Angular 13 introduces significant updates including support for TypeScript 4.4 and RxJS 7.4, the removal of legacy view engine support, and discontinuation of Internet Explorer 11. It enhances the Angular CLI with a persistent build-cache feature and improves Angular testing processes with more efficient testbed functionalities. Additionally, the framework now requires Node.js versions 12.20.0 or newer, making it essential for developers to upgrade from previous versions to leverage these improvements.