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Tissues
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- 4. EPITHELIAL TISSUE Epithelialtissues are thin tissues that cover all the exposed surfaces of the body. Epithelial tissue or epithelium consists of cells arranged in continuous sheets, in either single or multiple layers. The various surfaces of the epithelial cells often differ in structure and have specialized functions. Apical surface : epithelial cell faces the body surface. Apical surface may contain cilia or microvilli
- 5. Lateral surface: epithelial cell faces the adjacent cells on either side. Lateral surfaces may contain cell junctions Basal surface : epithelial cell is opposite the apical surface and the basal surfaces of the deepest of cells adhere to extracellular materials such as the basement membrane Basement membrane : is a thin extracellular layer that commonly consists of two layers
- 6. Basal Lamina:is closer to – and secreted by – the epithelial cells. It contains proteins such as collagen and laminin, as well as glycoproteins and proteoglycans Reticular lamina: is closer to the underlying connective tissue and contains fibrous proteins produced by connective tissue cells called fibroblasts. The basement membrane functions as a of attachment and support for the overlying epithelial tissue
- 7. Classification of theEpithelial tissue Epithelial tissue Covering and lining epithelium Arrangemen t of cells in layers Cell shapes Glandular epithelium Exocrine glands Endocrine glands
- 8. 1. Arrangement ofcells in layers: Simple epithelium Stratified epithelium Pseudostratified epithelium
- 9. Squamous cells Cuboidalcells Columnar cells Transitional cells
- 12. SIMPLE EPITHELIUM: Simple squamousepithelium Simple cuboidal epithelium Simple columnar epithelium Non ciliated simple columnar epithelium Ciliated columnar epithelium Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Pseudostratified nonciliated columnar epithelium
- 14. STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM Stratified squamous epithelium Keratinizedstratified squamous epithelium Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium Stratified cuboidal epithelium Stratified columnar epithelium Transitional epithelium
- 15. SIMPLE EPITHELIUM Simple squamousepithelium: Single layer of flat cells nucleus is a flattened oval or sphere and is centrally located nucleus Location: lines heart, vessels, lymphatic vessels, air sacs of lungs (endothelium) Forms the epithelial layer of serous membranes such as the peritoneum (mesothelium) Function: filtration , diffusion, osmosis, and secretion in serous membranes
- 17. SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM Single layer of cube shaped cells; Cell nuclei are rounded and centrally located Location: covers surface of ovary, lines anterior surface surface of capsule of the lens of the eye, makes up the secreting portion of some glands such as the thyroid gland, and the ducts of some glands such as pancreas Function: secretion and absorption
- 19. Simple columnar epithelium The cells of the columnar epithelium appear like columns, with oval nuclei near the base Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium: It contains two types of cells – Columnar epithelial cells with microvilli at their apical surface – microvilli increases the surface area of the plasma membrane Increasing the rate of absorption by cells Goblet cells – secrete mucus serves as a lubricant Location : lines the GI tract , ducts of many glands and gallbladder Function: secretion and absorption
- 21. Ciliated simple columnarepithelium: Single layer of ciliated column –like cells with nuclei near base Goblet cells in same locations Location: lines a few portions of upper respiratory tract, uterine tubes, uterus, central canal of spinal cord , and ventricles of the brain Function: moves mucus and other substances by ciliary action
- 23. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Pseudostratifiedcolumnar epithelium appears to have several layers because the nuclei of the cells are at various depths. Nuclei of cells are at different levels All the cells are attached to the basement membrane but do not extend to the apical surface
- 24. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium The cells that extens to the surface either secrete mucus or bear cilia Location: lines the airways of most of upper respiratory tract Function: mucus traps foreign particles and the cilia sweep away mucus
- 26. Pseudostratified nonciliated columnar epithelium: It contains cells without cilia and lacks goblet cells Location: lines larger ducts of many glands, epididymis, and part of male urethra Function: useful in the process of absorbing and secreting substances as well as in creating barrier between substances flowing through the cavity and underlying tissue
- 27. Stratified epithelium Stratifiedepithelium has two or more layers of cells. Some cells of stratified epithelia also produce secretions The name of the specific kind of stratified epithelium depends on the shape of the cells in the apical layer. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM: Several layers of cells Cuboidal to columnar shape in deep layers Squamous cells form the apical layer and several layers deep to it Cells from the basal layer replace surface cells as they are lost
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- 29. Keratinized stratified squamousepithelium: The apical layer and several layers deep to it are dehydrated and contain a layer of keratin Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium forms the superficial layer of the skin. Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium: Nonkeratinized variety lines wet surfaces such as lining of the mouth , esophagus, part of epiglottis, vagina covers tongue Function: protection
- 31. Stratified cuboidal epithelium Twoor more layers of cells in which the cells in the apical layer are cube shaped Location: ducts of adult sweat glands and esophageal glands and part of male urethra Function: protection and limited secretion and absorption
- 33. Stratified columnar epithelium Severallayers of irregularly shaped cells, only the apical layer has columnar cells Location: Lines the part of urethra, large excretory ducts of some glands, such as esophageal glands , small areas in the anal mucous membrane, and part of the conjunctiva of the eye Function: protection and secretion
- 35. Transitional Epithelium Appearanceis variable Shape of cells in apical layer ranges from squamous to cuboidal Location: lines urinary bladder and portions of ureters and urethra Function: Permits distension
- 37. GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM Agland may consist of a single cell or a group of cells that secrete substances into ducts onto a surface or into the blood All glands of body are classified as either endocrine or exocrine
- 38. Endocrine glands Endocrineglands release chemical substances directly into the blood stream or tissues of the body. The chemical substances released by the endocrine glands are known as Hormones
- 40. Exocrine glands: Exocrineglands release chemical substances through ducts to outside the body or onto another surface within the body Location: sweat, oil and earwax glands of the skin ,digestive glands such as salivary glands, which secrete into mouth cavity and pancreas, which secretes into the small intestine Function: Produce substances such as sweat, oil, earwax, saliva, or digestive enzymes
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- 42. Structural classification of exocrineglands 1.Unicellular glands – single celled 2.Multi cellular glands : composed of many cells i) Weather branched or unbranched Simple gland Compound gland ii)The shape of the secretory portions of the gland Tubular glands Acinar glands Tubuloacina r glands
- 43. 1.Simple gland • Simpletubular • Simple branched tubular • Simple coiled tubular • Simple acinar • Simple branched acinar
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- 46. Functional classification of exocrineglands Merocrine glands Apocrine glands Holocrine glands
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- 50. Connective tissue Connectivetissue is one of the most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the body. Functions: It binds together, supports, and strengthens other body tissues Protects and insulates internal organs Compartmentalizes structures such as skeletal muscles Serves as the major transport system within the body Primary location of stored energy Main source of immune responses
- 51. Classification of Connective Tissue •Mesenchyme • Mucous connective tissue Embryonic connective tissue • Loose connective tissue • Dense connective tissue • Cartilage • Bone tissue • Liquid connective tissue Mature Connective tissue
- 52. Embryonic connective tissue Embryonic connective tissue is present primarily in the embryo, the developing human from fertilization through the first two months of pregnancy, and in the fetus. Mesemchyme: Consists of irregularly shaped mesenchymal cells embedded in a semifluid ground substance that contains reticular fibers Location: under skin and along developing bones of embryo, adult connective tissue, especially along blood vessels Function: forms all other types of connective tissue
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- 54. Mucous connective tissue Consistsof widely scattered fibroblasts embedded in a viscous , jellylike ground substance that contains fine collagen fibers Location: umbilical cord of fetus Function: support
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- 56. Mature connective tissue •Areolar connective tissue • Adipose connective tissue • Reticular connective tissue A. loose connective tissue • Dense regular connective tissue • Dense irregular connective tissue • Elastic connective tissue B. Dense connective tissue • Hyaline cartilage • Fibrocartilage • Elastic cartilage C. cartilage D. Bone tissue • Blood tissue • lymph E. Liquid connective tissue
- 57. Loose connective Tissue The fibers of loose connective tissue are loosely intertwined between cells. Areolar Connective Tissue : consists of fibers (collagen, elastic and reticular) and several kinds of cells( fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, adipocytes and mast cells) embedded in a semifluid ground substance Location: subcutaneous layer, lamina propria of the mucous membranes, around blood vessels, nerves and body organs Function: strength, elasticity and support
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- 59. Adipose Tissue : oConsists of adipocytes, cells specialized to store triglycerides as a large centrally located droplet. o Nucleus and cytoplasm are peripherally located. Location: subcutaneous layer, around heart and kidneys, yellow bone marrow, and padding around joints and behind eyeball in eye socket Function: reduces heat loss through skin, serves as an energy reserve, supports and protects. In newborns brown adipose tissue generates considerable heat that helps maintain proper temperature
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- 61. Reticular connective tissue: a network of interlacing reticular fibers and reticular cells Location: stroma of liver, spleen lymph nodes, red bone marrow, reticular lamina of the basement membrane, around blood vessels and muscles Function: forms stroma of organs, binds together smooth muscle tissue cells. filters and removes worn out blood cells in the spllen and microbes in lymph nodes
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- 63. Dense connective Tissue Dense connective tissue contains more numerous, thicker, and denser fibers Dense Regular Connective Tissue : Extracellular matrix looks shiny white consists mainly of collagen fibers arranged in bundles Fibroblasts present in rows between bundles Location: forms tendons , most ligaments and aponeuroses Function: provides strong attachment between various structures.
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- 65. Dense Irregular ConnectiveTissue: Consists predominantly of randomly arranged fibers and few fibroblast.. Location: fasciae, reticular region of dermis of skin, periosteum of bone, perichondrium of cartilage, joint capsule, around various organs, pericardium of the heart and heart valves Function: provides strength
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- 67. Elastic Connective Tissue: Consists predominantly of freely branching elastic fibers Fibroblasts are present in spaces between Location: lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes, true vocal cords, suspensory ligament of penis, and ligaments between vertebrae Function: allows stretching of various organs
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- 69. Cartilage Cartilage consistsof a dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate, a gel like component of the ground substance cartilage can endure considerably more stress than loose and dense connective tissues Unlike other connective tissues, cartilage has no blood vessels or nerves , except in the perichondrium
- 70. Hyaline Cartilage: Hyalinecartilage consists of a bluish-white, shiny ground substance with fine collagen fibers and many chondrocytes Most abundant type of cartilage Location: ends of long bones, anterior ends of ribs, nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes and embryonic and fetal akeleton Function: provides smooth surfaces for the movement at joints as well as flexibility and support
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- 72. Fibrocartilage: Consists ofchondrocytes scattered among bundles of collagen fibers within the extracellular matrix Location: pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci of knee, and portions of tendons that insert into cartilage Function: support and fusion
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- 74. Elastic cartilage Consistsof chondrocytes located in the threadlike network of elastic fibers within the extracellular matrix. Location: lid on top of larynx, part of external ear, and auditory tubes. Function: gives support and maintains shape
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- 76. Bone Tissue Contactbone tissue consists of osteons that contain lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, canaculi, and central canal By contrast spongy bone tissue consists of thin columns called trabeculae Spaces between trabeculae are filled with red bone marrow Location: both compact and spongy bone tissue make up the various parts of bones of body Function: support, protection, storage, houses blood forming tissue, serves as levers that act with muscle tissue to enable movement
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- 78. Liquid connective tissue Blood: Consists of blood plasma and formed elements : RBC, WBC, platelets Location: within blood vessels and within the chambers of heart Function: RBC transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide; white bold cells carry on phagocytosis and are involved in allergic reactions and immune system responses; platelets are essential for the clotting of blood
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- 80. Lymph: lymph isthe extracellular fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels The composition of lymph is varies from one part of the body to another
- 81. Muscular Tissue Musculartissue consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers that can use ATP to generate force Muscular tissue produces body movements, maintains posture and generate force. It also provides protection Based on its location and certain structural and functional features, muscular tissue is is classified into 3 types
- 82. Muscular Tissue Features Skeletalmuscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Location: Attaches to the bones of skeleton Forms the wall of the heart Located in the walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels Striations Striated Striated Non striated Shape Cylindrical Cylindrical Spindle Nucleus Multinucleated and nucleus is at periphery One centrally located nucleus, occasional cell have two Centrally located nuclei control voluntary involuntary involuntary cells unbranched branched Unbranched Cell junctions None They attach end to end by intercalated discs and it contains desmosomes and gap junctions Gap junctions are present Function Motion, posture, heat production, and protection Pumps blood to all parts of the body motion Contract fast moderate slow
- 84. Nervous Tissue Itconsists of two principal types of cells – neurons and neuroglia Neurons: neuron or nerve cells are sensitive to various stimuli They convert stimuli into electrical signals called action potentials and conduct these action potentials to other neurons to muscle tissue to glands Most neurons consists three basic parts Cell body Dendrites Axons Neuroglia : s support and protection fare non neuronal cells in CNS and PNS. They maintain homeostasis from myelin and provide protection for the neurons
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Editor's Notes
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