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![Rank Country
UNWTO
Region[21]
International
tourist
arrivals
(2013)[22]
International
tourist
arrivals
(2012)[22]
Change
(2012 to
2013)
(%)
Change
(2011 to
2012)
(%)
1 France Europe 84.7 million 83.0 million 2.0 1.8
2 United States North America 69.8 million 66.7 million 4.7 6.3
3 Spain Europe 60.7 million 57.5 million 5.6 2.3
4 China Asia 55.7 million 57.7 million 3.5 0.3
5 Italy Europe 47.7 million 46.4 million 2.9 0.5
6 Turkey Europe 37.8 million 35.7 million 5.9 3.0
7 Germany Europe 31.5 million 30.4 million 3.7 7.3
8 United Kingdom Europe 31.2 million 29.3 million 6.4 0.1
9 Russia Europe 28.4 million 25.7 million 10.2 13.5
10 Thailand Asia 26.5 million 22.4 million 18.8 16.2
World’s top 10
Tourism Destinations (2013)
((World TourismWorld Tourism OrganizationOrganization)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/tourismgeography-150718054910-lva1-app6892/75/Tourism-Geography-61-2048.jpg)
![Rank Country
UNWTO
Region[21]
International
tourism
receipts
(2013)[22]
International
tourism
receipts
(2012)[22]
Change
(2012 to
2013)
(%)
Change
(2011 to
2012)
(%)
1 United States North America $139.6 billion $126.2 billion 10.6 9.2
2 Spain Europe $60.4 billion $56.3 billion 7.4 6.3
3 France Europe $56.1 billion $53.6 billion 4.8 2.2
4 China Asia $51.7 billion $50.0 billion 3.3 3.2
— Macau, China Asia $51.6 billion $43.7 billion 18.1 13.7
5 Italy Europe $43.9 billion $41.2 billion 6.6 4.2
6 Thailand Asia $42.1 billion $33.8 billion 24.4 24.4
7 Germany Europe $41.2 billion $38.1 billion 8.1 1.9
8 United Kingdom Europe $40.6 billion $36.2 billion 12.1 3.3
— Hong Kong, China Asia $38.9 billion $33.1 billion 17.7 16.2
9 Australia Oceania $30.9 billion $31.7 billion 2.8 4.5
10 Turkey Europe $27.9 billion $25.3 billion 6.8 2.4
International tourism receipts (2013)
World Tourism Organization](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/tourismgeography-150718054910-lva1-app6892/75/Tourism-Geography-62-2048.jpg)
![Rank Country
UNWTO
Region[21]
International
tourism
expenditure
(2013)[22]
International
tourism
expenditure
(2012)[22]
Market
Share
(%)
Change
(2012 to
2013)
(%)
1 China Asia $128.6 billion $102.0 billion 11.1 23.8
2 United States North America $86.2 billion $83.5 billion 7.4 3.3
3 Germany Europe $85.9 billion $81.3 billion 7.4 2.3
4 Russia Europe $53.5 billion $42.8 billion 4.6 28.9
5 United Kingdom Europe $52.6 billion $51.3 billion 4.5 3.5
6 France Europe $42.4 billion $39.1 billion 3.7 4.9
7 Canada North America $35.2 billion $35.0 billion 3.0 3.2
8 Australia Oceania $28.4 billion $28.0 billion 2.4 8.8
9 Italy Europe $27.0 billion $26.4 billion 2.3 1.0
10 Brazil South America $25.1 billion $22.2 billion 2.2 12.9
International tourism
expenditures
(2013)
World Tourism Organization](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/tourismgeography-150718054910-lva1-app6892/75/Tourism-Geography-63-2048.jpg)
Uploaded bybeajoyarcenio
Tourism Geography
This document defines tourism and its various types according to different classifications. It begins by defining tourism as temporary travel outside a person's normal environment for purposes like leisure, business, or other activities. Tourism is then classified according to destination as either domestic or international tourism. It is also classified according to the characteristics of the tourism system and tourists. Some major types discussed are cultural tourism, ecotourism, heritage tourism, medical tourism, and disaster tourism. The impacts and examples of different tourism types are provided. Tables with data on the top international tourist arrivals and receipts by country from the World Tourism Organization are also included.
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Tourism Geography
- 1. TOURISM GEOGRAPHY REPORTED BY: BEA JOYLORRAINE A. ARCENIO II-9 BSE HISTORY
- 2. “the activities ofpersons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes.” WHAT IS TOURISM?
- 4. 1941, Hunziker and Krapf "thesum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning activity."
- 5. 1976, Tourism Society ofEngland "Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destinations outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes."
- 6. Tour is derivedfrom the latin, 'tornare' and the greek, 'tornos‘ MEANING CIRCLE. William F. Theobald
- 7. WHAT IS TOURISMWHATIS TOURISM GEOGRAPHY?GEOGRAPHY?
- 8.
- 9.
- 12. Reasons For Tourism To attend a sporting event To visit friends To improve health For business trip To entertain To celebrate event To observe the economic status To educate
- 13. CLASSIFICATION ANDCLASSIFICATION AND FORMSOF TOURISMFORMS OF TOURISM According toAccording to DestinationDestination According to the Characteristics of Tourism System According to Characteristic of Tourist
- 14. ACCORDING TOACCORDING TO DESTINATIONDESTINATION Domestic International
- 15. World Tourism Organization tourists aspeople "traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment”
- 16.
- 17. ACCORDING TO THEACCORDINGTO THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISMCHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM SYSTEMSYSTEM AGRITOURISM CULTURAL TOURISM ECOTOURISM POORISM MEDICAL TOURISM HERITAGE TOURISMDISASTER TOURISM
- 18. AGRITOURISM known asAgrotourism or Farm tourism involves any agriculturally based operation or activity that brings visitors to a farm or ranch.
- 19.
- 21.
- 22. IMPACTS PUBLIC AWARENESS ECONOMIC GROWTH JOBOPPURTUNITIES √ √ √
- 23. concerned witha country or region's culture, Culture Geography CULTURAL TOURISM movement of persons to cultural attractions away from their normal place of residence, with the intention to gather new information and experiences to satisfy their cultural needs”
- 24.
- 25.
- 26.
- 28. IMPACTS Fastest-growing globaltourism markers Enhance Competitiveness and attractiveness X Destroying the authentic identity of tribal community X One size to All
- 29. Involving visitingfragile, pristine and undisturbed natural areas ECOTOURISM PURPOSE 3. TO BENEFIT THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 2. TO PROVIDE FUNDS FOR ECOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 1. TO EDUCATE THE TRAVELER 4. TO FOSTER RESPECT THE DIFFERENT CULTURES
- 30. Rex Honey 1999 Thepractice of low-impact, educational, ecologically, and culturally sensitive travel that benefits local communities and not countries
- 31. Negative IMPACTS Mismanagement Over control of land Lack of adequate sanitation facilities Environmental Degration
- 32. HERITAGE TOURISM abranch of tourism oriented towards the cultural heritage of the location where tourism is occurring. Heritage Tourism includes cultural historic and natural resources Focuses on certain historical events rather than preserving a balanced view of that historical period “PLACE” based
- 40. CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING TIMESPAN STRUCTURE QUALITY GEOGRAPHIC DIMENSION ARTISTIC AND CULTURAL VALUE RECOGNITION FACTOR DIVESITY AUTHORITY
- 41. IMPACTS Economic growth Social growth XLand of indigenous people are destroyed
- 42. also knownas Health Tourism MEDICAL TOURISM travel of people to another country for the purpose of obtaining medical treatment in that country.
- 43.
- 44. IMPACT Latest medicaltreatment Economic growth X infectious diseases X Lack an adequate complaints policy X Medical Malpractice X More treatments for forein
- 46. SINGAPORE Singapore's health caresystem sixth best in the world and the highest ranked system in Asia
- 47.
- 49. Known asSlum Tourism POORISM Involves visiting impoverished areas in urban areas of developing countries
- 50.
- 51.
- 52.
- 53. Is thepractice of traveling to areas that have recently experienced a natural or man-made disasters DISASTER TOURISM Curious to see the results of the disaster .
- 54. IMPACTS Boost to thelocal economy Raise awareness of incidents X Exploitation of human misery X Demears and humilities local residents
- 55. ALTERNATIVE TO DISASTER TOURISM CharitableGroups Local Organizations 1. Rebuild communities 2. Provide relocation services to local residents
- 56. X RECREATIONAL TRAVEL ASSISTING COMMUNITIES
- 61. Rank Country UNWTO Region[21] International tourist arrivals (2013)[22] International tourist arrivals (2012)[22] Change (2012 to 2013) (%) Change (2011to 2012) (%) 1 France Europe 84.7 million 83.0 million 2.0 1.8 2 United States North America 69.8 million 66.7 million 4.7 6.3 3 Spain Europe 60.7 million 57.5 million 5.6 2.3 4 China Asia 55.7 million 57.7 million 3.5 0.3 5 Italy Europe 47.7 million 46.4 million 2.9 0.5 6 Turkey Europe 37.8 million 35.7 million 5.9 3.0 7 Germany Europe 31.5 million 30.4 million 3.7 7.3 8 United Kingdom Europe 31.2 million 29.3 million 6.4 0.1 9 Russia Europe 28.4 million 25.7 million 10.2 13.5 10 Thailand Asia 26.5 million 22.4 million 18.8 16.2 World’s top 10 Tourism Destinations (2013) ((World TourismWorld Tourism OrganizationOrganization)
- 62. Rank Country UNWTO Region[21] International tourism receipts (2013)[22] International tourism receipts (2012)[22] Change (2012 to 2013) (%) Change (2011to 2012) (%) 1 United States North America $139.6 billion $126.2 billion 10.6 9.2 2 Spain Europe $60.4 billion $56.3 billion 7.4 6.3 3 France Europe $56.1 billion $53.6 billion 4.8 2.2 4 China Asia $51.7 billion $50.0 billion 3.3 3.2 — Macau, China Asia $51.6 billion $43.7 billion 18.1 13.7 5 Italy Europe $43.9 billion $41.2 billion 6.6 4.2 6 Thailand Asia $42.1 billion $33.8 billion 24.4 24.4 7 Germany Europe $41.2 billion $38.1 billion 8.1 1.9 8 United Kingdom Europe $40.6 billion $36.2 billion 12.1 3.3 — Hong Kong, China Asia $38.9 billion $33.1 billion 17.7 16.2 9 Australia Oceania $30.9 billion $31.7 billion 2.8 4.5 10 Turkey Europe $27.9 billion $25.3 billion 6.8 2.4 International tourism receipts (2013) World Tourism Organization
- 63. Rank Country UNWTO Region[21] International tourism expenditure (2013)[22] International tourism expenditure (2012)[22] Market Share (%) Change (2012 to 2013) (%) 1 China Asia $128.6 billion $102.0 billion 11.1 23.8 2 United States North America $86.2 billion $83.5 billion 7.4 3.3 3 Germany Europe $85.9 billion $81.3 billion 7.4 2.3 4 Russia Europe $53.5 billion $42.8 billion 4.6 28.9 5 United Kingdom Europe $52.6 billion $51.3 billion 4.5 3.5 6 France Europe $42.4 billion $39.1 billion 3.7 4.9 7 Canada North America $35.2 billion $35.0 billion 3.0 3.2 8 Australia Oceania $28.4 billion $28.0 billion 2.4 8.8 9 Italy Europe $27.0 billion $26.4 billion 2.3 1.0 10 Brazil South America $25.1 billion $22.2 billion 2.2 12.9 International tourism expenditures (2013) World Tourism Organization
Editor's Notes
- #13 ADD PICTURES
- #14 AIRPLANE, TOURIST,
- #15 AIRPLANE
- #26 ONE OF THE MUSEUMS IN THE PHILIPPINES ABOUT CHINESE BRITITISH MUSEUM NUMER 2 IN THE WORLD MOST VISITED MUSEUM OPERA HOUSE- BUSIEST PERFORMING ARTS CENTER IN THE WORLD
- #28 The Paru-Paro Festival is the official city festival of Dasmariñas City. According to Dasmariñas City Mayor Jennifer A. Barzaga, they recognized the metamorphosis of the butterfly as an appropriate symbol of the city’s transformation throughout the years. Dasmariñas began as a small barrio in Imus then into a municipality until it was elevated as a city in Nov. 26, 2009. The festival was officially recognized with the approval of the City Resolution No. 69, Series of 2011 and the Special Ordinance No. 2. It is celebrated every 26th of November in commemoration of the day Dasmariñas was declared as a city. It is also considered as the Foundation Day of the city. Along with the Paru-Paro Festival, several transformations and changes have happened in Dasmariñas throughout the years. There is a new logo that symbolizes its cityhood, along with other fundamental changes such as covered courts, foot bridges, CCTV cameras, the Kadiwa Park and Center Island.
- #34 BEIJING (AP) — Chinese are proud a global poll has named the Great Wall a wonder of the world, but some worry that tourism and neglect are destroying the crumbling fortification designed to defend against foreign invaders. "The Great Wall has been severely destroyed by visitors, and I am surprised that the Great Wall can still be named as one of the new seven wonders of the world," said Wang Xiaoyu, who was visiting the wall at Badaling from nearby Beijing. Almost every brick in heavily touristed sections of the wall, such as Badaling, has been carved with people's names and other graffiti. The Great Wall was picked in a worldwide online poll as one of the new seven wonders of the world. The other winners, announced in Lisbon, Portugal, over the weekend, are Petra in Jordan, Brazil's statue of Christ the Redeemer, Peru's Machu Picchu, Mexico's Mayan ruins at Chichen Itza, the Colosseum in Rome and the Taj Mahal in India. The man behind the poll, Bernard Weber, said he hoped it would inspire preservation efforts. Many popular parts of the wall have been buffeted in recent years with unsightly hotels, restaurants and trinket shops. Some sections are strewn with garbage. The wall's length has been estimated at 3,000 to 4,000 miles and it weaves through a dozen provinces and regions across northern China. Some stretches have fallen into disrepair while others were pulled down by villagers who used the bricks to build houses. In recent years, China has stepped up efforts to restore some parts of the wall, protect it from vandals and rein in commercial development around it. The earliest sections of the wall were built more than 20 centuries ago to guard against Mongols and other invaders. Other sections were added over the centuries. Some guidebooks say dilapidated sections in remote areas have been discovered as recently as 2002. An editorial in the China Daily newspaper Monday said the wall faces environmental and man-made problems that threaten its existence. "Now is the time to re-evaluate conservation efforts to guarantee it remains a wonder," the editorial said. The Chinese government had no immediate reaction. "No arrangements for celebrations have been made so far," said a man who answered the phone at the Badaling office of the Great Wall Management Office whose surname is Lu. Like many Chinese officials, he would not give his first name. Wu Shaoyun, who was visiting the wall from Jiangxi province, hoped the new designation would translate into money. "Being named as one of the new seven wonders of the world will help the Great Wall attract more people during the Beijing Olympic Games, which will also bring even more income for the country," he said. THE GIST The Great Wall of China welcomes 10 million visitors a year. Some sections of the Wall are covered in graffiti and irreparable damage has caused to much of the wall's structure. The wall stretches though 11 provinces of China making conservation management "impossible." Empty gin and whisky bottles, crumpled beer cans and tattered food boxes are piled up after a rave in China -- perhaps not so unusual, except that the garbage is on the fabled Great Wall. The filthy remains of the full-moon techno party, which drew several hundred foreigners to one of the sections of the wall at Badaling, about 60 kilometres (35 miles) from Beijing, left Colombian tourist Francisco Garcia in a sad mood. "It's very bad for the environment," Garcia told AFP, summing up a major problem facing Chinese authorities -- how to preserve the UNESCO World Heritage site while allowing visitors to take advantage of its majestic beauty. The sun rises, gently illuminating the impressive structure snaking over the hills. In a lookout tower, nine brightly-coloured tents have been set up for intrepid campers who spent the night in the early autumn chill. "We've found nails in the Wall between the stones, put there by campers for their tents," said Wang Xuenong, a former curator of the Shanhaiguan section of the wall, and a lecturer at Beijing's prestigious Tsinghua University. But he added: "There is no clear ban on sleeping on the wall." William Lindesay, a Briton who has spent nearly a quarter-century working on wall conservation, says he thinks camping at a World Heritage site is simply "unacceptable". "People are relieving themselves all over it. In the past few months, I have come across big camping groups, pitching 10 or 15 tents and leaving their garbage from dinner and breakfast the following morning," Lindesay told AFP. Parts of the wall -- which welcomes 10 million visitors a year -- are covered with graffiti, with names and phrases scrawled in English and French. At Badaling, one of the most popular sections of the wall due to its proximity to the Chinese capital, "you have to walk several kilometres before you can find a brick that has not been carved into," Lindesay said. The Englishman -- awarded one of Britain's highest honours for his conservation work -- says he fell in love with the Great Wall in 1987, at a time when China was still mainly closed to foreigners. "I trekked 2,500 kilometres along the remains of the wall -- 78 days of travel, with great difficulty, nine arrests and one deportation!" he recalled. "For me, it was a turning point. I discovered that the wall is an amazing thing... it is not only a building, it is a landscape," said the 53-year-old Lindesay, who was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE). Since 1998, he has taken groups of volunteers from his association, the International Friends of the Great Wall, to help remove hundreds of kilogrammes (pounds) of garbage from the structure. He then showed his photos of the destruction to the Beijing Municipal Administration of Cultural Heritage -- to give them what he called a "wake-up call". "The garbage was just the tip of the iceberg -- it was just highlighting that the Great Wall, an icon of China, a World Heritage site, was suffering from great neglect," Lindesay said. At Badaling, soaring tourism has led to an explosion in souvenir stalls, food counters and parking lots which detract from the beauty of the site. Elsewhere, factories have been built at the base of the wall. The structure has been used for all sorts of events -- from motorcycle jumping to catwalk shows -- and as a backdrop for numerous television and film productions. The wall, which runs through 11 provinces for a total of more than 8,800 kilometres, is not continuous but a series of sections built from the third century BC to the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). "It's impossible to manage, there are too many provinces! There is no one department for the protection of the Great Wall," Wang noted. Well before campers and ravers hit the wall, the structure suffered irreparable damage -- first, pathways were cut through it for farmers, then came roads and railways. Local residents have stolen many a stone from it. "Locals have built entire houses with stones from the wall," Wang said. More than a quarter of the wall has disappeared for good, and most of what remains is "very broken down", according to Lindesay. "Only 550 kilometres are in very good condition -- that is, the wall has a structure, with towers still intact," he said. Measures have been taken to limit the damage, and some tourist amenities such as parking lots destroyed. Regulations now forbid any new construction within 500 metres of the site. But Lindesay says more must be done. "Ordinary, slow government efforts are not good enough. There has to be a special effort, a directive from the central government that this is part of the national heritage," he said. "It's a story of disappearing history. Once it's gone, it's gone."
- #35 Benefits Social Benefits • Brings in outside dollars to support community facilities and services that otherwise might not be developed.• Encourages civic involvement and pride. • Provides cultural exchange between hosts and guests. • Encourages the preservation and celebration of local festivals and cultural events. • Facilities and infrastructure supported by tourism (e.g. the railway) can also benefit residents. • Encourages the learning of new languages and skills. Inca burial site excavation Costs Social Costs • May attract visitors whose lifestyles and ideas conflict with the community's.• May change individual behaviour and family relationships. • Overloading of porters leads to health problems • May lead to the loss of traditional values and culture through imitation of visitor behaviour or cultural diffusion resulting from normal, everyday interaction. • Crowding and congestion on the roads, footpaths and in the narrow streets. • Tourists compete with residents for available services and facilities. Backpackers use the local train rather than the much more luxurious and expensive tourist train. • Leads to an increase in crime in the area. • Desecration of burial sites and the removal and display of human remains from Machu Picchu to further stimulate tourism. This has contributed to the destruction of the Indian spiritual heritage. Environmental Benefits • Fosters conservation and preservation of natural, cultural and historical resources. • Could be considered a clean industry. Tourists on the Inca Trail Plastic water bottles litter the route Environmental Costs • Up to 2,000 people visit the Machu Picchu citadel every day, with visitor numbers growing at 6 percent a year. The site is being slowly eroded by tourists' feet. • Machu Picchu is located among steep slopes that are constantly being eroded by heavy rains and landslides are common. Although the recovery of the original terraces, many of which are still buried under the vegetation, helps to stabilise the slopes and ensure conservation, it is a costly undertaking. • Timber has been cut along the Inca trail for fuel for cooking and forest fires in the vicinity have threatened Machu Picchu on several occasions. • Until now, the influx of visitors has been kept under control to the extent that the only way of reaching the site was by railway. But plans to build a road from Cuzco and a cable car running from the valley to the top of Machu Picchu could lead to irreparable harm being done. • The number of people hiking along the Inca Trail rose from 6,000 in 1984 to 82,000 in 2000. The trail is being eroded and tea bags and water bottles litter the route, where campsites are scarce. • Unorganized urban growth in the area with human waste pumped direct into the Urubamba river. Aguas Calientes has mushroomed in size as more hotels and restaurants have been built to accommodate the needs of tourists, and the burden is evident in the heaps of garbage piled along the banks of the Urubamba river.• Helicopters have been allowed to fly in tourists and operate low-flying tours, thereby disturbing not only the peaceful quality of the ruins, but potentially damaging them. Peru's Institute of Natural Resources said those flights led to the disappearance of a rare species of orchid and the Andean Condor from the area. Economic Benefits • Attracts high-spending tourists from higher socio-economic groups.• Provides governments with extra tax revenues each year through accommodation and restaurant taxes, airport taxes, sales taxes, Inca trail and Machu Picchu entrance fees, employee income tax etc.. At $20 an entrance ticket, Machu Picchu generates $6 million a year for Peru, while the Inca trail brings in another $3 million, according to Machu Picchu Management. • Creates local jobs and business opportunities. These include those jobs directly related to tourism (hotel and tour services) and those that indirectly support tourism (such as food production and housing construction). • The multiplier effect: Brings new money into the economy. Tourist money is returned to the local economy as it is spent over and over again. Helps attract additional businesses and services to support the tourist industry. • Is labour-intensive.• Earns valuable foreign exchange. Economic Costs • Inflates property values and prices of goods and services.• Employment tends to be seasonal. Workers are laid off in the low season. • Tourist numbers can be adversely affected by events beyond the control of the destination e.g. terrorism, economic recession. This is a problem in Peru for the country is over-dependent upon tourism. Tourism dependency • leakage- the money earned by tourism does not stay in the country but is used to pay for imports required by tourists. • The jobs provided are usually poorly paid. Machu Picchu landslide
- #36 NAGPUR: With the aim of protecting the Taj Mahal, a world heritage site, from further environmental pollution caused due to human activities, the city-based National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (Neeri) is conducting a study to assess the impact of tourist activities on the monument on a long-term basis. It will generate data on the monument's actual carrying capacity, the load of tourists that the Taj can handle without any bad effect on the structure.The two-year-long project sponsored by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) was launched this summer. The Taj is the most visited monument of the country, with approximately 50-70,000 tourists visiting it everyday. Sometimes, the visitor numbers even touch a lakh. This is causing a lot of detrimental effects on the marble structure.Neeri director Satish Wate told TOI that though a lot of measures have been taken, especially over the past two decades, to protect this Mughal monument, there has been no study on the effect of tourist activities. "ASI assigned this project to Neeri to generate data on various parameters related to human activities within and adjacent to Taj. The institute will be monitoring nine parameters during the three seasons. We have already installed some instruments this summer and measured these parameters. The project report will be handed over to ASI next year," he said. The results will help ASI evolve a tourist management plan to minimize the effect of anthropogenic activities and initiate environmental protection measures to conserve the monument. "Monitoring visitor behaviour, its impact on the air quality within the monument premises in worse case scenario is a major component of the two phase study. This will help ASI devise strategies to handle existing and projected tourist flow in a planned manner," said Padma Rao, principal investigator of the project and head of air pollution department at Neeri.In the first phase to monitor ambient air continuously inside the premises, sophisticated differential optical absorption spectrophotometer (DOAS), an open path monitoring system, has been installed. It can measure nine gaseous pollutants at an interval of one hour continuously. These pollutants are carbon-dioxide released during breathing, ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, methane, ozone, toluene and benzene. It will involve a lot of modelling tests as well to extrapolate the results and anticipate their effects in the long run.Twice a year, when an Urs is held at the Taj, the basement is so crowded that one cannot even breath there. After the people leave, a huge amount of sweat in the form of water has to be taken out from the place. But this is just one activity. Tourism brings a large number of vehicles very close to the structure. The cooking activities around the monument as well as open drainage also result in a lot of emissions, which have a severe effect on the marble.
- #39 The Colosseum is today one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions, receiving millions of visitors annually. The effects of pollution and general deterioration over time prompted a major restoration programme carried out between 1993 and 2000, at a cost of 40 billion Italian lira ($19.3m / Û20.6m at 2000 prices). In recent years it has become a symbol of the international campaign against capital punishment, which was abolished in Italy in 1948. Several antiÐdeath penalty demonstrations took place in front of the Colosseum in 2000. Since that time, as a gesture against the death penalty, the local authorities of Rome change the color of the Colosseum's night time illumination from white to gold whenever a person condemned to the death penalty anywhere in the world gets their sentence commuted or is released,[9], or if a jurisdiction abolishes the death penalty. Most recently, the Colosseum was illuminated in gold when capital punishment was abolished in the American state of New Jersey in December, 2007 Today, the Colosseum is a common background in the busy metropolis that is modern Rome. Due to the ruined state of the interior, it is impractical to use the Colosseum to host large events; only a few hundred spectators can be accommodated in temporary seating. However, much larger concerts have been held just outside, using the Colosseum as a backdrop. Performers who have played at the Colosseum in recent years have included Ray Charles (May 2002), Paul McCartney (May 2003), and Elton John (September 2005). On July 7, 2007, the Colosseum was voted as one of New Open World Corporation's New Seven Wonders of the World.
- #40 When the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) designated the ancient city of Petra a World Heritage Site in 1985, the Jordanian government relocated over 300 families from Petra’s caves to the neighbouring village of Umm Sayhoun. Now, Petra is one of Jordan’s most famed tourist attractions, and thousands of visitors pay a hefty entrance fee to look at the ancient city and get a taste of traditional Bedouin life. The same is true for Jordan’s Wadi Rum desert, granted a similar UNESCO designation in 2011. Where there once was only rock, desert and sparse pockets of Bedouin camps, there are now tour groups from every continent and a growing population of once-nomadic Bedouin whose livelihoods depend on tourism. "We are paying the consequences of that choice until now," said Giorgia Cesaro, project manager in UNESCO’s culture sector in Amman. "I can see a cultural threat to their traditions related to high contact with tourists and it somehow contaminating their traditions." Five years ago, UNESCO added the Bedouin of Petra and Wadi Rum to a running list of intangible heritages – folklore and traditions not found anywhere else in the world – that are in need of urgent safekeeping. Beyond potential cultural threats, there is a sense that the commodification of Bedouin culture for tourist purposes has devalued education among the communities that work at the sites. "Bedouins don’t see the point of staying in school for long; it doesn’t seem relevant for them," said John Shoup, an anthropology professor at Al Akhawayn University in Morocco. "Young men are looking at people who have degrees, who are not making much more than their uneducated parents working in tourism." But tourism has slowed, and a shrinking economy has brought into focus a struggling local education system and literacy rates far behind the rest of Jordan. "In 2009 and 2010 things were great," said Ibrahim Zalabi, a Bedouin who runs a camp for tourists in Wadi Rum. "After [uprisings in] Tunisia, Libya and Egypt… that’s when it all went downhill."
- #44 PICTURES
- #47 HOSPITALS
- #48 research
- #58 SEARCH
- #59 RESEARCH
- #60 RESEARCH SIR GENARO GOJO CRUZ RESEARC CASES Jimenez, citing tourism statistics said in 2011 Albay posted 350,069 tourist arrivals — a 17 percent growth rate that surpassed the national growth rate of 15 percent. Jimenez at a press conference said there were 3.9 million tourist arrival in the country in 2010 and 4.6 million in 2011. Jimenez said, “It is more fun in Albay because Albayanos are known for being hospitable.” He said Albay has distinct tourism features with its people, festivals, history, culture and arts. “Tourism needs to invest in people since “tourism is a business of the people, there should be a concrete road map that would attract and be a destination. “Mayon volcano should not only be an attraction, it should rather be a destination.” Jimenez lauded Salceda for initiating a three-pronged event that showcases a 30-day festivals, including the Magayon Festival depicting Albay’s cultural heritage, the Cagsawa Festival, and Karangahan Festival, featuring the province’s culinary arts. See more at: http://wowlegazpi.com/albay-among-top-tourist-destination-in-the-country-dot/#sthash.D6FFxCo8.dpuf