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![• Maximal glucose oxidation rate under most circumstances 7 – 13
mg/kg/min
• Above this rate, fat synthesis significantly increases leading to
increased RQ (CO2/O2)
• In presence of pulmonary disease, large energy intake may lead to
CO2 retention
• GIR
• Neonates and infants 12.5 mg/kg/min
• Children & adolescents 6mg/kg/min
• GIR (mg/kg/min) = [Dextrose (g/dl) * Infusion Rate (ml/hr)* 0.167]
Wt (kg)
Estimation of Glucose Infusion Rate (GIR)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/totalparentalnutrition-final-170206165435/75/Total-parental-nutrition-16-2048.jpg)
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Total parental nutrition
The document discusses parenteral nutrition (PN), also known as intravenous feeding. PN involves infusing nutrients directly into the bloodstream and bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. It summarizes the main components of PN including carbohydrates, protein, fat, electrolytes, vitamins and minerals. It provides guidelines on calculating and monitoring nutrient needs and doses for different patient populations, such as neonates and adults. Complications associated with PN administration involving catheter types and infections are also reviewed.
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Total parental nutrition
- 1. Dr Ranjeet kumarBihari Department of anesthesiology, ICU,& pain IMS BHU
- 2. Def. :a methodof feeding patients by infusing a mixture of all necessary nutrients into the circulatory system, thus bypassing the GIT. Also referred to as: intravenous nutrition, parenteral alimentation, and artificial nutrition.
- 3. Always useEnteral Nurrition (EN) whenever possible Use PN only when Unable to meet nutritional requirements via the GI tract Bowel dysfunction resulting in inability to tolerate EN for 1-3 days in infants 4-5 days in children and adolescents 7-10 days in adults If you’re going to start PN, there needs to be a reason why you can’t use EN Using PN for 1-2 days and then stopping it is Expensive – it only benefits the manufacturer Usually of minimal benefit to the patient
- 4. Very lowbirth weight infants (birth weight < 1500 g Inability to tolerate enteral feeds Paralytic ileus Small bowel obstruction Radiation Enteritis Hemodynamic instability with high risk of mesenteric ischemia (e.g., NEC in preterm infants, ECMO, shock, acute critical illness) Conditions associated with intestinal failure
- 5. • Central &peripheralvenous access • Defined by where the tip of the catheter is positioned • Central • Tip is positioned in the superior or inferior vena cava or right atrium • Types - peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC), tunneled central catheters, umbilical venous catheter, implanted port • Peripheral • Tip is not positioned in the superior or inferior vena cava or right atrium • Type - peripheral intravenous catheter
- 6. Peripheral PN CentralPN • Used for <2 weeks • Patient has no fluid restriction and nutrient needs can be met • Osmolality 900-1000 mOsmol/L • Maximum 10-12.5% dextrose • Used for >2 weeks • Patient is fluid restricted and nutrient needs cannot be met by peripheral PN • Peripheral access limited • Can use hypertonic solution
- 7. PPN: Maximumof 900 milliosmoles / liter CPN: as nutrient dense as necessary (>900 m.osmol and up as high as 3000). Amino acids (10 m.osmol/gm), dextrose (5 m.osmol/gm) and electrolytes (2 m.osmol /mEq) contribute most to the osmolarity, while lipids give 1.5 m.osmol/gm.
- 8. • Tunneled andnon-tunneled catheters • The more lumens the greater the risk of infection • Removal in the case of sepsis may not be an option (especially for neonates or SBS) • Line needs to be secured
- 9. • Type ofsolution • 2-in-1 : dextrose and amino acids • 3-in-1: dextrose, amino acids and lipids • Filters 0.22 micron filters 1.2 micron filters Remove most pathogenic bacteria Removes only Candida and large lipid droplets Used only with 2-in-1 solutions. Lipid solutions are sheared by the smaller filters Can be used with 3-in-1 solutions. Never remove a filter!
- 10. • Non-protein energy •Carbohydrates (dextrose) • Fat (lipid • Protein (amino acids) • Electrolytes • Minerals, vitamins, trace elements • Water • Miscellaneous: heparin, medications (e.g. ranitidine)
- 12.
- 13. Patient condition Basal metabolic rate Approximateenergy Requirement (kcal/kg/day) No postoperative complications, GIT fistula without infection Normal 25-30 Mild peritonitis, long- bone fracture, mild to moderate injury, malnourished 25% above normal 30-35 Severe injury or infection 50% above normal 35-45 Burn 40-100% of total body surface Up to 100% above 45-80
- 14. • Major sourceof non-protein calories is D-glucose • Typically provide 40 – 55% of caloric intake • Monohydrate form provides 3.4 kcal/g • Stepwise increase to allow appropriate response of endogenous insulin preventing glucosuria & osmotic diuresis • Glucose increase osmolality (risk of Phlebitis)
- 15. Age Mg/kg/min g/kg/day Newborn7.9 11:5 Children 4.7 6.8 Adolescents 1.9 2.7 Adult 1.0 1.4
- 16. • Maximal glucoseoxidation rate under most circumstances 7 – 13 mg/kg/min • Above this rate, fat synthesis significantly increases leading to increased RQ (CO2/O2) • In presence of pulmonary disease, large energy intake may lead to CO2 retention • GIR • Neonates and infants 12.5 mg/kg/min • Children & adolescents 6mg/kg/min • GIR (mg/kg/min) = [Dextrose (g/dl) * Infusion Rate (ml/hr)* 0.167] Wt (kg) Estimation of Glucose Infusion Rate (GIR)
- 17.
- 18. • Protein shouldnot serve as an energy source • Protein requirements vary by age and disease state • Infants • Infants need conditional amino acids like histidine, tanned and cysteine because of immature synthetic abilities • Infant amino acid solutions are based on the serum amino acid pattern seen in breastfed infants • Excess protein intake leads to azotemia Components of PN - Protein
- 19. Nitrogen Daily Proteinrequirements Condition Example requirement Basic requirements Normal person 0.5-1g/Kg Slightly increased requirements Post-operative, cancer, inflammatory 1.5g/Kg Moderately increased requirements Sepsis, polytrauma 2g/Kg Highly increased requirements Peritonitis, burns, 2.5g/Kg Reduced requirements Renal failure, hepatic encephalopathy 0.6g/Kg
- 20. • Amino acids *150g/day maximum • Increased protein needs • Malnutrition • Enteric/urinary protein loss • Stress • Drugs (e.g. corticosteroids) • Burns Amino Acid Requirements in PN g/kg/day Preterm 2.5-4.0 Term infant 2.2-3.5 Child: 5-20 kg 20-40 kg 1.0-2.5 1.0-2.0 Adolescent 0.8-2.0*
- 22.
- 23. • Fat • Concentratedsource of calories • In Children, only use 20% emulsion (provides 2 kcal/ml) • Lipid solutions are composed of triglycerides from soybean oil and safflower and emulsified by egg yolk phospholipid. Components of PN - Fat
- 24. • Minimum of1-2% of calories from a combinations of linoleic and linolenic acid to meet EFA needs (met with 0.5- 1.0 g/kg/d fat) • Serum triene tetraene ratio is reflective of EFA status • A triene : tetraene ratio > 0.2 is generally considered to reflect EFA sufficiency • Infused over 24 hours to maximize tolerance • Monitor triglycerides to assess tolerance Components of PN - Fat
- 25. Comparison of LipidEmulsions* Fatty Acids Soy Fish Oil SMOF* Linoleic 50 4 37 Linolenic 9 2 5 Oleic 24 15 55 Eicosapentaenoic 0 20 5 Docosahexaenoic 0 12 5 Arachidonic 0.1 2 1 * Approximate & total fatty acids * Soybean oil, medium chain triglycerides, olive oil and fish oil
- 29. Suggested Doses forLipids Starting Dose (g/kg/day) Maximum Dose (g/kg/day) Neonate/Infant 1 3 Children 1 2 Adolescent/Adult 0.5 1
- 30.
- 31. Components of PN– Micronutrient Guidelines A.A.P. Daily Electrolyte Requirements Infants & Toddlers/ Children Adolescents Sodium 2-4 mEq/kg 60-150 mEq Potassium 2-4 mEqkg 70-180 mEq Calcium 0.45-4 mEq/kg (infants & toddlers) 10-40 mEq 0.45-3.15 mEq/kg (children) Phosphorus 0.5-2 mmol/kg 9-30 mmold/day Magnesium 0.25-1 mEq/kg 8-32 mEq Chloride 2-4 mE/kg 60-150 mEq A.S.P.E.N Infants/Children Adolescents & Children > 50 kg 2-5 mEq/kg 1-2 mEq/kg 2-4 mEq/kg 1-2 mEq/kg 0.5-4 mEq/kg 10-20 mEq/day 0.5-2 mEq/kg 10-40 mmol/day 0.3-0.5 mEq/kg 10-30 mEq/day Chloride/ Acetate – As needed to maintain acid-base balance
- 32. • There arelimitation to amounts of Ca and Phos that can be supplied in PN • Ca and Phos can precipitate depending on the amounts added to the PN solution • Cysteine lowers pH and may be added to neonate/infant PN (by using Troph Amine) to increase solubility of Ca and Phos Calcium and Phosphorus
- 33. Components of PN– Trace Elements Mineral Multitrace -4 (per mL) Multitrace -4 (per mL) Multitrace-5 Concentrate (per mL) Zinc (as Sulfate) 1.5 mg 1 mg 5 mg Chromium (as Chloride) 0.85 mcg 1 mcg 10 mcg Selenium (as Selenious Acid) None None 60 mcg Copper (as Sulfate) 0.1 mg 0.1 mg 1 mg Manganese (as Sulfate) 25 mcg 25 mcg 0.5 mg
- 34. Components of PN– Iron (Fe) • Not part of standard PN though iron deficiency is common in patients receiving PN • Addition of parenteral Fe is controversial because of the potential risk of increased sepsis and because Fe is an oxidant • Consider in patients who have been NPO for > 2 months • Avoid Fe in infants until age 2 months because of frequent blood transfusions and the possibility of Fe overload
- 35. Components of PN– Iron (Fe) • Parenteral Fe preparations • Fe dextran is the only iron prep that can be given in PN • Fe dextran is incompatible with fat emulsions and 3-in-1 solutions • Considor daily or weely dose in bage that do not contain lipid or in 2- in-1 solutions • Intravenous dose for Fe dextran • 0.1 – 0.2 mg/kg/d for infants (age > 2 months) and children • 2 – 6 mg/kg/d for older children and adolescents • Continued monitoring of Fe status is recommended to prevent Fe overload
- 36. Components of PN– Copper (Cu) • Cu deficiency is rare • Risk factors malabsorption, prematurity, and severe malnutnition • Can present with anemia (hypochromic, microcytic), leukopenia, neutropenia, abnormalities • Biliary tract is the predominant route for Cu excretion • Patients with cholestasis have decreased Cu excretion, maybe at increased risk for toxicity • Patients with diarhea have increased Cu needs • Important to not theat elevated Cu level can occur in the absence of significant cholestasis • Monitoring • In addition to checking serum Cu and ceruloplasmin levels, clinical picture should be used to assess status • Assess levels periodically
- 37. Components of PN– Manganese (Mn) • Deficiency is virtually unknown in humans • Various PN components are contaminated with Mn • Biliary tract is the predominant route for Mn excretion
- 38. Components of PN– Selenium (Se) • Se deficiency can develop within 6 weeks of Se-free PN • Can cause cardiomyopathy, growth retardation, pseudo-albinism, white fingemails, and skin disorder • Suggested that patients be suppplemented if on exclusive PN for>4 weeks • Toxicity is rare • Can cause nausea, diarhea, irritability, fatigue, peripheral neuropathy, hair loss, nail changes • Total plasma selenium • Most widely used test of Se status • Fairly accurate • In the presence of systemic inflammation, levels decrease • In patients with impaired renal function, remove Se from PN and monitor levels
- 39. Components of PN– miscelleneous • Heparin 0.5 – 1 Unit/ml • May be added to prevent thrombophlebitis • Stimulates lipoprotein lipase and improves triglyceride clearance • Insulin • May be used in patients with hyperglycemia • Ranitidine • Compatible with PN when required • Iodine • Not typically added to PN solutions • Currently may need to be added because of decreased use of iodine containing topical antiseptics • Be aware of compatibility issues with additives
- 40. Multivitamin Requirements with Examplesof some Multivitamin Products Preterm (Per kg)* Term infants & children > 1 yr** MVI Ped (5ml)** MVI 12 (5 ml))**** Vitamin A, IU 700-1500 2300 2300 3300 Vitamin E, IU 3.5 7 7 10 Vitamin D, IU 40-160 400 400 200 Vitamin K, mg 0.1 0.2 0.2 0 Thiamine, mg 0.2-0.35 1.2 1.2 6 Riboflavin, mg 0.15-0.2 1.4 1.4 3.6 Vitamin B6, mg 0.15-02 1 1 6 Niacin, mg 4-6.8 17 17 40 Blotin, mcg 8 20 20 60 Pantothenic acid, mg 1-2 5 5 15 Folate, mcg 56 140 140 600 Vitamin B12, mcg 0.3 1 1 5 Vitamin C, mg 15-25 80 80 200
- 42. Components of PN– Designing a Regimen • Estimate energy needs • Based on age of patient, disease state, seventy of illness, activity level and need for catch-up growth • Calculate fluid needs • Estimate protein needs • Obtain baseline laboratory values of serum electrolytes, minerals and triglycrides • Start with 10% dextrose solution • Can start with intravenous lipid at lowest end of dose range and make sure triglyceride levels are within normal levels when increasing dose • Advance regimen to goal caloric and fat intake based on laboratory testing and other clinical evidence
- 43. Components of PN– Energy Requirements • Common methods to calculate calorie needs include World Health Organization (WHO) and Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) equations • DRI equations provide guidelines from birth – adulthood with a need to use activity adjustment factors • WHO equations provide guidelines from 1 year – adulthood • Energy prediction equations should be used as starting guidelines and PN caloric intake adjusted based on response in therapy • Energy needs • In the first year of life are expressed in kcal/kg/d • Beyond the first year of life are expressed as kcal/kg/d or kcal/day • Measure energy expenditure using indirect calorimetry when possible • Birth through 1 year 80-110 kcal/kg/day
- 44. Components of PN– Minerals & Acid-Base Balance • Determining starting doses • Use accepted guidelines • Consider baseline electrolyte and mineral levels • Consider other sources of electrolyte and minerals (intravenous fluids, other sources of electrolytes and minerals) • Check labs within 24 hours of initiation of PN and adjust levels accordingly • Consider other additional electrolyte and mineral supplements patient received and adjust PN dosages accordingly • Acid-base abnormalities can be treated by addition or removal of sodium or potassium acetate • Acetate = bicarbonate precursor • Bicarbonate contraindicated in PN • Ca/Phos precipitation • High Na load
- 45.
- 46. PRE OPERATIVEPARENTRAL WEIGHT LOSS>10% SERUM ALBUMIN<2.8% NUTRITION RISK INDEX<83% POST OPERATIVE PATIENTS PREVIOUSLY SEVERALY MAL NURISHED PATIENTS WHO HAS UNDERGONE EMERGENCY SURGERY PATIENTS WHO CAN NOT RESUME ORAL FEED WITHIN 10 DAYS ONLY WHEN SX CAN BE SAFELY POSTPONED
- 47. IN SEVERELYCATABOLIC Pt like head injury patients,burn ,major abdominal trauma patients PN is recommened Cardiac diseses patients Cancer patients Pulmonary diseses patients Lipid is the preferred source of additional energy in criticaly ill patients having respiratory disesases
- 48. Protein shouldbe rational Branch chain aa is prefered in cirhossis with encephalopathy PANCREATITIS pt ACUTE SEVERE necrotising pancreatitis are highly catabolic PN support should be started within 48-72 hours, it decreses 3 times mortality Inflamatory bowel diseases Selected cases
- 49. GASTROENTESTINAL FISTUAL PN is supportive - should be provided if EN is beyond 7 days BURN pt Either as supplimentary feeding or when EN is contraindicated
- 50. Continuous parentalnutrition Cyclic parental nutrition
- 51. Parenteral Nutrition –Cycling PN • Daily administration of PN over a period of time which is < 24 hours e.g, 8-20 hour cycle; average 10-12 hours • Pre-requisite • Stable regimen • Ability to handle large volume of fluid and nutrients over a short amount of time • The smaller the infant the less tolerant they may be of the cycle • Putative benefits • Decreased hepatic steatosis • Allows for a more normal daytime routine • Increases mobility of the patient • Wean PN rate for the last hour by decreasing the rate by 50%. Consider starting • Check serum glucose 30-45 minutes after stopping PN with every change in length of cycle. Monitor for glycosuria during cycle.
- 52. Weaning from total parentalnutrition
- 53. Parenteral Nutrition –Transitioning to Enteral Feeds • Enteral feeds should be started as soon as possible in trophic amounts (<20% of goal calories/volume) • Once enteral feeds are tolerated, PN volume is weaned as feeds are increased • Goal fluid volume for feeds may not result in goal caloric intake and enteral feeds may need to be concentrated to achieve goal caloric intake. • Cycling PN during the transition to enteral feeds is useful: in infants and young children, continuous feeds will help with maintenance of normal serum glucose levels and tolerance of cycled regimen.
- 54.
- 55. Parenteral Nutrition –Monitoring • Growth • Weight • Length/height • Head circumference • Laboratory • Electrolytes/minerals • Triglycerides • Liver and renal function • Hemoglobin • Trace element, carnitine and vitamin levels • Blood glucose
- 57.
- 58. Parenteral Nutrition –Complications • Infectious • Mechanical • Infusate-related • Catheter-related • Metabolic • Electrolyte- mineral- trace element- and vitamin- related • PN- Associated Liver Disease (PNALD) • Bone disease • Overfeeding and underfeeding • Refeeding syndrome • Allergy • Miscellaneous e.g. nephropathy
- 59. Parenteral Nutrition –Infectious Complication I • Bacterial and fungal causes • Infection vs. colonization (22% of all hubs) • Causes • Colonization • Inside catheter or hub • Outside of the subcutaneous catheter • In fibrin sleeve • in subcutaneous tract • Contamination • From blood seeding • contamination along into the line • Non sterile entries into the line • Risk of sepsis is reported at 1.5 episodes a year in home PN
- 60. Parenteral Nutrition –Infectious Complication • Prevention • Sterile technique during placement • Use line only for PN and not for blood draws • Dressing changes per protocol • Avoid multi-lumen catheters • Avoid catheters in groin/diaper area • Inadequate pediatric data on the benefits of antibiotic and ethanol locks and antibiotic-impregnated catheters
- 61. Parenteral Nutrition –Refeeding Syndrome Definition Severe fluid and electrolyte shifts (especially Phos) in malnourished patients undergoing rapid nutritional rehabilitation either enterally or parenterally. Can be avoided by supplementation with Phos. Mg and K. Risk Factors - Chronic malnutrition - Anorexia nervosa - Morbid obesity with massive weight loss - Patients not fed for 7-10 days with evidence of stress and depletion Clinical - Low serum Phos, Mg. and K levels, acute respiratory and circulatory collapse
- 62. Parenteral Nutrition –Metabolic Bone Disease • Extensively described in adults - Decreased bone mineral density - Osteoporosis - Bone pain and fractures • Has been described in children weaned from PN • Etiology - Underlying disease-related and PN-related mechanisms • Altered vitamin D intake • Phosphorus nitrogen and energy imbalance • Aluminum contamination (FDA now request reporting of aluminum content in all PN additives)
- 63. Parenteral Nutrition –Liver Disease I • Well described complication of PN • Develops in 40 – 60% of neonates 15% in children • Variable degree of injury - Mild cholesteasis goal stones, hepatic statuses - Severe cirrhosis and liver failure • Pathogenesis • Etiology - Multifactorial - Prolonged duration of PN - Lack of enteral feeding - Prematurity and low birth weight - Early and recurrent sepsis - Length of bowel remnant - Reduced enterohepatic circulation - Deficiency or toxicity of components of PN solutions
- 64. Parenteral Nutrition –Liver Disease II Treatment • Provide maximal tolerated EN • Provide cyclical PN as soon as possible • Consider and treat small bowel bacterial overgrowth • Consider reducing intravenous lipids, if conjugated bilirubin rises with no other explanation • Consider fish-oil based lipids, if the above strategy fails • If transaminases, alkaline phosphatase or conjugated bilirubin continue to increase, consider commencing ursodeoxycholic acid
- 65.
- 66. Neonatal PN • Earlyinitiation of nutrition is critical for the neonate. • PN should be initiated in infants who are not likely to achieve total enteral nutrition within the first week of life. • Trial of aggressive PN on the first day of life (versus later start) • Fewer infections • Neonates more likely to be > 10th percentile for weight at discharge • Protein is required to decrease or prevent catabolism, especially in infants who are ill. • Early delivery of amino acids improves glucose tolerance.
- 67. Neonatal PN -Indications • Inability to start or advance feeds within first 1-2 days for preterm or VLBW infants, or within 3-5 days for term infants • Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) • Functional immaturity of the gastrointestinal tract or gestational age at birth <30-32 week • Use while advancing enteral feeds • Unrepaired congenital gastrointestinal anomalies • Gastroschisis bowel atresias amphalccela, cystic fibrosis with meconium ileus, Hirschspruing disease ileus • Short Bowel Syndrome • Increased risk of NEC due to impaired gastrointestinal perfusion • Patent ductus arteriouss, hypotension, indomethacin therapy. Etc.
- 68. Neonatal PN -Calculations • Use birth weight for calculations until birth weight regained. Thereafter, daily weight is used in calculations • Use an estimated dry weight for calculations when indicated • Monitoring growth is essential • Daily weight • Weekly length and head circumference
- 69. Neonatal PN –Daily Energy Requirements • Variety of methods and recommendations exist • Must consider clinical condition of the infant • Minimal requirement to prevent catabolism is at least 40 kcal/kg/d and 2 g/kg/d protein. Preterm Infants Term infants 90-120 kcal/kg/d 0-6 months 85-105 kcal/kg/d 5-12 months 80-100 kcal/kg/d
- 70. Neonatal PN -Dextrose • Initiate based on current glucose infusion rate (GIR) - Advance GIR daily by 1-3 mg/kg/min until caloric goal met - Must consider recent blood glucose levels and assess limitations • Alternate method - Start with 10-12.5% dextrose, or 2.5-5% higher than current intravenous fluids - Advance by 2.5-5% per day to goal (requires central access) if serum glucose levels are acceptable • Need minimum 5-6 mg/kg/min to meet brain’s energy needs • Fat synthesis occurs with rtes > 12.5 mg/kg/min in infants - May and increasing low fat mass of VLDW infant however fat synthesis significantly increases Respiratory Quotient so that overfeeding in presence of pulmonary disease can lead to CO-retention • Published guidelines suggest maximum GIR of 12-15 mg/kg/min for infants. However, GIR’s in excess of this range are often well tolerated
- 71. Neonatal PN –Protein • Protein requirements • Generally start amino acids at 2-3 g/kg/d. • Traditional step-wise advance of protein - No benefit and may be associated with a negative nitrogen balance due to delay in reaching target protein intakes • Higher protein intakes up to a maximum of 4 g/kg/d should be considered for infants with protein losses or healing needs. (e.g. extremely low birth weight infants, chest tube losses, wound dehiscence, etc. Preterm infants Term infants 3-3.5 kcal/kg/d 0-6 months 2.5-3 g/kg/d 5-12 months 2.2-5 g/kg/d
- 72. Neonatal PN -Lipid • Provide essential fatty acids • Concentrated source of calories (20% solution = 2 kcal/mL) • 20% emulsion is preferable - Lower volume requirement - Improved triglyceride clearance over 10% emulsion • May prolong integrity of peripheral intravenous line due to low osmolarity • Lipid emulsions in the US are either based on soybean oil or a combination of safflower and soybean oil
- 73. Neonatal PN Lipids &Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency (EFAD) • EFAD can be seen within days of fat free PN in neonates • Deficiency is cumulative • Can cause - decreased growth - skin and hair changes - increased susoeptitaily to infection - poor wound heailng - alteration in platelate function • To avoid EFAD need minimum of - 2 % to 4% of the total calorie intake of linoliec acid - 0.25% to 0.5% of total caloric intake of alpha linoliec acid • Diagnosis inene tetraene ratio > 0.2 or linoleic acid levels • In premature infants EFAD can be prevented by supplying 0.8 to 0.8 g/kg/d IVEE
- 74. Neonatal PN –Lipid Infusion & Clearance • Most commonly infused over 20-24 hours • Maximum infusion rate is 0.15 g/k/hour • Poor lipid clearance may be seen with immatunity. Infecton, stress, liver disease, corticosteroids, or malnutrition. • No conclusive evidence for restriction of IVFE in infants with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia • Provided as a separate infusion from dextrose and amino acid solution to enhance Ca and Phos solubility (not as-3-in-1 solution)
- 75. Neonatal PN –Lipid Initiation & Dosing • Usually initiated at 1-2 g/kg per day • Increased by 0.5-1 g/kg per day • Maximum of 3 g/kg per day • Consider limiting to 1g/kg per day in neonate on long- term PN for prevention/treatment of cholestasis • Adjust lipid dose based on clinical status
- 76. Neonatal PN –Heparin • Prophylactic to prevent thrombosis • Reduces formation of fibrin sheath around catheter • May reduce phlebitis with penpheral intravenous access • May facilitate lipid clearance – increased lipolysis and release of free fatty acids • Reduces the incidence of culture-positive catheter-related sepsis • Heaparin dosing: - 1 unit/ml full-term infants-adults - 0.5 units/mL preterm and VLBW infants (<1500g)
- 77. Neonatal PN –Monitoring Triglycerides • Serum triglyceride levels are often used to monitor clearance of intravenous fat emulsion - Levels less than 200 mg/dL are acceptable - Consider checking the level prior to start of intravenous fat emulsion and after any increase in rate of the emulsion - With decline in overall clinical status - Monitor every 1-2 weeks once the patient is on a stable regimen
- 78. Home parentalnutrition
- 79. Home PN –Preparation for Discharge • Tunneled central catheters must be used • Parents/caregivers need to be taught to pay meticulous attention to central venous catheter care to prevent central Line associated bloodstream infections - Hand washing - Sterile field preparation - Drawing up solutions into syringe - Flushing the line - Initiation and termination of PN infusion
- 80. Home PN –Long-Term Complications • Infectious: central vein catheter associated infection • Mechanical • Chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, liver failure - PNALD is leading indication for combined liver/intestinal transplant - Bone disease - Trace element deficiencies and excesses - Loss of PN access sites - Renal disease
- 81.