakHelicoptersweredispatchedtotackletheoilspill. The Regional Contingency Plan (which is the existing emergency response measure) was activated immediately on detection of theleak. NationalOilSpillDisasterContingencyPlanwasalsoactivatedbytheCoast Guardtoensureminimumdamagetoenvironment. ONGC mobilized the pipeline repair vessel including three Multi SupportVessels to the site to ascertain the extent of leakage for containmentandrepair.Theinitialassessmentofextentofoilspillwasaboutonemilelongandaround45metrictonne. TheoilsupplyandgasproductionfromMumbaiHighwasdivertedtotheICP-HeeraUranTrunk(HUT)pipeline.Connectedoiland gaswellswereclosedforsafetyreasons.Outputwasresumedafterthreehours. Mumbai high and Bassein fields together produce 247,000 barrels of oil per day.The loss of production was around 25,000 bopd onthedayofthepipelineburst. MSCChitraandMVKhalijia-IIIcollision AnoilspilloffthecoastofIndiawascausedwhentwoPanamanianflaggedcargoships–MSCChitraandMVKhalijia-III–collided off the Mumbai coast on August 7, 2010.MSC Chitra was carrying 1219 containers with over 2662 tons of fuel, 283 tons of diesel and88040tonsoflubricantoilwhichstartedpouringintotheArabianSea.Theshiphasspilled500tonsoffuelandlubricants,with some300oilcontainershavingrolledintothesea.Therewerenocasualtiesduetothecollision. The government statement said analysis of water samples showed no contamination from hazardous chemicals like sodium hydroxideorpesticides.However,oilhasbeensightedashoreinMumbai,affectingmangrovesinsomeareas. Nearly 1,100 pounds (500 kilograms) of fish samples in the area were contaminated with oil.The state authorities banned fishing intheareauntilAugust15,2010. The spill caused serious environmental and economic concerns for Mumbai.The spill reached the Alibag and Uran areas, with potential risk to the mangrove belt in the region, as also the ancient Elephanta Caves.The island caves are a world heritage site withexquisitesculpturesandarchitecturedatingbackto6-7centuriesAD. The fishing community in Maharashtra was been forced to stop work for three days translating into millions of Rupees in losses. The worst hit however, was the marginal fishermen who depend upon their daily catch along the coastline for survival. The 800,000strongfishingcommunityinMaharashtraislookingforcompensationfromthegovernmentforthelossesincurred. The Indian Coast Guard and the Mumbai Port Trust tried to salvage the situation with the help of anti-pollution dispersal spray systems.SMITSalvage,aNetherlandbasedemergencyresponseandenvironmentalcareservicesindustrywasrecruitedbythe MumbaiPortTrusttocontroltheoilspill.Thetreacheroustidalconditionsintheregionmadedisastermanagementdifficult. CONCLUSION Oil spills will continue to happen as long as society depends on petroleum and its products.This is due to the potential for human error and equipment failure inherent in producing, transporting, and storing petroleum.While it is important to focus on ways to preventoilspills,methodsforcontrollingthemandcleaningthemupmustalsobedeveloped.Anintegratedsystemofcontingency plans and response options can speed up and improve response to an oil spill and significantly reduce the environmental impact andseverityofthespill. The purpose of contingency plans is to coordinate all aspects of the response to an oil spill.This includes stopping the flow of oil, containingtheoil,andcleaningitup.Theareacoveredbycontingencyplanscouldrangefromasinglebulkoilterminaltoanentire section of coastline. Oil spills, like forest fires and other environmental emergencies, are not predictable and can occur anytime and during any weather.Therefore, the key to effective response to an oil spill is to be prepared for the unexpected and to plan spill 33 BACKGROUND PAPER
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    countermeasuresthatcanbeappliedintheworstpossibleconditions. Today, oil spillresponders try to optimize net environmental benefits when considering how to deal with a spill.This simply means that the effects on the environment of whatever cleanup techniques are to be used are weighed against the damage to the site.In other words, the question is asked, will the cleanup process itself possibly cause more damage to the site than the oil would if it were left? Sometimes the decision is made not to clean up if an assessment shows that the cleanup itself will be intrusive.In the same way, the effects of the various cleanup techniques are also assessed and the least intrusive technique is chosen for a particularsite. Obviously,animportantpartofprotectingtheenvironmentisensuringthatthereareasfewspillsaspossible.Forthisreason,both government and industry needs to work together to reduce the risk of oil spills, with the introduction of strict new legislation and stringent operating codes.Of late, the costs associated with oil spills and regulations governing offshore facilities and operations have encouraged the development of improved technology for spill prevention. Industry has invoked new operating and maintenance procedures to reduce accidents that lead to spills;but at the same time intensive training programs are required to bedevelopedtoreducethepotentialforhumanerror. PREFERENCES Ÿ “AnnualReport2010”,InternationalOilPollutionCompensationFunds Ÿ “GuidelinesForMarineEnvironmentProtection–OilHandlingCompanies”,DirectorateofFisheriesandEnvironment, IndianCoastGuard Ÿ “InternationalCooperationforMarineEnvironmentProtectioninSouthAsia”,IndianCoastGuard Ÿ “OilSpillResponse”,YearBook2011 Ÿ “OilSpill”,TheEncyclopediaofEarth,LeadAuthor:StanislavPatin,May,2010, Ÿ “Road Map for Oil Spill Management for India”, Project Review and Monitoring Committee for oil spill management, GovernmentofIndia Ÿ “UnderstandingOilSpillsandOilSpillResponse”,UnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,December1999 Ÿ A.J. Underwood: “Establishing the true environmental impact of a spill”, Spillcon 2002: 9th International Oil Spill Conference,September2002 Ÿ Dagmar Schmidt Etkin: “Estimating Cleanup Costs for Oil Spills”, Oil Spill Intelligence Report, 1999 International Oil SpillConference Ÿ Dagmar Schmidt Etkin: “Worldwide Analysis of Marine Oil Spill Cleanup Cost Factors”, Arctic and Marine Oilspill ProgramTechnicalSeminar(June2000) Ÿ E. C.Wayment and B.Wagstaff: “Appropriate technology for oil spill management in developing nations”, Pure Appl. Chem.,Vol.71,No.1,1999IUPAC,GreatBritain. Ÿ GraemeWearden:“BPprofitsdipasDeepwaterHorizoncostscontinuetomount”April2011(www.guardian.co.uk) Ÿ http://dst.gov.in Ÿ James Perran Ross:“An introduction to Marine oil spills”, Dept.Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, IFAS, University of Florida,May2010 Ÿ Joseph Fonseca: “Mumbai hit by 60,000-tonne oil spill, India by over 113,000”, August, 2011 (www.maritimeprofessional.com) Ÿ MervFingas:“TheBasicsofOilSpillCleanup”,SecondEdition,CRCPressLLC,2000 Ÿ www.bp.com Ÿ www.coastalcare.org Ÿ www.jeywin.com Ÿ www.thehindu.com Ÿ www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com Ÿ www.wisegeek.com BACKGROUND PAPER 34
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    CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2011 GLOBAL COLLABORATION FORCLEANER SEAS THEME: 35 CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2011
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    TH DAY 1-THURSDAY, 29SEPTEMBER 2011 1100-1600 - REGISTRATION 1530-1600 - HIGHTEA 1600 - 1730 Hours: Inaugural Session Mr. A K Hazarika, CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2011 – Guest of Honour Capt. M M Saggi, Nautical Advisor, DG Shipping – Special Address IG VSR Murthy, DDG - Indian Coast Guard – Theme Address Mr. H P Bhalla, Director, Cairn India Ltd. – Special Address Mr. Anoop Kumar, Executive Director, ONGC & Convenor OSI 2011 – Welcome Address Key note Address and Release of Souvenir / Show Catalogue Mr. Abhishek Bhatnagar, CEO, Ten Media - Vote of Thanksi 1730 - 1900 Hours - Plenary Session - Oil Spill India Session Chairman: Mr. MuraleeThummarukudy, Programme Officer, Post Conflict and Disaster Management Branch, UNEP, Geneva Speakers: 1.) Mr. Richard H. Johnson, Technical Director, ITOPF, UK Global Scenario Oil Spill 2.) Mr.Thomas Liebert, Head, External Relations & Conference Department, IOPC Funds, UK Global Scenario Oil Spill 1900 Hours - Exhibition Inauguration 1930 Hours onwards- Welcome Dinner (Sponsored by ONGC) DAY 2- FRIDAY, 30TH SEPTEMBER 2011 0900 - 1000 Hours - Session 1 ‘Perspective & Challenges in India’ Session Chairman: Mr. Apurba Saha, ED, ONGC Speakers: 1.) Capt. Deepak Kapoor, Nautical Surveyor-cum-DDG (Tech), DG Shipping, Govt. of India Oil Spill Perspective & Threats from Shipping Industry 2.) DIG V. D. Chafekar, Officer In charge, Bureau of Naviks, Indian Coast Guard Oil Spill Perspective & Challenges faced 3.) Mr. Neeraj Sinha, Scientist ‘F’/ Senior Director, Office of PSA – Government of India Historical Perspective & Challenges of Oil Spill in India 1000 - 1115 Hours - Session 2 ‘Environment Protection’ Session Chairman: Dr. P. B. Rastogi, Director - IA Division, Ministry of Environment & Forest, Govt of India Speakers: 1.) Dr. R.S. Kankara, Scientist-E, Ministry of Earth Sciences, ICMAM-Project Directorate, Govt of India Need for Science based Contingency Planning for Oil Spill Management in India 2.) Dr. R. K. Suri, Director, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt of India Regulatory Framework for Prevention and Control of Marine Oil Pollution 36 CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2011
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    3.) Dr.Y. B.Sontakke, Incharge HSMD/ RO(HQ), Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, India Oil Spill Threats 4.) Capt. Farhat Imam, Chief Operating Officer, Resolve Marine Group Inc. USA Case Studies in Maritime Oil Spills: Lessons Learned 1115 - 1130 Hours -Tea Break 1130 - 1300 Hours - Session 3 ‘The Country Presentation’ Norway Country Presentation 1300 - 1400 Hours - Lunch 1400 - 1515 Hours - Session 4 ‘Industry Perspective - An Approach’ Session Chairman: Mr. A. K. Jain, ED, Chief Offshore Logistics, ONGC, India Speakers: 1.) Dr. R. K. Raju, General Manager - HSE, Reliance Industries Ltd, India Challenges in Oil Spill Contingency planning for the deep water development projects along east coast of India 2.) Mr. Amitab Basu, General Manager, ONGC, India Oil Spill response & preparedness for E&P Company 3.) Mr. Hari Kumar, Head HSE & Quality Assurance, Cairn India Limited, India Need for Public-Private cooperation in building Oil Spill Response Organisations (OSROs) in India 1515 – 1530 Hours -Tea Break 1530 – 1700 Hours - Session 5 ‘Oil Spill Response’ Session Chairman: IG SPS Basra, Inspector General, Indian Coast Guard Speakers: 1.) Mr. Nicholas March, Senior Consultant, Oil Spill Response Limited, UK Planning for the worst: Response inhibitors and the what if question? 2.) Mr. Rufus Whiteford, Sales Manager (India), Kelvin Huges, UK Oil Spill Detection by Radar and Infrared 3.) Mr. Massimo Carmagnini, Product Manager (Raddar), Consilium Marine and safety, Italy Oil Spill Detection Radar at Consilium 4.) Mr. Donald L.Wilson, CEO, Elastec / American Marine Inc., USA Controlled in Situ Burning of Oil as a Spill Response option 5.) Dr. Nils Robbe, CEO, OPTIMARE Sensorsysteme GmbH & Co. KG, Germany Remote Sensors and Mission System Technology for Optimized Operational Airborne Oil Spill Monitoring 1700 - 1735 Hours - Session 6 ‘Technology: Oil Spill recovery’ Session Chairman: Mr. Rune Bergstrom, Department of Emergency Response for the Norwagian Coastal Administration* Speakers: 1.) Mr. Bruce Kivisto, General Manager, Chukar Waterjet, Inc., USA Water Jet Technology and Applications – Deepwater Subsea 2.) Mr.YoppyTan, Senior Preparedness Development Executive, Oil Spill Response Limited, Singapore Contingency Planning for Deepwater Spill Scenarios 37 CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2011
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    3.) Mr. SubhajitSarkar, Senior Business Analyst, Wipro Technologies 0 360 Degree View on Economics 1900 Hours onwards - Networking Dinner (Sponsored by Innovation Norway) DAY 3- SATURDAY 1ST OCTOBER 2011 0900 – 1030 hours - Session 7 ‘Oil Spill Recovery Organisation’ Session Chairman: Capt. Sandeep Kalia, Executive Director, Great Offshore Limited, India Speakers: 1.) Sir Mehernosh Shroff, Chief Engineer, Seaworthy Shipping Oil Spill & HNS Response Planning & Practical Oil Spill & HNS Clean UP Ashore and Offshore: India, Far East: Complete Emergency to Clean up Solutions 2.) Mrs. Geeva Varghese, Consultant, Oil Spill Response Limited, Singapore Response Case Studies from Asia 3.) Mr. Geraint Richards, Vice President (Middle East & India), Lamor Corporation, Finland Practical Options for Offshore Oil Recovery 4.) Capt. D. C. Sekhar, Managing Director, Alpha Marine Emergency Response Services, India Capacity Building for Emergency Response 1000 - 1030 Hours -Tea Break 1030 - 1200 Hours - Session 8 ‘Legal Issues and Claims’ Session Chairman: Capt. M M Saggi, Nautical Advisor, DG Shipping Speakers: 1.) Mrs.Vaneeta Patnaik, Doctoral Research Scholar, Doctoral Research Scholar at International Max Planck Research School for Maritime Affairs, Hamburg, Germany Does Indian law affect Salvage operations in an Oil Spill – An overview 2.) Mr. Donny Michael, Director (Fisheries & Environment), Indian Coast Guard, India Legal Aspect in Oil Spill 3.) Mr. John P. Menezes, CEO, Menezes and Associates, India Sub Sea Pollution From Offshore Industry 1200 - 1330 Hours - Session 9 ‘Interactive Session’ Speakers: 1.) Mr. Rakesh Srivastava, IAS, Joint Secretary (Ports), Ministry of Shipping 2.) Dr.Y B Sontakke, Incharge HSMD/ RO(HQ), Maharashtra Pollution Control Board 3.) Capt. M. M. Saggi, Nautical Advisor, Government of India 4.) Dr. S. K. Nanda, IAS, Principal Secretary, Forest and Environment Department, Govt. of Gujarat 5.) Mr. Dependra Pathak, Director Exploration (I), Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas 6.) Mr. U. D. Choubey, Director General, SCOPE 7.) Mr. Anoop Kumar, Convenor, OSI 2011 & Executive Director, ONGC 8.) DIG. Donny Michael, Director (Fisheries & Environment), Indian Coast Guard 9.) Mr. B P Baliga, ED (HSE) Refineries, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. 1330 Hours - Close of conference & Networking Lunch CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2011 38
  • 41.
    MASSIMO CARMAGNINI Product ManagerRADAR, World expert of Maritime Radar Applications Consilium Marine and Safety Sweden SAFAR MOHAMMAD KHAN Area Manager, West Region (Oil Spill Response) Green Apple Environmental Technologies India DIG DONNY MICHAEL Director (Fisheries & Environment), CGHQ, New Delhi Indian Coast Guard India GERAINT RICHARDS Vice President - Middle East & India Lamor Corporation Finland NEERAJ SINHA Scientist ‘F’/ Senior Director, Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to The Government of India, New Delhi RUFUS WHITEFORD Sales Manager India, Commercial Marine Kelvin Hughes Limited United Kingdom DIG V. D. CHAFEKAR MSc, MPhil Officer in Charge, Bureau of Naviks Indian Coast Guard India BRUCE KIVISTO P.E., General Manager Chukar Waterjet, Inc. USA DEEPAK R. MISHRA Assistant Professor, Department of Geosciences and Northern Gulf Institute, Mississippi State University, USA DR. NILS ROBBE Chief Executive Officer OPTIMARE Sensorsysteme GmbH & Co. KG Germany DR. Y. B. SONTAKKE Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, Govt. of Maharashtra DONALD L. WILSON Chief Executive Officer, ELASTEC / American Marine Inc. USA CAPT. FARHAT IMAM Chief Operating Officer RESOLVE Marine Group THOMAS LIEBERT Head - External Relations and Conference Department International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds United Kingdom CARLO MORUCCI Business Development, Responsible Oil & Gas, Environment, Land Management, Security e-GEOS, Italy CAPT. M. M. SAGGI Nautical Advisor Government of India DR. R. K. SURI Director, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, New Delhi, India SUBHAJIT SARKAR Senior Business Analyst. Wipro Technologies ARVINDER S BRARA Chairman & Managing Director Mantec Consultants Pvt. Ltd. India DR. R. S. KANKARA Scientist-E, MoES Project Directorate, NIOT Campus, Chennai, India DR. R.K. RAJU General Manager - HSE Reliance Industries Ltd. (E&P), India SPEAKERS 2011 SIR MEHERNOSH SHROFF Chief Engineer, Fellow of Inst. of Marine Engineers GEEVA VARGHESE Consultant Oil Spill Response Limited Singapore NICHOLAS JAMES Senior Consultant Oil Spill Response Limited United Kingdom JOHN PRASAD MENEZES FNI, FICS, MCMS Chief Executive Officer Menezes and Associates India VANEETA PATNAIK Doctoral Research Scholar, International Max Planck Research Institute for Pvt. & Comparative Law, Hamburg CAPT. D. C. SEKHAR Managing Director AlphaMERS Pvt. Ltd. India YOPPY TAN Senior Preparedness Dev. Executive Oil Spill Response Limited Singapore AMITABH BASU General Manaer (P) ONGC, Mumbai 39
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    Inauguration ceremony Inaugural session Thelamp lighting ceremony was followed by An Inaugural Session. In Inaugural session, Mr. Anoop Kumar, ED, ONGC & Convener OSI 2011 gave Welcome Address speech. Other Speakers of the session were Mr. A.K. Hazarika, CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2011; Mr. H.P. Bhalla, Director, Cairn; IG VSR Murthy, DDG- Indian Coast Guard; Capt. MM Saggi, NauticalAdvisor,DGShipping;Mr.AbhishekBhatnagar,CEO,iTENMediagavetheVoteofthanks. Mr.A.K.Hazarika,CMD,ONGC&ConferenceChairman,OSI2011InauguratedtheOSI2011InternationalExhibition. Sessions SESSION 1 On day 2, Session 1 focused on the Perspective & Challenges in India.Speakers from Director General of Shipping, Indian Coast GuardandofficeofPSAgavetheirvaluableviewpointandsharedtheexpertise.ThesessionwaschairedbyMr.ApurbaSaha,ED, ONGC. th Oil Spill India 2011 was inaugurated by Mr. A.K. Hazarika, CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2011 on 29 September 2011at1600hrs. 40 SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 2011
  • 43.
    Sessions SESSION 2 Session 2started with the presentations from the eminent speakers from Ministry of Earth sciences, MoEF, MPCB, Resolve MarineGroupInc.,USA.TheSessionwaschairedbyDr.P.B.Rastogi,Director-IADivision,MoEF,GoI. Session 3 was Country presentation session, in which 11 speakers from various Norwegian companies shared their experience &Technology. Session 4 was on Industry perspective, where speakers from Reliance Industries Ltd., ONGC India and Cairn India Limited gave theirpresentations;sessionwaschairedbyMr.AKJain,ED,ONGC. Session 5 was on Oil Spill Response, Chaired by IG SPS Basra, Indian Coast Guard.Speakers from OSRL, UK;Kelvin Hughes, UK;ConsiliumMarine&Safety,UK;Elastec/AmericanMarineInc.,USAandOptimaresharedtheirpresentations SESSION 3 SESSION 4 SESSION 5 41 SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 2011
  • 44.
    SESSION 6 Session 6was on Technology related to Oil Spill Recovery, session chaired by Mr. Rune Bergstrom from Norwegian Coastal Administration.SpeakersfromChukarWaterjetInc.,USA;OSRL,Singapore&WiproTechnologiessharedtheirtechnology. th OnLastdayi.e.,day3,7 SessionstartedwiththetopicofOilSpillRecoveryOrganisation.ItwaschairedbyCapt.SandeepKalia ExecutiveDirector,GreatOffshoreSalvageServicesLtd.SpeakersfromSeaworthyShipping,India;OSRL,Singapore;Lamor Corporation,FinlandandAlphamarineEmergencyResponseServicesgavetheirpresentations. Session 8 was focused on Legal Issues and claims, chaired by Capt.MM Saggi, Nautical Adviser, Govt.of India.Speakers from International Max Planck Research School for Maritime Affairs, Germany; Indian Coast Guard and Menezes and Associates sharedtheirexpertise. Session9wasInteractiveSession,whereCapt.MMSaggi,RakeshSrivastava,Dr.SKNanda,DIGDonnyMichael,Mr.Dependra Pathak,Mr.B.P.Baliga,Mr.AnoopKumar,Mr.U.D.Choubey,Dr.Y.B.Sontakkeparticipatedanddiscussedtheissue. SESSION 7 SESSION 8 Interactive sessions SESSION 9 42 SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 2011
  • 45.
    Networking dinner ExhibitioninaugurationwasfollowedbytheWelcomeDinneratFisherman’sWharf,Goa. Exhibition wasinaugurated by Mr. A K Hazarika, CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2011. Exhibition showcased participationfrom25companiesfrom10countriesand2countrypavilionsfromUKandNorway. International brands like Lamor, Desmi-Ro Clean, Elastec/American Marine Inc., Optimare, Markleen, Green Apple Environmental Technologies, Ecoceane, ECOservice-NEFTEGAZ Ltd., Ayles Fernie International Ltd., Fastank, SEACOR Response, Vikoma International Limited, OPEC, Darcy Spillcare, 3M India, Aanderra Data Instruments, Aatash Norcontrol, Allmaritim, Aptomar, Frank Mohn, Fugro Oceanor, H Henriksen, Miros, Norlense participated and presented their latest technologiesandadvancements. Exhibitorsgotopportunitiestodiscussthesamewiththedelegatescamefrom18countriesworldwide. Exhibition OSI 2011 SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 2011 43
  • 46.
    SHOW STATISTICS 2011 18Countries 225 Delegates 25 Exhibitors 28.16% 71.83% Annual Biennial 44.28% 39.43% 15.49% 1.41% 0% Preferred Frequency of Conference Networking Relevance of Conference Content Quality of Speakers Participation in OSI 2011 Would like to attend again or not? Excellent V. Good Average Poor Disappointing 51.42% 41.42% 5.71% 1.43% 0% Excellent Excellent V. Good V. Good Average Average Poor Poor Disappointing Disappointing Yes No 64.78% 5.63% 1.41% 0% 28.16% 1.56% 98.40% 92.84% rated the content relevance as excellent / Very Good. 71.82% preferred the frequency of conference to be annual 98.4% said they would like to attend it next time as well. 92.94% rated the quality of speakers as excellent / Very Good 8 3 . 7 1 % s a i d t h a t t h e n e t w o r k i n g opportunities were excellent / Very Good. 44
  • 47.
    TAKEAWAYS 2011 l Toidentifytheresponsecapacityoftheregiontomarineoilspillsthatoccurwithinoroutofportlimits. lToidentifythepreparednessoftheregiontocoveralltypesofoilspillages l To set up a local spill response team depending on the size and nature of the spill and the resources at risk. This team willworkincloseco-ordinationwiththeregionalornationalcontingencyplan. l To set up a pre approved list of the company or agency responsible for the spill clean-up depending upon their capacity tohandletheoilspillviz:Tier1,2or3.Thepaymenttotheapprovedvendortobeguaranteed bytheadministration. l To set up an 'Action Group for Oil spill Response (AGOSR)' independent of any state control & have members from the localindustry&thestateauthoritytoberesponsibletofirstbeavailableincaseofanoilspill. Thisgroupshouldhaveits secretariatatthelocallevelwhichwillworkinco-ordinationwiththestate/regionalauthoritysuchasCoastGuard. l The aim for the action group is to choose spill management strategies at the local level, to first be available for a response,whichareefficienttocontainthedamagetotheenvironment. l To have a set of basic / advanced equipments, vessels, dispersants etc. available at each major / minor district for immediateaction. 45
  • 48.
    THANK YOU SPONSORS2011 Gold Sponsor Silver Sponsor Bronze Sponsor Associate Sponsor Show Supporters High Tea Sponsor THANKYOU SPONSORS 46
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    Oil Spill Indiaconference discusses ways to prevent, control and contain oil spills Coastal oil spills - or any oil spill, for that matter - have always meant indiscriminate environmental destruction and inordinate shipping industry woes around the world.Following the huge BP oil spill that affected the Gulf of Mexico and destroyed millions of marine species and flora and fauna, the Mumbai Arabian Sea region also saw oil spills that affected the environment.It also struck at the heart of the shipping industry, which was the biggest hit in the events. In its wake it was found necessary to look into the specificsofspillandtoformulateforthecountrynecessarymethodstoplan,preventandprotectourcoastlinefromoilspills. The second Oil Spill India Conference organized by iTen Media was held at the Holiday Inn Resort Goa, from Sept.13-15, 2012 having theme PLAN-PREVENT-PROTECT.An impressive array of speakers from the oil industry and from overseas made their valuable contributions during the conference. It was a high-profile event, with Mr. Sudhir Vasudeva, Chairman & Managing Director (CMD) ONGC gracing the occasion as the Chief Guest along with Mr.A K Hazarika, Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman,OSI2012 and Mr.PElango,CEO,CairnIndiaLtdastheGuestsofHonour. Welcoming the guests Capt. Sandeep Kalia, Convenor OSI 2012 of the conference remarked that India has been lucky as no major oil spill has occurred in Indian waters till now, but with increasing maritime traffic in the coming years, things could change drastically. The hydrocarbon exploration arena and oil transportation are major causes of oil spills. He added that the second edition of this conference comes at a time when questions of maritime safety and the related issues of pollution caused by ships have been receiving considerable attention worldwide.Today, protection of the marine environment is the dominant consideration inmostSalvage&Oilspillresponseoperations.Salvor'smissionisto"keepthepollutantintheship". Mr.SudhirVasudeva, Chairman and Managing Director of ONGC during his address stated that global economy has a voracious appetiteforoilduetoindustrialization,urbanizationandmotorization.30%oftheenergybasketwillbeoccupiedbyoiltill2030and beyond, 24% by coal and 23% by gas.The tanker movement in Indian waters has increased over the past decade.The chief guest highlighted that the country has to depend heavily on the import of crude oil to meet its domestic needs.Very large crude carriers (VLCC) can carry up to 2 million barrels of oil which are mostly headed for North America from the Persian Gulf. Human error, equipmentbreakdown,countriesatwar,naturaldisasters,terroristactivitiescanbemajorcausesofoilspills. The coast guard was designated as the central coordination agency for containing oil spills in Indian waters in 1986. However, many issues have yet to be resolved: i)the interface of the nodal agency with other agencies ii)regulation of tankers passing through Indian waters iii) the responsibility of cleaning of shores iv) regulation of shallow water, deep water and ultra deep water explorationsinIndianwaters. Mr. Sudhir Vasudeva further added that the interest generated by OSI conference in this national cause is outstanding and also complemented the audience for representation in vast numbers. As the entire E&P fraternity is venturing from deep to deeper water to discover and produce more hydrocarbons the theme chosen for the conference, Plan - Prevent - Protect aptly reflects the concerns of the society with regards to Oil Pollution. India's premier oil exploration and production company, ONGC, has set a target of doubling India's domestic production by 2030 and overseas acquisitions by almost nine times. A good part of the investmentswillgointo"unlockingdomesticyet-tofindreserves"headded.Whatthismeansis,ONGCwillstepupexplorationand with growth of such quantum there is an imperative need for extending our abilities to gear up for potential pollution threat,Tier 3 andbeyond,recallingtheMacondoincidentinGulfofMexicohestated. Mr.A.K.Hazarika, Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2012 mentioned that onshore oil spills were being cleared with technology that had been developed in house and the company has signed MOU's with other operators for oil spill 48 OVERVIEW 2012
  • 51.
    management. He alsotold that the Oil Spill response perspective plan and the capabilities available in the country along with mitigation strategies have been put in place by ONGC as well as Cairn. Mr. Hazarika also provided an insight into the current statistics of oil activities in the country, national contingency plan & emphasized that OISD is in place for safeguarding the Oil sector. Mr. P Elango, CEO Cairn Energy India Ltd. stated that about a billion tons of oil was waiting to be tapped in India waters. Oil exploration especially in deep waters was being stepped up and this could lead to oil spills in the future unless proper measures weretakentopreventsuchincidentsfromoccurring. Mr. J.G. Chaturvedi from ONGC spoke on the future of oil spill response from offshore. He stated that most of the operations of ONGC were on the west coast of India, as the company has entered the east coast for exploration several issues needed to be addressed regarding oil spills. For instance who would take the first call in the eventuality of an oil spill? Should it be the coast guard or the state pollution control board?Where would the funds for managing an oil spill come from? Moreover there was lack of legislation for punishing the polluter.There was an urgent need for having a regional forum for managing oil spills. Each agency involved in managing an oil spill needed to have a contingency plan. A national regulatory authority for handling oil spills, authorizedandempoweredbyanactofParliamentwassorelyneededinIndia.Adesignatedfundwasalsorequiredforcontrolling oilspillsandtrainedmanpowerwastheneedofthehour. Mr. Hari Kumar of Cairn India observed that India has the capability to handle tier 2 spills. He told that there needs to be action taken in case of oil spills within 6 hours to avoid any catastrophic damage.With the“polluter pays”principle not been incorporated intoIndianlawstheIndiancoastlineandpeoplelivingonthecoastlineveryvulnerabletooilspills. Mr.Yoppy Tan representing Oil Spill Response Ltd. emphasized that planning and practice was required to manage oil spills. Regular exercises needed to be conducted so that trained personnel were available in the eventuality of an oil spill.These mock exercisesneednotbecostlybuttheyhadtobewellplannedandexecuted. The session on the environmental impact of spills on the ecosystem—Damage Assessment and Restoration, had interesting speakers.BernardFrebottofSABspokeaboutthesoftwareapplicationsandmobileapplicationsthathadbeencreatedforhazard management. He told that the indirect costs of the incident were 5—50 times higher than the direct costs. There is a need for understandingthematerialmanagementofhazardoussubstancesonboardvessels.Howeverenvironmentalreportingshouldbe timely&incidentmanagementatvariouslevelsshouldbethemainfocushesaid. Dr.Jagdsih P.N.Giri stated that the environmental impact of the oil spill depended on the quantity of oil spilled, the quality of the oil anditstoxicity.Spilledoilcandamagethefoodchaininthemarineenvironmentanditaffectscoralreefs,mangrovesandtidalflats. Oil spill modeling can be a useful device where the model must forecast the movement of the contaminant, the location, size and physicalpropertiesofthespilledoil,thenatureofthetidalwavesthatarespreadingtheoil,howmuchoilisleftonthesurfaceofthe seaafteraperiodoftime,theweatheringprocessofspilledoiletc. Dr. D. K. Adhikari spoke about the microbial management system of oil spills. There are various kinds of oil spills—on shore, offshore, surface spills, underwater spills. There are biological remedies for underwater spills, the simplest being the aerial sprinklingofmicrobes. Dr. Ajay Deshpande noted that “polluter pays” principle is not there in Indian legislation relating to pollution. Environmental governance in India leaves much to be desired. An information based approach to controlling and tackling pollution is essential usingthetechnologyavailable.Thereisalsoaparadigmshiftaspollutionisbeingseenasapublichealthhazard. Capt. Kapil Dev expatiated on the legal aspects of risk management, risk assessment and compensation. The 1992 CLC convention increased the compensation limit but the tonnage of the vessel was still the crucial deciding factor in awarding compensation. 49 OVERVIEW 2012
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    Mr. Amitava Majumdarof Bose & Mitra & Co. stated that various conventions are there which enable the western countries to approachtheshipinsurerdirectlyinsteadoftheshipownershouldthelatterbeuntraceableorfailtomaketimelycompensationto the aggrieved parties. The Bunker Convention has not yet been incorporated into Indian law. However, the Wreck removal ConventionhasbeenratifiedbyIndia.ThereisalsotheLimitationofLiabilityConventionof1976.Alltheseconventionsneedtobe incorporatedintoIndianlawsinatimelymanner. Mrs.DeepikaShah,amaritimelawyerspokeabouttheOilPollutionAct(OPA)intheUSAwhichdealswithoilspills.Thereareonly three exceptions to OPA viz.i) Act of God ii) Act ofWar and iii) Act ofThird party.The other positive feature of OPA was its natural resource assessment. Accordingly, whether or not a resource affected by an oil spill has a commercial value, a monetary value should be put on a non-commercial resource like a mangrove forest for instance, in order to claim compensation for rehabilitating such natural resources.If a comparable law was passed by the Indian parliament, it would go a long way in ensuring that natural resourcesinIndiawouldreceivedueattentionaswellasfundsforrehabilitation,shouldtheybeaffectedbyoilspills. Dr.R.K.Raju of Reliance Industries who had practical experience in dealing with oil spills made some interesting observations on the current scenario in India.With more than 250 million people living on India's coastline and more than 200 ports both major and minor, the probability of such mishaps occurring in the future was looming around the corner. In the past decade the number of ports has increased and oil and gas exploration has also been stepped up.The facilities on the west coast of India are 25-30 years oldwhilethoseontheeastcoastareabout10yearsold.Theoilspillresponsedependsonwhethertheoilspillisgoingtowardsthe coast or away from the coast. As the ocean currents and winds may move in different directions, where an oil slick will land up eventually is anybody's guess. Although contingency plans have been formulated by various parties, they may not always be helpfulintacklinganoilspillbecauseofthelargenumberofvariablesinvolved. The general & unanimous comment that followed the two days of the conference was that the shipping companies, port trusts, government authorities, state pollution control boards, legal advisers, scientists and other experts should all be involved in the ongoing effort to protect India's coastline, its inhabitants and natural resources from and after effects of an oil spill.Although India has not witnessed a major oil spill like in the west but with aging oilfields and increasing maritime traffic in Indian waters the likelihood of accidents and oil spills cannot be ruled out.As the climatic conditions in the eastern offshore were more turbulent, all partiesshouldbepreparedforincidentsofftheeastcoastofIndiainthefuture. India needs to become a signatory to two international conventions :i) International convention on Civil Liabilities for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage ii) Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention. Both industry and the government have to invest in equipmentandchemicalsforcleaningupoilspills.TheNationalDisasterManagementAuthorityshouldincludeoilspillsasoneof the disasters in their action plan. It was also felt that regional cooperation for handling oil spills was crucial. For instance the Andamans were closer to Singapore than to the Indian mainland and help could be rushed faster from Singapore in case of an oil spillincident. Morethan250delegates&40exhibitorsmadetheOilSpillIndia2012ahugesuccessandparticipantsleftwithabetterideaofthe challenges facing both the oil industry and authorities regarding the management of oil spills. It was hoped that this conference would provide the oil industry a much needed forum for expressing their views and getting the latest information about oil spill management. OVERVIEW 2012 50
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    As we areaware that iTen Media, in association with ONGC and Interspill, is organising the second edition of Oil Spill India (051) : the International Conference & Exhibition in Goa from 13-15 September, 2012. To combat against any possible oil spillage, the most accepted formula worldwide is based on – 'Plan, Prevent and Protect'. Mostaptly,thisiswhathasbeentakenupastheThemeofthis editionof0S1. It is obvious that the instant event is not only going to become an incredible platform for the professionals to brainstorm and exchange ideas on the demanding needs of the petroleum industry which have been specially underlined by the Macondo incident in the Gulf of Mexico, it will also help to foster a new tie between producers, service providers as well as vendors dealing with the materials and services related to preventing and arresting possibleoilspillageatvariouscircumstancesofon-landandoffshoreoperations. Considering the global dynamics of the petroleum industry, especially when our focus is shifting from safe and knownterritoriesoflandandshallowwatertodeepwatersandultra-deepwaters,itisimperativethatprofessionals from all sections of the oil industry pay maximum attention to explore and include new areas of interest in the field ofspillprevention,preparedness,responseandrestoration. It is also heartening to learn that the Oil Spill India 2012 is also bringing out a brochure documenting our commitmenttowardsprotectingenvironmentwhilewearestrivingformoreandmoreenergy. Let me convey my warm greetings to all the participants and wish a very successful and professionally satisfying conferencing. SudhirVasudeva Chairman&ManagingDirector ONGC 52 WELCOME ADDRESS 2012
  • 55.
    As Chairman ofthe Oil Spill India 2012 (OSI) and on behalf of the steering committee - it is my great pleasure to welcome you to this 2nd International Conference & Exhibition on Oil Spill Planning, Prevention, Response & RestorationSystemsatGoa,India. iTENMedia-theorganizers'ofOSIconference,SteeringCommitteeMembers&theconferencesponsorssharea commongoaltoimprovetheindustry'sabilityinunderstandingandtakingresponsibilityofmaintainingthemarine ecosystem & environment at large. One important aspect of this goal is to understand the impacts of spill and related stressors on the marine and coastal ecosystems and human populations, and applying that information to future response, mitigation, and restoration following spills.Aptly the 2012 conference theme of “ Plan, Prevent & Protect”underlinestheimportanceofthesegoals. This year's event continues to build upon the immense success 1st edition of Oil Spill India conference held last year, the primary purpose of which was to share oil spill preparedness and response expertise, techniques and technologiesfromaroundtheglobeandimplementthoseintheregion. The 2nd International Oil Spill India Conference will witness over 40 speakers including industry leaders, global experts & government regulators - presenting cutting edge technology, research and incident case studies to 300 plus delegates from over 20 countries. Concurrently 35 international exhibitors display the latest in technology andproductscoveringthesector. The 2012 OSI Program Committee has put together what I believe to be one of the best conferences in the series of international conferences. This program includes technical presentations & panel discussions from leading industry, government, and academia experts. I am sure you will find our opening panel of key leaders from the ONGC, CAIRN & Great Offshore Salvage to be very informative and thought provoking in setting the general tone of the conference. The unique social and networking opportunities have been designed to provide an encouraging, thought provoking and interactive experience for all during the event. Thank you for your participation in this prestigious event.I look forward to seeing many of you at the technical sessions, in the Exhibit Hall,oroneofthesocialevents. A.K.Hazarika FormerCMD,ONGC &ConferenceChairman,OSI2012 53 WELCOME ADDRESS 2012
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    nd I am pleasedto learn that the 2 Oil Spill India 2012 conference & exhibition is being organized by iTen Media at th th Goafrom13 septemberto15 September2012atHolidayInn,Goa. We all are aware that any Oil spill is a major disaster for any country but it also gives all of us an opportunity to come together to think on how our collective behavior has brought us to the brink of such a disaster history.We all canmakeadifferenceandweneedtoadoptadifferentattitudetowardsthenaturalworld. I am confident that this conference will provide a platform to nurture successful collaboration among the stakeholders such as the oil companies, regulatory authorities, local ports and shipping industry, local and global vendorsofoilspillresponseequipmentandserviceproviders. We look forward to your participation as experts, commentators, managers and exhibitors to help the concerned globalfraternitylearnfromeachother’sexperience. WarmwelcomeonthebehalfofOSI2012. AnoopKumar ExecutiveDirector,ONGC 54 WELCOME ADDRESS 2012
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    I am delightedto know that the International Conference and Exhibition‘Oil Spill India 2012’is being organized by iTEN Media at Goa from 13th to 15th September, 2012, with theme“Plan, Prevent, Protect”.I hope‘OSI 2012’will bring together global industry experts, Government bodies and other stakeholders to deliberate in depth on oil spill issues and work towards better legislation and an effective oil spill management system.Oil India Limited is pleasedtosupportthisevent. I convey my best wishes to the organizers for their effort in hosting this conference and exhibition and wish all the success. S.Rath Director (Operations) Oil India Limited 55 WELCOME ADDRESS 2012
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    I am gladto note that iTEN Media is organising the second edition of Oil Spill India International Conference and Exhibition at Goa during 13th to 15th September 2012 focusing on the issue and challenges faced by the oil industryinIndiaintheveryimportantareaofoilspill.Asourscaleofoperationalincrease,ourresponsibilitiesalso multiply. Such conferences and exhibitions add to our knowledge base and thereby serve the national cause in spurringgrowththatisenvironmentfriendlyandsustainable. J.P.Ojha ExecutiveDirector(Operations) IndianOilCorporationLimited 56 WELCOME ADDRESS 2012
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    To my mind,Indian E & P industry's foremost priority is to engage in continuous communication with all the stakeholders in our operating environment to educate, train and prepare them to deal with any emergency situation, especially on major oil spill scenarios which tend to have wider and longer impacts on the community andthemarineenvironment.Doingitcollectivelywouldbringthecredibilityandwillbemoreeffective. Indian E&P industry is growing rapidly with widening range of operations in onshore, offshore (shallow and deep) and cross country pipelines.We need to swiftly address highly complex but critical issues such as the emergency wellcappingresources,servicesandTier-3oilspillresponsecapabilities. We learn from each other's success and as well as mistakes. I am confident that the group of national and international luminaries, policy makers, technologists and scientists assembled here at the Oil Spill India Conference 2012 will share their wisdom and inspire the Indian Oil and Gas Industry to adapt the Global Best Practices. We at Cairn, look forward to participating and supporting OSI 2012 conference and exhibition and wish huge successtotheinitiative. P.Elango Interim CEO Cairn India Ltd. 57 WELCOME ADDRESS 2012
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    Considering the globaldynamics of the petroleum industry, especially when the focus of the entire upstream sector is shifting from safe and known territories of land and shallow water to deepwaters and ultra-deepwaters, it is imperative for professionals from all sections of the oil industry to pay maximum attention to the practice of safe exploration. Oil Spill poses serious threats to environment, it damage the mere existence of all the living being.Impact of this spillcanbesoseverethatifthesemeasuresarenotimplementedattherighttimecanbeirreparable.Anyoilspills, onshore or offshore needs to be analyzed seriously and mitigation methods should be applied to minimize the damages. nd Iwishallthesuccessforthe2 editionofOilSpillIndia2012. Hari Kumar Head - HSE and Quality Assurance Cairn India Ltd. WELCOME ADDRESS 2012 58
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    DAY 1-THURSDAY, TH 13SEPTEMBER, 2012 1100-1600 - REGISTRATION 1530-1600 - HIGHTEA 1600 - 1730 HOURS: INAUGURAL SESSION Mr. Sudhir Vasudeva, CMD, ONGC - Chief Guest Mr. A K Hazarika, Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2012 - Special Address Mr. P Elango, CEO, Cairn India Limited Release of Souvenir / Show Catalogue Capt. Sandeep Kalia, ED, Great Offhore Salvage Services Ltd. & Convenor - OSI 2012 - Vote of Thanks 1735 - 1900 HOURS - PLENARY SESSION Session Chairman: Mr. P Elango, CEO, Cairn India Limited Speakers: 1.) Capt. M M Saggi, Nautical Advisor, Govt. Of India, DG Shipping Key Regional Issues in India for Development of Policies and Legislation for Oil spill Response 2.) Mr. AndrewTucker, Senior Technical Adviser, ITOPF Oill Spill and Container Ships 1900 HOURS - EXHIBITION INAUGURATION 1930 HOURS ONWARDS- WELCOME DINNER (SPONSORED BY ONGC) TH DAY 2- FRIDAY, 14 SEPTEMBER 2012 0900 - 1015 HOURS - SESSION 1 ‘Oil Spill Preparedness & Response – Planning and Implementation’ Session Chairman: Mr. A K Hazarika, Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2012 Spakers: 1.) Mr. J G Chaturvedi, ED Chief New & Marginal Fiel Development, ONGC Future of Oil spill response from Offshore E&P activities – An approach 2.) Mr.YoppyTan, Senior Preparedness Development Executive, Oil Spill Response Limited Planning for National Oil Spill Response Exercise 1015 - 1130 HOURS - SESSION 2 ‘Environmental Impact of Spills on Ecosystem – Damage Assessment and Restoration’ Session Chairman: Mr. M. L. Jain, ED, (GGM-HSE Designate), ONGC Speakers: 1.) Mr. Bernd Freibott, Director, BD Sustainability Services Hub, SAP Sustainable Safety Management: Incident Management as a Cornerstone for a Successful Safety Culture 60 CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2012
  • 63.
    2.) Mr. JagdishP N Giri, Chief Chemist, Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited, India Mapping and Modelling of Oil Spill in Context of Ecological and Environmental Impact Assessment on the Economics of Coastal Communities 1130 - 1200 HOURS -TEA BREAK 1200 - 1300 HOURS - SESSION 3 ‘Coastal Area Management – Oil Spill Containment & Clean-up Activities’ Session Chairman: Mr. Apurba Saha, OSD (Offshore), ONGC Speakers: 1.) Mr. Arvinder S. Brara, CMD, Mantec Consultants Pvt. Ltd. Pollution Control 2.) Dr. Dilip K. Adhikari, Chief Scientist, Head Biofuel Division & Head iotechnology Conversion Area Microbial Oil Spill Management in Sea 3.) Dr. Ajay Deshpande, Environment Advisor, Maharashtra State Raod Transportation Corporation Trends of Innovative Environmental Governance and Policies in India with reference to Coastal Environment 1300 - 1400 HOURS - LUNCH 1400 - 1500HOURS - SESSION 4 ‘Addressing Legal & Insurance Issues’ Session Chairman: Mr. J G Chaturvedi, ED, Chief New & Marginal Fiel Devl., ONGC Speakers: 1.) Capt. Kapil Dev Bahl, Managing Director, Murray Fenton (India) Surveyors Pvt. Ltd. Risk Assessmant and Management 2.) Mrs. Deepika Shyam, Maritime Lawyer India’s Need for Oil Spill Legislation 1500 – 1600 HOURS - SESSION 5 ‘Challenges & preparedness for offshore Spill Response’ Session Chairman: Mr. J P Ojha, ED Operatons, Indian Oil Corporation Limited Speakers: 1.) Dr. R K Raju, General Mangaer (HSE), Petroleum - E&P, Reliance Industries Limited Vulnerability of Indian Coast Line to Oil Spills and Influence of Seasonal Factors in the Contingency Planning for Oil Spill Response 2.) Mr. Hari Kumar, Head – HSE & Quality Assurance, Cairn India Limited Need for Public-Private cooperation in building Oil Spill response Organizations (OSROs) in India 1600 HOURS -TEA BREAK 61 CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2012
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    1630-1730 HOURS -SESSION 6 Advances in Equipment andTechnologies for Remote Sensing and‘ Surveillance of Oil spills (I)’ Session Chairman: Mr. Roger Mabbott, Director, UK Spill Association Speakers: 1.) Dr. Nils Robbe, CEO, OPTIMARE Sensorsysteme GmbH & Co. KG Optimized Operational Airborne Oil Spill Remote Sensing: Current Status of Sensor and Mission System Technology 2.) Mr. S. J. Prasad, Scientist, ISG - National Center for Ocean Information Services, MoES, GoI Modelling the Fate of Spilled Oil in Indian Waters using GNOME 3.) Mrs. Arti Chopra, Spill Response Specialist, Oil Spill Response Limited Integration of Oil Spill Modelling Results, Satellite Survelliance in to One Common Operating Picture 1730-1830 HOURS - SESSION 7 ‘Advances in Equipment andTechnologies for Remote Sensing and Surveillance of Oil spills (II)’ Session Chairman: Capt. M M Saggi, Nautical Advisor, Govt. of India, DG Shipping Speakers: 1.) Mr. Krayukhina Maria, ECO service-NEFTEGAZ” Ltd Block-modular Complex for Separation Oily Bilge Water 2.) Mr. Michael Ryderb, Sales Manager, Miros AS Introduction to Various Technologies for Remote Monitoring and Detection of Oil Spills 3.) Mr. Fredrik Björkbäck, Sales, Todo (Sweden) Open or Closed Transfer of Liquids and Gases – Dry-Break will Save the Environment and Money 1830 – 1930 hours - Session 8 ‘Country Presentation – UK Spill Association’ 1930 hours - UK SPILL ASSOCIATION RECEPTION (By invitation) DAY 3- SATURDAY 15TH SEPTEMBER 2012 0900 – 1030 HOURS - SESSION 9 ‘Oil Spill Response: Efficacy and Effects’ Session Chairman Capt. Sandeep Kalia, ED, Great Offhore Salvage Services Ltd. & Convenor, OSI 2012 Speakers: 1.) Mr. Absjorn Klaussen, Sales Manager, NorLense AS Oil Spill Emergency Prevention of Response 2.) Mr. Melany Carter Groves, Spill Response Specialist, Oil Spill Response Limited Changing Needs in Initial Oil Spill Responder Training and Exercises 3.) Capt. D.C.Sekhar, Director, Alpha MERS Pvt Ltd, Regulation Covering Discharge of ‘Clean Water’ from Spill Response Vessels 62 CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2012
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    1030 - 1130HOURS - SESSION 10 ‘Oil Spill Response Arrangements – Maritime and Port’ Session Chairman: Mr. D Mehrotra, Dy. Chief Surveyor - cum - Sr. DDG (Tech), Directorate General of Shipping Speakers: 1.) Mr. Deepak Sachdeva, COO, Vadinar Oil Terminal Limited Sensitivity Mapping of Coastline for Oil Spill Contingency Planning & Response 2.) Mr. PradeepThatte, Jt. Sr.Vice President - Crude Oil Terminal, Bharat Oman Refineries Ltd. Realistic Oil Spill Risk Assessment for Gulf of Kucth - The Need for fresh Thinking 3.) Mr. Ankit Vaishnav, Regional Head, QHSSE & Training, DP World, Subcontinent Region Oil Spill Response: A Container Terminal Operator’s Perspective 1130 HOURS -TEA BREAK 1200-1300 HOURS - SESSION 11 ‘Interactive Session: Effective and Applicable Strategies for Oil Spill Prevention – Industry / Government Co-operation’ Panelist: 1.) Capt. M M Saggi, Nautical Advisor, Govt. Of India, DG Shipping 2.) Dr. P B Rastogi, Director - IA Division, MoEF 3.) Dr. R K Raju, General Manager, HSE, Petroleum - E&P, Reliance Industries Ltd. 4.) Mr. Hari Kumar, Head, HSE & Quality Assurance, Cairn India Limited 5.) Mr. Anoop Kumar, ED Head, HSE, ONGC 6.) Dr. Avinash Chandra, Former (First) Director General of Hydrocarbons, Govt. of India 7.) Mr. D Mehrotra, Dy. Chief Surveyor - cum - Sr. DDG (Tech), Directorate General of Shipping Moderator: Capt. Sandeep Kalia, ED, Great Offshore Salvage Services & Convenor OSI 2012 1300 HOURS - VOTE OFTHANKS CLOSE OF CONFERENCE FOLLOWED BY LUNCH CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2012 63
  • 66.
    SPEAKERS 2012 CAPT. DEEPAKSACHDEVA Chief Operating Officer & ED, Vadinar Oil Terminal Limited DR. DILIP K. ADHIKARI Chief Scientist Head Biofuel Division & Head Biotechnology Conversion Area MIKAEL RYDBERG Sales Manager Miros AS YOPPY TAN Senior Preparedness Development Executive Oil Spill Response Limited DR. JAGDISH P. N. GIRI Chief Chemist, Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited, India ARVINDER S BRARA Chairman and Managing Director Mantec Consultants Pvt. Ltd KAPIL DEV BAHL Managing Director, Murray Fenton India Surveyors Pvt. Ltd. Director, BMT Consultants India Pvt. Ltd. S. J. PRASAD Scientist, ISG INCOIS, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh DR. NILS ROBBE Chief Executive Officer OPTIMARE Sensorsysteme GmbH & Co. KG Germany ASBJORN KLAUSSEN Sales Manager NorLense CDR. ANKIT ASHWIN VAISHNAV (RETD.) Regional Head QHSSE & Training, DP World, Subcontinent Region S. RATH Director (Operations) Oil India Limited CAPT. SANDEEP KALIA Executive Director Great Offshore Salvage Service Ltd. & Convener, OSI 2012 ANDREW TUCKER Senior Technical Adviser The International Tankers Owners Pollution Federation (ITOPF) CAPT. D. C. SEKHAR Director Alpha MERS Pvt Ltd DR. AJAY DESHPANDE Head Environmental Information Centre FREDRIK BJÖRKBÄCK Sales Todo AB (Sweden) DR. R.K. RAJU General Manager - HSE Reliance Industries Ltd. (E&P), India THOMAS LIEBERT Head External Relations & Conference Dep. IOPC Funds, United Kingdom BERND FREIBOTT Director, BD Sustainability Services Hub SAP DEEPIKA SHYAM Maritime Lawyer THATTE PRADEEPKUMAR R. Jt. Sr Vice President Bharat Oman Refineries Ltd MELANY CARTER-GROVES & NICOLA JACKSON Oil Spill Response Specialist Oil Spill Response LTD ARTI CHOPRA Spill Response Specialist Oil Spill Response Limited DR. Y. B. SONTAKKE Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, Govt. of Maharashtra 64
  • 67.
    SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 2012 Inaugurationceremony Inaugural session Sessions SESSION 1 On day 2, Session 1 focused on the Perspective & Challenges in India. Speakers from Dy. DG Shipping, ONGC, Oil Spill Response Ltd. gave their valuable viewpoint and shared the expertise.The session was chaired by Mr. A. K. Hazarika, Former CMD,ONGC&ConferenceChairman,OSI2012 ThelamplightingceremonywasfollowedbyAnInauguralSession. Oil Spill India 2012 was inaugurated by Mr.SudhirVasudeva, CMD, ONGC and accompanied by Mr.A K.Hazarika, Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2012, Capt. Sandeep Kalia, ED, Great Offshore Salvage Services Ltd. & Convenor - OSI th 2012&Mr.P.Elango,CEO-CairnIndiaLtd. on13 September2012at1600hrs. Mr.A.K.Hazarika,FormerCMD,ONGC&ConferenceChairman,OSI2012InauguratedtheOSI2012InternationalExhibition. 65
  • 68.
    Sessions SESSION 2 SESSION 3 SESSION4 SESSION 5 Session 2 started with the presentations from the eminent speakers from SAP, ONGC.The Session was chaired by Mr.M L Jain, ED(GGM-HSC),ONGC Session 3 started with the presentations from the eminent speakers from Mantec Consultants Pvt.Ltd., Maharashtra State Road Transportation Corporation, Biofuel Division & Biotechnology Conversion Area.The Session was chaired by Mr. Apurba Saha, OSD(Offshore),ONGC Session 4 was on Addressing Legal & Insurance Issues, where speakers from Bose & Mitra & Co., Murray Fenton (India) SurveyorsPvt.Ltd.,MaritimeLawyergavetheirpresentations;sessionwaschairedbyMr.JGChaturvedi,EDChiefNewMarginal FielDevl,ONGC Session 5 was on Challenges & Preparedness for offshore Spill Response, where speakers from Reliance Industries Ltd., Cairn IndiaLtd.,OilspillResponseLtd.,Singaporegavetheirpresentations;sessionwaschairedbyMr.JPOjha,ED(Operations)IOCL SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 2012 66
  • 69.
    SESSION 6 SESSION 7 SESSION8 SESSION 9 Session 9 was on Oil Spill Response : Efficacy & Effects, where speakers from Oil Spill Response Ltd., NorLense AS & Alpha MERSPvt.Ltdgavetheirpresentations;sessionwaschairedbyCapt.SandeepKalia,ED,GreatOffshoreSalvageServicesLtd.& Convenor,OSI2012. Session8wasCountryPresentation-UKSpillAssociation. Session 7 was on Advance in Equipment &Technologies for Remote Sensing & Surveillance of Oil Spill (II), where speakers from NEFTEGAZ Ltd., MiorsAS, Todo (Sweden) gave their presentations; session was chaired by Capt.M M Saggi, Nautical Advisor, DGShipping Session 6 was on Advance in Equipment &Technologies for Remote Sensing & Surveillance of Oil Spill (I), where speakers from OPTIMARE Sensirsysteme GmbH & Co.KG, Indian National Center for Information Services, Oil Spill Response Ltd.gave their presentations;sessionwaschairedbyMr. RogerMabbott,Director,UKSpillAssociation. SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 2012 67
  • 70.
    SESSION 10 SESSION 11 Session10 was on Oil Spill Response Arrangements - Maritime & Port, where speakers from Vadinar Oil Terminal Ltd., Bharat Oman Refineries Ltd. & DP World, Subcontinent Region gave their presentations; session was chaired by Mr. D. Mehrotra, Dy. ChiefSurveyor-cum-Sr.DDG(Tech),DirectorateGeneralofShipping. Session 11 was Interactive Session, where speakers from Great Offshore Salvage Services, DG Shipping, Reliance Industries Ltd., Cairn India Ltd., ONGC, MoEF gave their presentations; session Moderator was Capt. Sandeep Kalia, ED, Great Offshore SalvageServicesLtd.&Convenor,OSI2012 Networking dinner ExhibitioninaugurationwasfollowedbytheWelcomeDinneratHolidayInn,Goa. SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 2012 68
  • 71.
    Exhibition OSI 2012 Exhibitionwas inaugurated by Mr.A K Hazarika, Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2012.Exhibition showcased participationfrom25companiesfrom10countriesand2countrypavilionsfromUKandNorway. International brands like Aptomar AS, Ayles Fernie International Ltd., Chukar Waterjet Inc., Darcy Spillcare Manufacture, Ecoservive - Neftegaz, Ltd., Energy Plus Communications, Fosse Liquitrol Ltd., Frank Mohn AS, Gayatri Industrial Corporation, Indiamart.com, JRE Pvt.Ltd, Kelvin Hughes Ltd., Micros AS, Norlense AS, Oil India Ltd., Oil Spill Response Ltd., OPEC Ltd, Spill International, TODO AB, Woodfield Systems (India) Pvt. Ltd. participated and presented their latest technologies and advancements. Exhibitorsgotopportunitiestodiscussthesamewiththedelegatescamefrom18countriesworldwide. SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 2012 69
  • 72.
    SHOW STATISTICS 2012 20 35 Countries 290Delegates Exhibitors 25% 75% Annual Biennial 45% 35% 17% 3% 0% Preferred Frequency of Conference Networking Relevance of Conference Content Quality of Speakers Participation in OSI 2012 Would like to attend again or not? Excellent V. Good Average Poor Disappointing 55% 40% 5% 0% 0% Excellent Excellent V. Good V. Good Average Average Poor Poor Disappointing Disappointing Yes No 60% 4% 1% 0% 35% 4% 96% 95% rated the content relevance as excellent / Very Good. 75% preferred the frequency of conference to be annual 96% said they would like to attend it next time as well. 95% rated the quality of speakers as excellent / Very Good 80% said that the networking opportunities were excellent / Very Good. 70
  • 73.
    TAKEAWAYS 2012 Themajorissuesaddressedduringtheconferencewere: regionalcooperationl needtohaveanodalagencyforhandlingoilspillsl regulatoryissuesandinternationalconventions.l themaintenanceandseaworthinessofvarioustypesofvesselsl navigationerrorsandtrainingofpilotsl fatiguefactorduringnavigationl monitoringofvesselsbyporttrustsl trainingneedsl contingencyplanning,mapping,modelingl needforinternationalsalvers.l Thefollowingactionsplanwasrecommendedfordealingwithoilspillsinthefuture: needtodevelopanexclusiveareaonoilspillcontainmentunderthehealth,safetyandenvironmentl departmentsofallcompaniestoaddressoilspillissuesl needtoforgeanalliancewithallagenciesworkinginIndiatopooloutresourcesatthetimeofcrisisl effortstofilltheknowledgegaponoilspillsthroughawarenessprogram&trainingl managingofoilspillsonhighseasbysatellitebasedmonitoring&modelingl activeinvolvementofcustomsandstatepollutioncontrolboardsl networkingisessentialfordealingwithemergenciesthatmayarise.l 71
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    worldbunker Platinum Sponsor SilverSponsor Bronze Sponsor Associate Sponsor Show Supporters THANKYOU SPONSORS THANK YOU SPONSORS 72
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    Oil Spill India2014 International Conference & Exhibition 18-20 September, Holiday Inn Resort, Goa TM POST SHOW REPORT Theme: PRACTICE TO PERFECTION 73
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    Established in 2011,Oil Spill India (OSI) - The International Conference & Exhibition on Oil Spill Prevention, Preparedness, Response & Restoration systems has over the years created a global forum for governments, regulators, industry, academia and response organizations to discuss, deliberate, share & learn the best of practices, technologies & experiences on oil spill management. Each edition of Oil Spill India has witnessed the world's most eminent experts including Policy Makers, CEO's of Oil Producers, Regulators, Responders & Technology Providers delivering Plenary & Keynote Addresses, Case Studies, Forecast Papers and breakthroughResearchpapershighlightingtheraisingglobalfocusonoilspillmanagement. One of the central goals of the Oil Spill India (OSI) Conference is to partake at this critical juncture in brining a promising future for the global oil spill industry & its stakeholders. Since its inception in 2011, OSI has continually evolved & OSI 2014 was no exception in meeting the changing needs and interests of the community that it serves.Attended by over 300 delegates from the global spill industry the 3rd edition of Oil Spill India 2014 was organized from18-20 September 2014 at the Holiday Inn Resort, Goa.The three-day international conference & exhibition was organized by iTEN Media and was jointly supported by the industry atlarge. The diversity of over 60 international speakers, attendees & the exhibitors at OSI 2014 underlined just how important the oil spill subject has become the world over. OSI continues to showcase the latest in technological advances while also offering an unparalleled platform for industry and government leaders to discuss and debate the latest opportunities and challenges facing theindustry.Theeventhadastrongfocusonbuildinggrassrootnetworksacrosstechnicallymindedpeople. TheconferencewasinauguratedbylightingofthelampceremonybyCaptK.P.Jaykumar,DDG,DirectorateGeneralofShipping, Ministry of Shipping, Govt.of India;Capt K.Devdas, Sr.Vice President, Shipping Corporation of India;Mr. Suresh Mehra, GGM, HeadSafety,ONGCalongwiththeChiefGuestDIGA.A.Hebbar,Director,Environment,IndianCoastGuard. With the theme of "Practice to Perfection" the conference addressed the increasing incidents of the oil spill world over and highlightedtheproblemsthatoilspillscausetothemarineenvironmentandthewaterresources. Mr. A.K. Hazarika, Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2014 in his inaugural speech made an observation of recent Oil spills across the world. He further stated that oil spills like the one from Exxon Valdez to the Gulf of Mexico are not uncommonandmanymoreoilspillshaveoccurredintheworld'soceansandotherwaterwaysinthepastthatwentunnoticed. Approximately 5.74 million tonnes of oil were lost as a result of tanker incidents from 1970 to 2013, according to International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Limited, which collects data on oil spills from tankers and other sources.Analysts for the Oil Spill Intelligence Report have reported that spills ranging from small to large have occurred in the waters of 112 nations since 1960. Citing an example of the Khaleeja and Chitra in Mumbai in 2010, he stressed the need of introducing robust spill policies and the necessary regulations for the Indian waters. He further highlighted that while increased sea borne trade might imply increased risk, it was encouraging to observe that downward trends in oil spills continue despite an overall increase in oil trading since the mid-1980s. However, not merely comparing figures; the size of the spill is certainly not the only factor of importance in terms of whatenvironmentaldamagecanbecausedbyaspill. He concluded his speech by stressing that no matter how much we can do by ourselves on the national or international level whether it is research or development, it is never enough.Therefore the industry must join together in an action-oriented effort to theproblemsthatloomslargeoverourindustry&theindustryshouldcollectivelydevoteitselftothedevelopmentintechnologyto addresstheissuesrelatedtooilspills. Capt K.P.Jaykumar, from DG Shipping stated that with the modern day sailing oil spill has been subject of discussion all over the Practice to Perfection OVERVIEW 2014 74
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    globe. Capt. Jaykumarstressed on various IMO conventions for the prevention of oil spill. Referring to various conventions, he advocated the continuous practice of preventive measures along with the national contingency Plan for Oil spill would help in ensuringoilspillfreeoceans. Capt. K. Devadas, Sr. Vice President (T & OS), Shipping Corporation of India, stated that he would like to congratulate the organizers for choosing an apt theme“Practice to Perfection”for this conference that suits the business of most of the companies. “Intoday'stimesandastheoldsayinggoespracticemakesamanperfectmayitbesportsorprofessionallives. All of us over here should pledge to practice safe working procedures to give a perfect finish to the work that we are being entrustedupon”. He further stated that it is generally understood that all businesses have a major role to play in preventing pollution and reducing releases of harmful emissions into the environment and this is particularly true of the shipping industry.The impact of pollution on fragileecosystemsisparticularlysevereinthemarineenvironment,andtoaddressthistherearevariousinternationalregulations relatedtoenvironmentalcontrol,includingcomprehensivesurveyandcertificationrequirements. Elaboratingitfurtherhestatedthatapproximately706milliongallonsofwasteoilentertheoceaneveryyear,withoverhalfcoming fromlanddrainageandwastedisposal. Offshore drilling and production operations and spills or leaks from ships or tankers typically contribute less than 8 percent of the total. The remainder comes from routine maintenance of ships (nearly 20 percent), hydrocarbon particles from onshore air pollution(about13percent)andnaturalseepagefromtheseafloor(over8percent). IMO is the principal United Nations agency charged with responsibility to regulate maritime safety, security and pollution prevention&theguidelinessetbythemshouldbestrictlyfollowedbyallseagoingmarinecraft,includingdrillingrigshestressed. He further stated that pollution prevention includes any activity geared towards eliminating or reducing ship-source oil and chemicalspills,whichincludestheenactmentandenforcementofrelevantlegislationandregulations.Itisveryimportantforeach & every company to identify the risks that are within or related to the areas of their responsibility but also should have emergency management plans in place. An up-to-date knowledge of risks regarding ship-source spills, training, exercises and appropriate spill response equipment, are important aspects of being prepared to respond to ship-source oil and chemical spills.We as the stateownedshippingcompanyhavepreventionandresponsesystemsdevelopedtoaddressoilspillsiftheyoccur. Stated that in his opinion we all should develop a regime so that the entities who would typically be involved in responding to a spill—such as ports, shipping companies, private spill response companies, local fire departments, and the Coast Guard, are aware of what role they would play.Effective system can be had if each stake holder understands their respective roles, have well and more informed decisions regarding training, exercises, and equipment investments. There is a need to have pollution preventionstudy,beforeanyincidenthappens,thatwilldetermineariskreductionindex. He concluded by saying that the most effective instrument in the marine environment protection is regional treaties. Almost all regional treaties include a general obligation for signatory states to prevent, reduce and control all forms of maritime pollution. However, the elaborated rules need to be enforced and complied with. A closer co-operation and sharing of informational resources within the international community is urgently required, especially in the cases of conventions and their amendments ratification. Mr. Suresh Mehra, GGM, Head Safety, ONGC was very brief in his address. With an initial introduction of the topic and acknowledgingthefacts,hestressedthepointthatmostofthecompaniesshoulddevelopthesystemofself-assessment. ONGC, one of the largest PSU's and as a responsible organization, has developed mechanism and measure on western and eastern shore to overcome such problems. However he was of the view that when it comes to preventing Oil Spill, India as a countryisatinfancystageandthereislotmoretobedone. OVERVIEW 2014 75
  • 78.
    ChiefGuestofthefunctionDIGA.A.Hebbar,DirectorEnvironment,IndianCoastGuard(ICG)ishisaddressstatedthatonehasto becriticalandassessallthemeasuresforensuringpreventionofincidents. HealsoinformedthatICGhasmadeamendmentstotheNationalOilSpillDisasterContingencyPlan(NOSDCP)&itisinprocess foradaptation.Oncepassedbytheauthoritieswillbeofgreathelptotheindustryatlarge. Post the addressof the Chief Guest, the Inuagural Session dignitaries released the official show catalogue of the 3rd edition of OSIi.e.OilSpillIndia2014. Mr.Abhishek Bhatnagar, CEO, iTEN Media proposed theVote of thanks expressing his gratitude towards the Dignitaries andThe GovernmentofIndiafortheiractiveparticipation. Asoilexplorationanditstransportationworldwidecontinuetoriseanddifferentindustrysectorsleverageusageofoilfortheirown service, growth brings its own challenges. It was observed that closer relationships between operators and technology vendors can generate new efficiencies in industry value chain.For their part, operators must pay close attention to new dynamics in their customer relationships & high levels of trust will be vital if new opportunities are to be translated into winning propositions.The full benefits of better technology capabilities can be realized only through a supportive enabling environment that creates and safeguardsincentivesforcollaboration&investment. Delivering engaging, informative and technically focused presentations by a mix of national, regional & global experts in Spill Planning, Prevention, Response & Restoration technologies, helped achieve the objectives set out for the 2014 agenda of the conference. Therangeanddepthofpresentationscomplementedbythelatestinglobaltechnologies,equipment's&servicesbeingdisplayed by a host of exhibitors from the world over provided the audience a right mix of knowledge sharing & networking opportunity that OSIisrecognizedfor. OVERVIEW 2014 76
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    Spilled oil posesserious threats to Environment.Its aftereffect can seriously create problem that can damage the mere existence of all the living being. Impact of this spill can be so severe that if these measures are not implementedattherighttimecanbeirreparable.Anyoilspills,onshoreoroffshoreneedstobeanalyzedseriously andmitigationmethodsshouldbeappliedtominimizethedamages. I am happy to know that the iTEN Media is organizing Oil Spill India conference and exhibition in association with SpillAssociationofIndia(SAI)atGoafrom18thto20thSept.,2014. This conference will provide the best platforms that highlight the causes of oil spill, mitigation methods, regulations and guidelines, technological innovations in equipments & training needs to the people for damage controlintime. With the hope that all the experts in the field will come together and bring out the solutions required in the oil spill, I wishalltheparticipantsandotherdignitariessuccessintheirendeavor. I also congratulate the organizers for coming up with this event, which would undoubtedly help address this concerneffectivelyandwishthemsuccess. ManoharParrikar Hon’bleChiefMinister,GOA WELCOME ADDRESS 2014 78
  • 81.
    iTenMediainassociationwithSpillAssociationofIndia(SAI)isorganizingOilSpillIndia2014inGoaduring18-20 September 2014.To combatagainst any possible oil spillage, the most accepted formula worldwide is based on “PracticetoPerfection”.Mostaptly,thisiswhathasbeentakenupasthethemeofthiseditionofOilSpillIndia. Considering the global dynamics of the petroleum industry, especially when the focus of the entire industry is shifting from safe and known territories of land and shallow water to deepwater and ultra-deep water, it is imperative that professionals from all sections of the oil industry pay maximum attention to explore and practice safeexploration. OSI 2014 is not only going to be an incredible platform for the professionals to brainstorm and exchange ideas on the demanding needs of the Macondo incident in the Gulf of Mexico, but also will help to foster a new tie between producers, service providers as well as vendors dealing with materials and services related to preventing and arrestingpossibleoilspillagecircumstancesofon-landandoffshoreoperations. It is also heartening to learn that the OSI 2014 is bringing out a brochure documenting commitment towards protectingenvironmentwhilestrivingformoreandmoreenergy. IwishOilSpillIndia2014greatsuccess. Dr.ShaileshNayak Secretary MinistryofEarthSciences GovernmentofIndia WELCOME ADDRESS 2014 79
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    Directorate General ofHydrocarbons (DGH) wishes to convey its congratulations to Spill Association of India (SAI) for organizing“Oil Spill India 2014”- International Conference & Exhibition during 18-20 September 2014 at Goa.Thethemeof“PracticetoPerfection”isverypertinenttothepresentdayoilindustryinIndia. As a technical arm of the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, Government of India, DGH is monitoring various aspects of E&P sector in India and is of the firm belief that “Oil Spill Management” is an essential aspect of any petroleumoperationsbyanyoperatorintheoilandgasindustry. I, on my personal behalf, convey my best compliments to President, SAI and sincerely wish “Oil Spill India 2014” becomes a grand success contributing towards technology and knowledge upgradation while taking it forward throughpracticetoperfection. BNTalukdar DirectorGeneral DirectorateGeneralofHydrocarbons(DGH) WELCOME ADDRESS 2014 80
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    th WelcometoOilSpillIndia2014InternationalGatewayIndiaeventfrom18thto20 September2014atHolidayInn Resort, Goa.The theme of the Conference “Practice to Perfection” is very topical and addresses to a very significant issue on Oil Spill Concern and Management which has received a lot of international attention in the recentyears. Theorganizingcommitteeisworkingveryhardtomakethisyear’seventofmuchbetterqualityandexperiencefor participantstorememberascomparedtothepreviousconferences. This is an international Conference-cum-Exhibition for Hydrocarbon Industry and I am sure most of the industry friendshavemadegooduseofthisopportunityandchosentoparticipateinthethirdeditionofOilSpillIndia2014. We have immense pleasure in organising such an event which will surely prove to be a potent platform for dissemination of knowledge and experience of experts from across the world who will not only discuss the relevantissuesofOilSpillconcerningoilandgasindustrytodaybutalsoshallarticulatethevisionforfuture. I am sure there will be a very encouraging response from delegates from world-over to showcase the latest technology and product lines in the exhibition. The confluence of some of the best minds in the business and participation of front line Organisations will ensure that the Conference and Exhibition provide an unparallel“Sea ofnetworkingopportunity”forallparticipants. IwishOilSpillIndia–2014alltheverybestforagrandsuccess. A.K.Hazarika FormerCMD,ONGC &ConferenceChairman,OSI2014 WELCOME ADDRESS 2014 81
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    The ever growingthirst for energy security is leading oil and gas industry to explore for resources in deep water frontiers and even the most inhospitable terrains in the world. As you are aware deep water drilling underHPHTregimeishighlycomplexandposesamajorriskunlessproperlyplannedandexecuted. In case of any eventuality such a blow out or a major oil spill, the consequences could be severe on both the individualsandthemarineenvironmentaswehaveseeninthecaseofMacondoincident. Hence this presentation looks into various facets of emergency preparedness and the level of integration of responsesrequiredfromvariousfunctionsandstakeholders. The presentation also discusses various efforts being taken by the global E&P industry in pooling of resources and sharing best practices to handle major marine oil spills. Challenges faced by the Indian Oil and Gas industry and the opportunities for forging ahead with collective efforts in this context are also discussed. HariKumar DirectorHSEQ&Security CairnIndiaLtd. WELCOME ADDRESS 2014 82
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    I am happyto know that the iTEN Media is organizing Oil spill India conference and exhibition in association with SpillAssociationofIndiaatGoafrom18thto20thSeptember2014. Every day, millions of barrels of oil are transported through the seas to various destinations around the globe. Accidently releases of crude oil from tankers, offshore platforms, drilling rigs and wells polluted and destroyed marineecologicallife. I am sure that the Conference will bring together internationally renowned experts and technologists from around theworldonOilSpillResponseandrecoveryandholdin-depthdeliberationsonissuesrelatingtotheOilSpill. We must continue to discuss, explore through these events and invest in new solutions for prevention and responsemeasurestobeeffective. I convey my best wishes and compliments to the organizers, participants and other dignitaries connected to the conferenceandexhibitionforthesuccessfulconductoftheevent. HelgeTryti Director InnovationNorway CommercialCounsellor,RoyalNorwegianEmbassy WELCOME ADDRESS 2014 83
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    IamdelightedtolearnthattheInternationalConferenceandExhibition‘OilSpillIndia2014’isbeingorganizedby iTen Media atGoa from 18th to 20th September, 2014, with the theme ‘Practice to Perfection’.The timing and theme of this conference cum exhibition are both apt, considering the wide impact of hydrocarbon spills and the needforperfectioninthepracticeofspillpreventionandmanagement.OilIndiaLimitedispleasedtosupportthis event. We learn from each other’s successes as well as failures, and I am confident‘OSI 2014’will bring together global industry experts, Government bodies, technocrats and other stakeholders to share their experience and deliberate in depth on Oil Spill issues and work towards better legislation and deliberate in depth on Oil Spill managementsystem,andinspiretheIndiaOilandGasIndustrytoadoptthe‘PracticetoPerfection’. I convey my best wishes to the organizers for their effort in hosting this conference & exhibition and wish the eventeverysuccess. SatchidanandaRath Director(Operations) OilIndiaLimited WELCOME ADDRESS 2014 84
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    As we areaware, iTen Media, in association with Spill Association of India (SAI), is organising the third edition of Oil Spill India (OSI), the International Conference & Exhibition in Goa, from 18-20 September 2014.To combat againstanypossibleoilspillage,themostacceptedformulaworldwideisbasedon–“PracticetoPerfection”.Most aptly,thisiswhathasbeentakenupastheThemeofthiseditionofOilSpillIndia. Considering the global dynamics of the petroleum industry, especially when the focus of the entire upstream sector is shifting from safe and known territories of land and shallow water to deepwaters and ultra-deepwaters, it is imperative for professionals from all sections of the oil industry to pay maximum attention to the practice of safe exploration.Perfectioncomesfrompracticeandthroughpracticeonlyperfectioncanbeachieved. It is obvious that the instant event is not only going to become an incredible platform for the professionals to brainstorm and exchange ideas on the demanding needs of the petroleum industry, which have been specially underlined by the Macondo incident in the Gulf of Mexico, it will also help to foster new ties between producers, service providers as well as vendors dealing with materials and services related to preventing and arresting possible oil spillage during on-land and offshore operations. Such events will surely go a long way in preparing ourselvestofacethechallengesposedbytheverynatureofourindustry. Itisalsohearteningtolearnthat,onthisoccasion,OilSpillIndia2014isbringingoutabrochure,documentingour commitmenttowardsprotectingtheenvironmentwhilewearestrivingforharnessingmoreandmoreenergy. Let me convey my warm greetings to all the participants and best wishes for a very successful and professionally satisfying3daysoftheconference. V.S.Okhde Director(Pipelines) IndianOilCorporationLimited WELCOME ADDRESS 2014 85
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    On behalf ofITEN Media, it is my privilege to extend you all a warm welcome to the 3rd International Conference onOilSpillPrevention,Response&Restoration;OilSpillIndia2014(OSI). Over the past 4 years & 2 events, the success of OSI has been a reflection of the efforts of its committee & supporters.Continued benefaction from our formal supporters;Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, OilIndustrySafetyDirectorate,SpillAssociationofIndia&Sponsors;ONGC,CairnIndia,IndianOil,OilIndia,EIL, Innovation Norway, OSRL & Lamor is a testimonial of the exceptional value that Oil Spill India offers both as a traditionalconference&aglobalnetworkingforum. Oil Spill India 2014’s theme “Practice to Perfection” is a simple expression that highlights a value that is most important when preparing for prevention of incidents.With a host of prolific national & international speakers this year’s conference would provide an engaging & interactive opportunity the for local, regional and global representatives of the industry, government & community to discuss oil spill incidents, learning’s & the latest in SpillPrevention,Response&Restorationsystems. In addition to the conference, Oil Spill India 2014 will also profile an expansive number of exhibitors showcasing state-of-the-artintechnologies&equipment’s. Ilookforwardtoyoursuccessfulparticipation&hopeyouenjoyvisitingGoa-alandofamazingcontrasts. “KennaChill,KennaThrill” AbhishekBhatnagar CEO iTENMedia The expression “Kenna” means “Sometimes” in Konkani, a language widely spoken in Goa & also dramatizes contrasts.Inaway,“Kenna”invitesyoutoexplorethemanysidesofGoa...andyourself! WELCOME ADDRESS 2014 86
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    DAY 1,THURSDAY ,18 SEPTEMBER 2014 1430 – 1600 HRS: REGISTRATION & HIGHTEA 1600 - 1730 HRS: INAUGURAL SESSION Mr. A. K. Hazarika, Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman OSI 2014 - Welcome Address DIG. A. A. Hebbar, Director Environment, Indian Coast Guard Capt. K. P. Jayakumar, Dy. Nautical Advisor [I/C], Directorate General of Shipping Capt. K. Devadas, Director (T&OS), Shipping Corporation of India - Key Note Address Mr. Suresh Mehra, GGM - Head Safety, ONGC Release of OSI 2014 Show Catalogue Vote ofThanks by Mr. Abhishek Bhatnagar, CEO, Ten Mediai 1735 - 1900 HRS: PLENARY SESSION Session Chairman: Mr. Apurba Saha, Director-Technical Integration & ExCo Member, Cairn India Limited Speakers: 1.) Mr. Asbjoern Klaussen, Sales Manager & Director, NorLense Russia, NOSCA Member Nosca, - the Norwegian OSR supplier industry and the development of compliancy to the strict environmental regulations from the Norwegian authorities 2.) Mr. Hari Kumar, Director HSSEQ, Cairn India Ltd. Oil Spill 3.) Mr. Dinesh Kumar Arya, Senior Trade & Investment Adviser- Energy, UKTI, British High Commission Oil Spill - UK Offer 4.) Mr. Richard H. Johnson, Technical Director, ITOPF Shipping and Pollution – Risks and Consequences in India 1900 HRS. ONWARDS: EXHIBITION HALL OPENING & WELCOME RECEPTION 1930 HOURS ONWARDS- WELCOME DINNER (SPONSORED BY ONGC) DAY 2, FRIDAY , 19 SEPTEMBER 2014 0900 - 1015 HRS : SESSION 1 ‘Building a HSE Culture - Understanding Safety Procedure’ Session Chairman: Mr. A K Hazarika, Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2014 Speakers: 1.) Mr. Bernd Freibott, Head of Global Services Sustainability Consulting, SAP Deutschland SE & Co. KG The Roadmap towards a holistic safety culture based on an intergrated EHS solution landscape 2.) Mr. Ghana Gogoi, Dy. General Manager (CEMG-P), Oil India Limited New Regulations in Controlling Offshore Blowout and Government Regulations to curb Oil Spill. 3.) Mr. Zishaan Muhammad Wajid Haindade, Production Engineer, Oil India Limited Well Stimulation Operations Related Oil Spills and their safety hazards CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2014 88
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    1015 - 1115HRS: SESSION 2 ‘Advancements in SurveillanceTechniques & Assessing Environmental Sensitivity’ Session Chairman: Capt. Prakash Correa, V.P. Operations, Great Eastern Shipping Co. Ltd. Speakers: 1.) Dr. Polly Hill, Consultant, Oil Spill Response Ltd. Long Term Planning: Ecological Evaluation Assessments & Environmental Sensitivity Mapping 2.) Dr.Theo Hengstermann, Business Development & Sales, Optimare Systems GmbH Airborne pollution surveillance of Spanish waters 3.) Mr. Seyed Mojtaba Zarei, Pollution Control Officer, Maritime Authority of Iran Comparing the concentration of PAHs in white shrimps, in north part of Persian Gulf, with Levels of Concerns (LOCs) established by FDA for Shrimps and Craps 1115 - 1130 HRS:TEA BREAK 1130 HRS - 1215 HRS: CASE STUDY Session Chairman: Capt. Kuldeep Singh, Director, Marine & Technical, US Gulf Operations, Gallagher Marine Systems, LLC Speakers: 1.) Mr. S. J. Prasad, Project Scientist B, INCOIS Online oil spill advisory for Indian waters 2.) Mr. H.V. Gurudutt, Scientist D, Central Pollution Control Board Well & Pipeline Incidents Detection & intervention 1215 HRS - 1315 HRS: COUNTRY PRESENTATION NORWAY Session Chairman: Mr. Hari Kumar, Director HSSEQ, Cairn India Ltd. Speakers: 1.) Mr. Olafur Nesse, International Key Account Manager, AllMaritim AS Tomorrow’s oil spill response strategy and technology 2.) Mr. Jan Qvale, Sales Executive, Miros AS Developments in oil spill detection radar systems used in offshore environments 3.) Mr. Azam Ali Khan, Market Advisor - Oil & Gas, Innovation Norway Developments in oil spill detection radar systems used in offshore environments 4.) Mr. Asbjorn Klaussen, Sales Manager & Director, Norlense Russia & NOSCA Member Innovations in OSR operational procedures to reduce risk for operating personnel and to speed up time of response. 5.) Mr.Tor Magnus Okstad, International Sales Manager, Aptomar AS Safety at your finger tips 6.) Mr. Roald Wie, Area Sales Manager, Frank Mohn AS TransRec the cost effective offshore spill recovery system 1315 - 1400 HRS: LUNCH 1400 - 1445 HRS: SESSION 3 ‘Environmental Effects of Oil Spill’ Session Chairman: Mr. Anoop Kumar, Former Executive Director & Chief HSE, ONGC Speakres: 1.) Dr. R. S. Kankara, Scientist-F, ICMAM-Project Directorate, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India Oil Spill Sensitivity mapping for Effective Oil Spill Management CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2014 89
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    2.) Dr. SheelaNair, Scientist ‘E’ 2, National Centre for Earth Science Studies, MoES, Govt. of India Oil Spill Trajectory Modelling Of Spill Off The Coast Of Kiltan In The Lakshadweep Group Of Islands 3.) Dr. Indumathi M Nambi, Head of Division, Environment & Water Resources, Department of Civil Engineering, IITMadras, Chennai Inland Petroleum Spills - Environmental Issues and Cleanup 1445 - 1530 HOURS: SESSION 4 ‘Oil Spill Management - An Approach’ Session Chairman: Mr. A KTyagi, Former Executive Director (MM), IOCL Speakers: 1.) Mrs. Borislava Manolova, International Sales Manager, Kongsberg Satellite Services “Mid Latitude Detetion of Oil Spills from Space - A Multi-Mission Approach for India” 2.) Mrs. Konstanze Reichert, Business Development - Asia Pacific, OceanWaves Supporting oil spill recovery efforts by using marine X- band radar imaging and tracking capabilities 3.) Mr.Yodi Satya, Operations Manager, OSCT Indonesia Combating Oil Spill in Indonesia 1530 - 1545 HRS:TEA BREAK 1545 - 1715 HRS: SESSION 5 ‘Mitigation Methodologies for Oil Spills’ Session Chairman: Capt. Sandeep Kalia, Vice President, ICC Shipping Association Speakers: 1.) Dr. Srikanth Mutnuri, Associate Professor, Department of Biological Sciences, BITS - Pilani, Goa Campus Bioremediation as a possible solution for oil spills 2.) Mr. Shaik Ameer Basha, Production Engineer, Oil India Limited Production without Pollution 3.) Mr. Bidyut Pawan Das & Mr. Udai A. Dutta, Dy. Superintending Engineer & Senior Production Engineer, Production Oil, Oil India Limited A Case Study of Application of ‘OILZAPPER’ In The Upper Assam Oil Fields of Oil India Limited 4.) Prof. Prabhakar Clement , Groome Endowed Professor of Environmental Engineering, Auburn University, Alabama, USA “Lessons learned from monitoring shoreline contamination along Alabama’s beaches in the USA after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill - A case study” 5.) Mr. Ravindra Ravuri & Mrs. Lisa Callaghan, Manager & Regional Manager, DNV GL Minimising Oil Spills through the use of real-time CPM Leak Detection Category 1715 HRS - 1800 HRS:YOUTH SESSION - UNDERSTANDING OIL SPILL Session Chairman: Mr. Apurba Saha, Director, Technical Integration & ExCo Member, Cairn India Ltd. Speakers: 1.) Mr. Aditya Harsh, Student, RGIPT Waste Utilization in tackling oil spillage CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2014 90
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    2.) Mr.Vidit Mohan,Student, RGIPT Development of technique to detect oil spill using LISS III and google earth images DAY 3, SATURDAY , 20 SEPTEMBER 2014 0830 - 1000 HRS : SESSION 6 ‘Oil spill challenges faced by Ports, Shipping & legal organizations - Way forward’ Session Chairman: Mr. Anand Kumar, Director, Petrotech Speakers: 1.) Mr. Ashwin Shanker, Partner, Law Chambers of George A Rebello Failure of the Oil pollution regime in India 2.) Capt. Anil Kishore Singh, COO, Adani Hazira Port Pvt. Ltd & Adani Petronet (Dahej) Port Pvt. Ltd. OIL Spill Response - Indian Port’s Perspective 3.) Mr. Dipak Sonawane, Surveyor, Indian Register of Shipping Oil Spill Risk Analysis of Port to Develop Scenarios for Contingency Planning 1000 - 1045 HRS: SESSION 07 ‘Analysing Future Risk - Importance of Govt. & Private Partnership’ Session Chairman: Capt. Sandeep Kalia, Vice President, ICC Shipping Association Speakers: 1.) Dr.Y. B. Sontakke, Joint Director (Water Pollution Control), Maharashtra Pollution Control Board The Role of Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (SPCBs) during Oil Spill 2.) Mr. Geraint Richards, Managing Director, Lamor Middle East LLC Oil Spill Response Readiness 1045 - 1100 HRS:TEA BREAK 1100 - 1230 HRS: SESSION 08 ‘Panel discussion:Working on a New Model - Contingency Planning Guidelines for Spill’ Panelist: 1.) Mr. A. K. Hazarika, Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2014 2.) Mr.Tarsen Singh, Director, Exploration & Production, OISD 3.) Mr. Apurba Saha, Director, Technical Integration & ExCo Member, Cairn India Ltd. 4.) Mr. Hari Kumar, Director, HSSE Q, Cairn India Ltd. 5.) Mr. Anoop Kumar, Former ED & Chief HSE, ONGC. 6.) Mr. Neeraj Sinha, Scientist ‘F’/ Senior Director, Office of the Principal Scientific Advisor to the GoI Moderator: Capt. Sandeep Kalia, Vice President, ICC Shipping Association 1230 HRS:VOTE OFTHANKS CLOSE OF CONFERENCE FOLLOWED BY LUNCH CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 2014 91
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    SPEAKERS 2014 BIDYUT PAWANDAS Dy. Suptdg. Production Engineer Oil India Limited DR. SRIKANTH MUTNURI Associate Professor, Department of Biological Sciences Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, Goa Campus DR. Y. B. SONTAKKE, M.S. (ENV.) PH.D. D.I.S. Joint Director (Water Pollution Control) Maharashtra Pollution Control Board HIRAK DUTTA Executive Director Oil Industry Safety Directorate Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas L. SHEELA NAIR Scientist E 2 National Centre For Earth Science Studies Ministry of Earth Science, Govt. of India S J PRASAD Scientist, ISG (INCOIS), Misistry of Earth Sciences, Govt of India INDUMATHI M NAMBI PH.D. Associate Professor and Head Environmental and Water Resources Division Department of Civil Engineering IIT Madras OLAFUR NESSE International Key Account Manager AllMaritim AS SEYED MOJTABA ZAREI Pollution Prevention & Control Expert Ports & Maritime Organization of Iran Port of Bushehr, Iran ASHWIN SHANKER Partner Law Chambers of George A Rebello DR. R S KANKARA Scientist-F ICMAM-Project Directorate Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India Dr. Polly Hill Consultant Oil Spill Response Ltd ADITYA HARSH B.Tech 4th Year, Petroleum Engineering Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Rae Bareli, U.P CAPT. ANIL KISHORE SINGH Chief Operating Officer (COO) Adani Dahej & Hazira Port GHANA GOGOI Dy. General Manager (CEMG-P) Oil India Limited ASBJOERN KLAUSSEN Sales Manager & Director NorLense Russia & NOSCA Member KONSTANZE REICHERT Business Development - Asia Pacific OceanWaveS RAVINDRA RAVURI Manager DNVGL UDAI A. DUTTA Senior Production Engineer Oil India Limited ZISHAAN MUHAMMAD WAJID HAINDADE Production Engineer-Oil Oil India Limited BERND FREIBOTT, BERND Head of Global Services Sustainability Consulting, SAP Deutschland SE & Co. KG CAPT. K. P. JAYAKUMAR Dy. Nautical Adviser to the Govt. of India Directorate General of Shipping DINESH KUMAR ARYA Senior Trade & Inv. Adviser - Energy UK Trade & Investment DR. THEO HENGSTERMANN Business Development & Sales Optimare Systems GmbH H. V. GURUDUTT Scientist D Central Pollution Control Board LISA CALLAGHAN Regional Manager, India DNVGL RICHARD H JOHNSON Technical Director ITOPF Ltd CAPT. L. K. PANDA Nautical Advisor to the GoI, Directorate General of Shipping BORISLAVA MANOLOVA International Sales Manager Kongsberg Satellite Services (KSAT) CAPT. KULDEEP SINGH Director Marine & Technical Gallagher Marine Systems Llc., U.S.A. GERAINT RICHARDS Managing Director Lamor Middle East LLC JAN QVALE Sales Executive Miros AS PRABHAKAR CLEMENT, PH.D., P.E., F.ASCE Groome Endowed Professor of Environmental Engineering Auburn University, Alabama, USA SHAIK AMEER BASHA Production Engineer Oil India Limited VIDIT MOHAN Student RG Institute of Petroleum Technology ARUN KUMAR GUPTA Chairman & Managing Director The Shipping Corporation of India Ltd. (SCI) DIPAK RAMCHANDRA SONAWANE Surveyor Indian Register of Shipping 92
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    SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 2014 Inaugurationceremony Inaugural session Sessions The lamp lighting ceremony was followed by An Inaugural Session. Oil Spill India 2014 was inaugurated by Mr. A.K. Hazarika (FormerCMD,ONGC&ConferenceChairman,OSI2014)withDIGAAHebbar(IndianCoastGuard),Capt.KDevadas(Shipping th Corporation),Capt.KPJayakumar(DGShipping),SureshMehra(ONGC), on18 September2014at1600hrs. In Inaugural session, welcome address by Mr.A K Hazarika (Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2014) with DIG A A Hebbar (Indian Coast Guard), Capt. K Devadas (Shipping Corporation), Capt. K P Jayakumar (DG Shipping), Suresh Mehra (ONGC) Followedbytheplenarysession,Mr.AKHazarika(FormerCMD,ONGC&ConferenceChairman,OSI2014)InauguratedtheOSI 2014InternationalExhibition. 93 PLENARY SESSION Session focused on the Environmental Regulations, speakers from Norlense, Crain India, UKTI, Gallgher Marine Systmes LLC, &ITOPF.TheSessionwaschairedby Mr.ApurbaSaha,DirectorTechnicalIntegration&ExCoMember, CrainIndiaLtd.
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    Sessions SESSION 2 Session 2focused on the Advancements in Surveillance Techniques & Assessing Environment Sensitivity, speakers from Oil SpillResponseLtd,OptimareSystemsGmbH,MaritimeAuthorityofIran. TheSessionwaschairedby Capt.PrakashCorrea,V.P Operations,GreatEasternShippingCo.Ltd. SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 2014 94 SESSION 1 On day 2, Session 1 focused on the Building a HSE Culture - Understanding Safety Procedure, Speakers from SAP Deutschland SE & Co. KG, Oil India Limited gave their valuable viewpoint and shared the expertise. The session was chaired by Mr. A. K. Hazarika,FormerCMD,ONGC&ConferenceChairman,OSI2014 COUNTRY PRESENTATION NORWAY Session was Country Presentation Norway, speakers from AllMaritim AS, Miros AS, Innovation Norway, Aptomar, Norlense, FrankMohn.TheSessionwaschairedbyMr.HariKumar, DirectorHSSEQ,CrainIndia. SESSION 3 Session 3 focused on the Environmental Effects of Oil Spill, speakers from Ministry of Earth Science, Govt.of India, IIT Madras. TheSessionwaschairedby Mr.AnoopKumar,FormerED&ChiefHSE,ONGC.
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    SESSION 6 Session 6focused on the Oil Spill Challenges faced by Ports, Shipping & legal Organizations -Way forward, speakers from Law Chambers of George A Rebello, Adani Hazira Port Pvt.Ltd.& Indian Register of Shipping.The Session was chaired by Mr.Anand Kumar,Director,Petrotech. SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 2014 95 SESSION 4 Session 4 focused on the Oil Spill Management - An Approach, speakers from Kongsberg Satellite Services, Ocean Waves, OSCTIndonesia.SessionwaschairedbyMr.A.K.Tyagi,FormerED(MM),IOCL. SESSION 5 Session 5 focused on Mitigation Methodologies for Oil Spills, speakers from BITS - Pilani, Goa, Oil India Limited, Auburn University,Alabama,USA,&DNVGL.SessionwaschairedbyCapt.SandeepKalia,V.P,ICCShippingAssociation. Sessions YOUTH SESSION Session focused onYouth Section - Understanding Oil Spill, Speakers form Rajiv Gandhi Institute of PetroleumTechnology, Rae Bareli,UttarPradesh.SessionwaschairedbyMr.ApurbaSaha,DirectorTechnicalIntegration&ExCoMember,CairnIndia.
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    Networking dinner ExhibitioninaugurationwasfollowedbytheWelcomeDinneratHolidayInn, Goa. SHOWHIGHLIGHTS 2014 96 SESSION 8 Session 8 was Panel discussion, where Mr. A. K. Hazarika, Mr. Tarsem Singh, Mr. Apurba Saha, Mr. Hari Kumar, Mr. Anoop Kumar,Mr.NeerajSinha&Capt.SandeepKaliaparticipatedanddiscussedtheissue. Sessions SESSION 7 Session 7 focused on the Analysing Future Risk - Importance of Govt. & Private Partnership, speakers from Maharashtra PollutionControlBoard,LamorMiddleEastLLC.TheSessionwaschairedby Capt.SandeepKalia,VicePresident,ICCShipping Association.
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    Exhibition OSI 2014 Exhibitionwas inaugurated by Mr.A K Hazarika, Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2014.Exhibition showcased participationfrom25companiesfrom10countriesand2countrypavilionsfromUKandNorway. International brands like Miros AS, AllMaritim AS, Aptomar AS, Boerger Pumps Asia Pte Ltd, Maharashtra Maritime Board, NorLense, NAVTEK, Indian Private Ports &Terminals Association, Rutter Inc., Unisafe Services/ Multienviro, Unicare Emergency Equipment Pvt. Ltd., Kongsberg NorControl Surveillance Pvt. Ltd., Frank Mohn AS, ABN Equipments & Systems Pvt. Ltd., DestinationMICE participatedandpresentedtheirlatesttechnologiesandadvancements. Exhibitorsgotopportunitiestodiscussthesamewiththedelegatescamefrom18countriesworldwide. SHOW HIGHLIGHTS 2014 97
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    SHOW STATISTICS 2014 25 40 Countries 325Delegates Exhibitors 20% 80% Annual Biennial 40% 43% 16% 1% 0% Preferred Frequency of Conference Networking Relevance of Conference Content Quality of Speakers Participation in OSI 2014 Would like to attend again or not? Excellent V. Good Average Poor Disappointing 52% 43% 4% 1% 0% Excellent Excellent V. Good V. Good Average Average Poor Poor Disappointing Disappointing Yes No 65% 4% 1% 0% 30% 1.56% 98.40% 95% rated the content relevance as excellent / Very Good. 80% preferred the frequency of conference to be annual 98.4% said they would like to attend it next time as well. 95% rated the quality of speakers as excellent / Very Good 80% said that the networking opportunities were excellent / Very Good. 98
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    TAKEAWAYS 2014 l Theneed for a comprehensive revision to the existing National Disaster Contingency Plan as per internationalstandards. l The need for development of an Online Oil Spill Advisory system that provides the trajectory of an oil spill.In the event of oil spill, the direction and movement of the oil will be predicted in advance in by the system and would be disseminated to the relevant authorities.The clean up and control measures will be planned and carriedoutaccordingly. l Need for complete mapping of environmental sensitivities in coastal zones.Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps provide a concise summary of coastal resources that are at risk if an oil spill occurs nearby. Whenanoilspilloccurs,ESImapscanhelprespondersmeetoneofthemainresponseobjectives:reducing the environmental consequences of the spill and the cleanup efforts. Additionally, planners can use ESI maps—before a spill happens—to identify vulnerable locations, establish protection priorities, and identify cleanupstrategies. l Develop Capabilities for deployment of Aerial Dispersant Spray System. Aerial dispersants are a powerful tool in the fight against marine pollution; they can provide a significant impact on a spill in reducing overall levels of pollution and possible levels of shoreline impact.It is a major response tool that is used throughout the world and continues to gain acceptance even in those countries that previously were completely opposedtoit. l Facilitating the regional oil spill contingency plans under the auspices of the South Asia Cooperative Environment Program of the United Nations including development of national plans for immediate coastal neighbors. l Finally the need to set up an Industry Association that represents the interests of the companies, organisations & individuals engaged in the Spill Planning, Prevention, Preparedness & Response of On Land & Offshore Oil/Chemical/HNS spills, marine casualty, marine pollution, wreck removal, cargo recovery, towage and related activities in protection of the Environment. Championing their development throughconstantlearning,networking&collaborationwithIndustry,stakeholders&regulators. 99
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    THANK YOU SPONSORS THANKYOU SPONSORS PlatinumSponsor Gold Sponsor Silver Sponsor Lunch & High Tea Sponsor Associate Sponsor Show Supporters 100
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    TESTIMONIAL John P. Menezes Menezesand Associates “Congratulations to you and your team for putting up such a well organized event. The venue, the speakers, entertainment etc was well planned andexecuted.” Geraint Richards Lamor Corporation Ab “I feel the event was a great success and look forward to supportingthenextone.” Dr. P.B. Rastogi Ministry of Environment & Forests “ I t w a s a w e l l o r g a n i z e d International Conference on the Oil Spills covering all aspects related to the subject and most probably updated all concerned on the subject. Wish youallthebestforfutureendeavour.” R K Talukdar ONGC “Thanks to iTEN for organizing such an eye-opening Conference ontheOilSpillHazard.” Capt. Farhat Imam RESOLVE Marine Group, Inc “ I w a s p l e a s e d w i t h h i s experience at Oil Spill India. Thank you for the opportunity to participate.” Dr. Y.B. Sontakke MPCB “I am really thankful for your courtesy and nice organization of event” Thomas Liebert IOPC Funds “Thanks again for the invitation to OSI 2011 and congratulations for succeeding in organizing such a wellattendedevent.” Subhajit Sarkar Wipro Technologies “I congratulate you all at ITEN media for conducting the event very successfully. It was a great pleasure to speak and network with very importantdignitariesandstakeholdersatthis arena.” Capt. Derrick F Vaz Phoenix Shipbuilders,Ship repairs & Dry Dock Engineering “Oil Spill India 2016....India's c o m m i t m e n t t o S t a t u t o r y compliance, arealityintheoffing.” Shri. Dinesh Vaidya Reliance Industries Limited “We don't want an environmental disaster to become a human disaster.” Barkley Lloyd (Alaska CleanSeas).” Shri. K. R. Sachar Great Offshore Limited “Spill in any form; be it from Oil, HNS, Hazardous substances etc. is one of the major threats for the marine environment. The consequences of Spills adversely affect harbours, beaches, wild life,fisheries,tourismandsocietyatlarge. IamverypleasedtobeassociatedwithOilSpill India under the aegis of iTen Media as they are doing a wonderful job in addressing the seriousimpactsofspills.MybestwishestoOSI 2016 and hope it will be a grand event with think tanks from across the globe, meeting underoneroof..” Dr. R. S. Kankara Ministry of Earth Sciences “The quality of conference was excellent.” Mr. Surendra Jagtap Essar Projects (India) Limited “Oil spill control is still neophyte topic among various Disaster M a n a g e m e n t P r o g r a m s worldwide. When you fully understand the situation,it is worse thanyou think. If you drill, there's going to be a spill. Thus we need to create Oil Spill awareness and persistence efforts in preventing, minimizing, and effective recovery and clean-up operations throughsuchevents.” 101
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    INVITATION OSI 2016 DearIndustryColleagues, Inthe wake of the recent Sundarbans Oil Spill incident, we are yet again reminded of the fragility of similar eco-sensitive areas in the waters following any oil spill & the increasing amount of uncertainty for similar incidents.Fortunately since the last Oil Spill India Conference in September 2014 at Goa, thequantumofworkbeendone&theprogressmadeonactionablepointsbyvariousstakeholdersof theindustryledbyIndianCoastGuards(ICG)hasbeennoteworthy. We are riding a new wave of expansive research, innovation and renewed dedication to advancing efectiveness in oil spill response capabilities.Leading the wave of change is the Indian Coast Guard throughnumerousmeasuresincluding:therecentlyreleased&comprehensivelyrevisedNationalOil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan 2015 (NOS-DCP), which meets international standards; An Online Oil Spill Advisory system-a system that places India amongst a select list of countries that have indigenously developed capabilities for prediction of trajectory of oil spills; Mapping of environmental sensitivities in coastal zones, deployment of Aerial Dispersant Spray System & finally facilitating the regional oil spill contingency plans under the auspices of the South Asia Cooperative Environment Program oftheUnitedNationsincludingdevelopmentofnationalplansforMaldivesandSriLanka. One of the key objectives of the Oil Spill India (OSI) Conference is to remain abreast of the global developments & standards, brainstorm on the strategies, techniques, models used for prevention, mitigation and response for the benefit of the industry & its stakeholders. Since its inception in 2011, OSI has continually evolved & OSI 2016 will be no exception in meeting the changing needs and interests of the community that it serves. Themed - “Commitment, Synergy, Excellence”, “Commitment” for Environmental Sustainability, Oil Spill Preparedness & Prevention, the need for “Synergy” in Spill Response & “Excellence” in Restorationefforts. It is with great pleasure that the undersigned, on behalf of the Advisory Board, invite you to participate in the 4th edition of Oil Spill IndiaConference(OSI),tobeheldduringAugust2016inMumbai. Whether you are a Technologist, Researcher, Scientist or Engineer wishing to share new innovations, models, techniques or applications of spill methodology, Regulator or Administrator, engaged in E&P exploration, oilfield production, exporter or carrier of Oil or Hazardous substances, associated with Shipyard, Port, Shipping line, Offshore or Logistics services provider, Coast Guard, Navy, Flag/Port state, Classification society, P&I / H&M clubs, Maritime Law, Salvage, Spill response or equipment manufacturers, OEMs, Training institute or Trade association, pursuing CSR initiative in corporate or private sector or a citizen who is involved / concerned about Environment & impact of pollution and want to share your experience or draw insights from the experts,OilSpillIndiaprovidesyouwithauniqueopportunity&platform. Please join us in this noble cause.Your participation is integral in achieving the objectives of this conference and the e ectiveness oftheinternationaloilspillcommunity. Yours Sincerely, A. K. Hazarika Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2016 104 A. K. Hazarika Former CMD, ONGC & Conference Chairman, OSI 2016 OIL SPILL INDIA 2016 th 4 International Conference & Exhibition August 2016, Mumbai, India
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    www.oilspillindia.org TM August 2016, Mumbai,IndiaAugust 2016, Mumbai, IndiaAugust 2016, Mumbai, India Oil Spill India 2016 4th International Conference & Exhibition Theme: Commitment, Synergy, Excellence Register Now!! OIL SPILL INDIA 2016
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    iTEN Media isone of India's leading organizers of international exhibitions & conferences across key industries & markets. Powered by cutting edge industry research & expertise, exceptional networking with governments, trade and allied agencies, iTEN services its customers through its distinctive range of high quality trade events & marketing opportunities, delivering value-added business and networking opportunitiesforitscustomers. A professionally owned and managed enterprise, the team at iTEN has over 60 years of cumulative experience & successful track record in organizing over 150 international events across 20 industry verticals like defense, automotive, electronics & communication, energy, engineering, manufacturing, infrastructure, building & construction, IT & telecom, jewellery, media & entertainment, mining & metals, safety&securityetc. Geared with strong fundamental & professional experience gained with world leading organizations, iTEN today partners governments, trade associations & investment promotion agencies delivering industry leading trade shows & conferences including globally acclaimed events like Petrotech, Global Refining & Petrochemicals Congress(GRPC)andOilSpill India!! Organiser Oil Spill India 2016 Secretariat Team iTEN MEDIA Pvt. Ltd. Plot No.-33, Janki House, 4th Floor, Sector-12 A, Dwarka, New Delhi-110075, INDIA Tel.: +91 11 43013474 | Fax: +91 11 42171483 | www.oilspillindia.org Secretariat address: Manoj Kumar E: [email protected] M: +91 9871238544 Project Head Ravi Kumar E: [email protected] M: +91 9711433860 Exhibition Sales Sunny Mehta E: [email protected] M: +91 9711433168 Speaker Coordination Shalinder Chauhan E: [email protected] M: +91 9711433960 Delegate Sales ORGANISER OSI Secretariat Team