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Tourism Life Cycle Analysis
This document discusses tourism and sustainable tourism. It begins by outlining the tourism sector and its rapid growth. It then discusses the tourism area life cycle model and its phases of exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation, and decline or revitalization. It also covers the economic, environmental, and socio-cultural impacts of tourism, including both positive and negative impacts. Specifically, it discusses how tourism can benefit economies through job creation, income growth, and infrastructure development, but also cause issues like seasonal unemployment and resource shortages. Environmentally, tourism can damage habitats and ecosystems through pollution, waste, and overcrowding. However, sustainable tourism aims to minimize negative impacts and maximize benefits to local environments, economies, and
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Tourism Life Cycle Analysis
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- 3. Outline: Life cycleanalysis of Tourism Tourism sector Life cycle model of tourism Impacts of tourism Economic Environmental Socio- cultural Sustainable tourism Positive Impacts Conclusion
- 4. Tourism LARGEST ANDFASTEST GROWING ECONOMIC SECTOR WORLDWIDE
- 5. More affluence Greater awareness We are travelling faster Reasons : More leisure time
- 7. TOURISM AREA LIFECYCLE MODEL (TALC) consolidation Stagnation Involvement Exploration Development Decline or revitalize CONCEPT OF LIFE CYCLE TO ASSESS PERFORMANCE
- 8. Exploration Thenew tourist product/s is introduced A small number of visitors start coming Involvement Identifiable tourist season begins to emerge Visitor numbers start building Impacts start to become apparent Development Public policy and investment is required if destination is to sustain continuing development Phases of TALC Model
- 9. Phases of TALCModel Consolidation Visitor numbers continue to increase Tourist services are provided by large national or international companies Local operators still play a role Weakness It is a resort model Progress through the life cycle is not inevitable Places are not natural organisms – need not die
- 10. Stagnation Critical point– decisions have to be made Visitor numbers peak Visitors attracted by familiarity and extensive facilities Promotion is needed Adaptation of products and markets Decline Visitor numbers fall Move down market More promotion to meet capacity Decline or rejuvenation? Phases of TALC Model
- 11. Tourism Area lifecycle model
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- 14. Impacts of Tourism Economic Impacts Environmental Impacts Socio- cultural impacts
- 15. ECONOMIC IMPACT of TOURISM POSITIVEIMPACT Employment opportunities Growth in income Increase in foreign exchange Infrastructure development NEGATIVE IMPACT Seasonal unemployment Underuse of facilities Shortage of services
- 16. Positive Economic Impact Employment: Work performed for a wage or salary, in cash or in kind Employment Opportunity – Chefs in a restaurant http://www.examiner.com/article/iron-chef-michael-symon-opening-2-new-restaurants-cleveland
- 17. Employment Opportunity– Flight attendants Positive Economic Impact http://floralia.centerblog.net/1072-les-plus-beaux-uniformes-hotesses-de-air
- 18. Positive Economic Impact Employmentopportunities • The growth of tourism has led to an increase in number of tourism-related jobs • The tourism industry offers many employment opportunities, e.g. hotels, souvenir shops, tour agencies • Some jobs are: – Directly linked to the tourism industry, e.g. travel agents, tour guides, hotel staff, waiters and waitresses – Indirectly linked to the tourism industry, e.g. taxi drivers, shop owners • In 2011, the tourism industry employed over 235 million people worldwide (6–8 % of all the jobs in the world) http://ilo.org/global/lang--en/index.htm
- 19. Positive Economic Impact RegionPercentage of all tourism receipts in 2011 (%) Europe 45 Asia Pacific 28 The Americas 19 Others 8 Figure 1.69 Distribution of global tourism receipts. Adapted from: World Tourism Organization (2012) Growth in income • Tourism receipts: Money received from tourist spending • Tourism receipts generate large revenue for many countries • In 2011, worldwide tourism receipts exceeded US$1 trillion
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- 21. Positive Economic Impact Growthin income • A large portion of revenue from tourism is sometimes lost as leakage, especially in LDCs • Leakage occurs when revenue earned from tourism is paid to other countries for the import of goods and services needed to meet the needs of tourists • Example: Phuket, Thailand – Travellers may use the services of foreign-owned businesses and buy imported items – Some of the profits made by local businesses are sent to another country to pay for imports – Money that does not stay in the local economy may bring few benefits to local businesses and workers
- 22. Positive Economic Impact Figure1.71 South Sea Island Beach, Fiji. Tourism is Fiji’s largest foreign exchange earner. Increase in foreign exchange • Foreign exchange: Money earned from other countries in exchange for goods and services • Important to an economy because it allows the receiving country to purchase goods and services from elsewhere in the world • Example: Tourism is Fiji’s largest foreign exchange earner, making up 20%-25% of its economy
- 23. Increase inforeign exchange Positive Economic Impact •The tourism industry contributes directly and indirectly to government revenues •Examples of how tourism contributes directly to government revenues include taxes on tourists (e.g. airport tax) and income taxes on employees of tourism-related businesses •Examples of how tourism contributes indirectly to government revenues include taxes on goods and services that are supplied to tourists (e.g. petrol for rented cars) •Since taxes are collected in local currency, this increases the foreign exchange of the host country
- 24. Positive Economic Impact Increase in foreign exchange
- 25. Development ofinfrastructure – Beijing National Stadium, Beijing, China Positive Economic Impact http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestand:Beijing_National_Stadium,_Beijing_2008_Olympics.jpg
- 26. Positive Economic Impact Infrastructuredevelopment • Infrastructure development: Construction of transport and communication networks, electrical frameworks and systems for water and waste disposal • Tourism cannot develop and would not be able to operate on a large scale without sufficient infrastructure and appropriate facilities such as: – Airports – Roads – Electricity – Hotels • Infrastructure built to enhance tourism brings benefits to the locals
- 27. Positive Economic Impact Infrastructuredevelopment • Creates employment for local workers as many workers are needed during the construction process • Local industries are boosted because local materials may be used to construct the infrastructure • Encourages economic growth due to increased spending in the local economy
- 28. Seasonal unemployment Negative EconomicImpact http://oneshetwoshe.com/2013/07/ski-resort-in-the- summer.html http://www.livetravelmountains.com/skiing/korea-winter- guide/ Ski resorts in the Alps during winter Ski resorts in the Alps during summer
- 29. Seasonal unemployment Negative EconomicImpact Seasonal unemployment • Certain tourist activities depend on climatic conditions • Countries may experience regular fluctuations in tourist numbers • People in tourism-related jobs have to find other sources of income when employment is temporarily unavailable
- 30. Negative Economic Impact Underuseof facilities • Underused facilities can be costly to maintain • Money from tourists normally pays for the cost of maintaining such facilities • Facilities may become neglected when there are few tourists
- 31. Negative Economic Impact http://www.topbeijingtravel.com/beijing-attractions/ •Example: Venue for Summer Olympic Games in Beijing – Venues allegedly deteriorating years after the Olympics – Some were renovated to become more profitable, e.g. Beijing National Aquatics Center was renovated into a water park – Only one-third of major sports venues in China have managed to break even Underuse of facilities
- 32. Negative Economic Impact Figure1.78 Potential effects of tourism development on resource allocation. Shortage of services • Tourist infrastructure may require the use of large amounts of land, water and power • This could lead to a shortage of services, e.g. water supplies or power in non-tourist areas
- 33. Source : (i)UNWTOTourism Market Trends 2007 Edition, for the years upto 2005. (ii) UNWTO Barometer June 2010 for 2006 and January 2011 for 2007 (iii) UNWTO Tourism Highlights 2011 Edition for 2008 and 2012 Edition for 2009. (iv) UNWTO Barometer April 2014 for 2010, 2011, 2012 & 2013
- 34. Impacts on Environment Positive as well as Negative impacts Negative impacts from tourism occur when the level of visitor use is greater than the environment's ability to cope with this use within the acceptable limits of change. ‘Kumbh Mela ‘ 2013’ • More than 120 million (12 crore) people visited this event. ‘Kumbh Mela’1954’ • 4-5 million pilgrims had taken part that year.
- 35. Direct Environmental Impacts 1.Pollution and wastage of resources 1. Water Impacts 2. Air Quality 3. Noise Pollution 2. Solid waste and littering 3. Natural habitat/ ecosystem alteration 4. Climate change
- 36. Resource wastage andpollution Bellagio hotel (Las Vegas) recycles its water – but it still uses 12 million liters of water per year in a water scarce region. The average person in the UK uses approximately 150 liters of water per day – 3 times that of a local village in Asia. Pollution of Dal Lake (J&K) : Eutrophication Dal Lake or Dull Lake ? Coastalcare.org
- 37. Solid waste andlittering Source : Dailymail A Nepalese man collecting rubbish left by climbers, at an altitude of 8,000 m during a clean-up expedition at Mount Everest.
- 38. Affects : Habitatrange is between the tree line and snow line on the mountains The solid waste include various types of metals , plastics ,they will make snow to melt before time Snow leopard compelled to move to higher altitudes Vegetation becomes scarcer, the herbivores they prey on are in limited supply. Snow leopard Source : Nat geo
- 39. Natural habitat/ ecosystem alteration Damage by tourists including camping on sensitive turtle-nesting beaches and forest fires from unsupervised campfires. When too many tourist visit a place they can destroy the habitats and wildlife Careless tourists trample on plants Tourists make too much noise which can frighten animals, they brings a significant change in natural behavior of animals (feeding by tourists) e.g. Stingrays of Cayman Island (source : Dailymail)
- 40. Climate change Contributeto 5% of global CO2 emissions Air conditioning (CFC, HFC) Transportation Ref : EEA/ UNWTO
- 41. Socio-Culture Impacts ofTourism. Difficult to measure. Depend on value judgements. Often indirect or hard to identify. Types of Impact:
- 42. Positive Socio-cultural Impacts. Tourism as a force for peace Strengthening communities Facilities developed for tourism can benefit residents Revaluation of culture and traditions Tourism encourages civic involvement and pride
- 43. Positive Socio-cultural Impacts. Preservation of culture and local customs. Preservation of culture: Protection of the way people live, including their economic activities, traditional beliefs and religious practices. Could apply to heritage and customs. Pictures depicting Heritage and customs. Source: Google images.
- 44. Positive Socio-cultural Impacts. Preserved and restored sites are more attractive to tourists. Restored sites benefit the local population by: - Enhancing people’s sense of history. - Build a sense of belonging to the community. Tourism revenue can fund the preservation and restoration of cultural heritage. Preserved and restored areas. Source: Google Images.
- 45. Negative Socio-cultural Impacts. Change or loss of indigenous identity and values Commodification Standardization Loss of authenticity and staged authenticity Adaptation to tourist demands
- 46. Negative Socio-cultural Impacts. Commodification Tourism can turn local cultures into commodities, resulting in what has been called "reconstructed ethnicity.” Standardization Destinations risk standardization in the process of satisfying tourists' desires for familiar facilities. Picture depicts, disappearing authenticity. Source: Google Images.
- 47. Negative Socio-cultural Impacts. -Adaptationto tourist demands Tourists want souvenirs, arts, crafts, and cultural manifestations, and in many tourist destinations, craftsmen have responded to the growing demand - Loss of authenticity and staged authenticity. Adapting cultural expressions and manifestations to the tastes of tourists.
- 48. The magic word ‘SustainableTourism’
- 49. What it is? UNWTO define it as tourism leading to management of all resources in such a way that minimize the negative and maximize the positive effects of all forms and activities of tourism on: a. Environment b. Local Communities c. Heritage (cultural, natural, built, oral, intangible) d. Inclusive economic growth "Sustainable tourism is the concept of visiting a place as a tourist and trying to make only a positive impact on the environment, society and economy.“
- 50. Needs of tourists Condition of thesite Concerns of locals Managing impacts of tourism
- 51. Conservation & Sustainable Tourism •Conservation involves careful management of resources such that they would not be depleted • Important for fragile environments • Eg: coral reefs and mangroves
- 52. http://econews.com.au/news-to-sustain-our-world/un-says-shelve-ports-to-save-great-barrier-reef/ The Great BarrierReef receives 14 million tourists every year. It is threatened by tourism activities such as fuel leaks from pleasure boats, particularity in marinas and harbours. It is also threatened by the removal of corals for souvenirs.
- 53. CONSERVATION & SUSTAINABLE TOURISM •Sustainable Tourism Tourism organised such that: the environment is not damaged the locals do not experience negative impacts the needs of tourists are met
- 54. Conservation & Sustainable Tourism •UNESCO – UN Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organisation Provide funding to threatened sites World Heritage Sites: 12 (1978) to 1,000 (2012) • Well-protected sites ensure steady arrival and repeated returns of tourists
- 55. Challenges of tourismin India Many of tourist sites environments are unhealthy. Facilities and services are poor in many sites. Inadequate transportation to reach and continue the journey. Poor Infrastructure facility Limited availability of tourism information at limited places. Global Economic melt down terror attack Uncertainties in fuel prices heavy road taxes Lack of adequate security
- 57. Positive Impacts Motivatedthe preservation of such sensitive ecosystems Developing pride, appreciation, understanding, respect, and tolerance for each other’s culture Local communities are benefited through contribution by tourism Helps to preserve the local traditions and handicrafts which maybe were on the link of the extinction Reducing negative perceptions and stereotypes
- 58. Preservation andrehabilitation of existing historic sites, buildings, and monuments Source : Rajasthan Heritage Development & Management Authority
Editor's Notes
- #2 Define Life cycle analysis. Life cycle analysis of any product or activity means assessing the environmental impacts of that particular product and activity from the time it started to the time it is completed. Likewise LCA of tourism , when a tourist started from home , travel to any destination , stay there, take a tour of the place and go back to his home, what impacts his activities have on the environment are to be considered under LCA.
- #3 Goals and scope Life cycle inventory Life cycle assessment interpretation
- #5 “Tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes” (UNWTO) However with this increased tourism, there is an increased harm to the environment , it accounts for the total of 5 % global carbon emissions.
- #6 More affluence (state of having a great dealt of money) : people have more disposable income Greater awareness : advertising , marketing and access to information is much easier, people are more aware of how and where they can spend their leisure time improvements in technology More leisure time : people have paid holidays from work , retired people Graph :The peaks and troughs in the 1920s are caused by measurements in gross and net travel times. (Dutch ‘Jules-Verne’ wrote Around the World in 80 days)
- #35 Explanation of second point : let us take an example of Kumbh mela,
- #36 *Pollution is the main direct impact tourism is causing. *Corrupter of indigenous cultures
- #37 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), average 450 years to degrade completely (U.S. National Park Service; Mote Marine Lab)
- #39 Let us take an example of a snow leopard While snow reflects heat , they absorbs and transfer to snow , melting quickly.
- #40 Stingrays of Cayman islands, issue was that interactive eco tourism was promoted out there, tourists use to feed those string rays, Wild stingrays are active at night and solitary travel over large distances in night to find food, While those fed stingrays use to rest and night. But why to worry about it , the reason is that, it can affect the long-term health of animals, they will forget their natural behavior, totally dependent on humans.
- #49 "Sustainable tourism is the concept of visiting a place as a tourist and trying to make only a positive impact on the environment, society and economy.“ ***********‘leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems’. (UNWTO)
- #52 Great Barrier Reef http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBDZ0oGuGGU
- #55 UNESCO Asia-Pacific Awards for Cultural Heritage Preservation
- #58 Despite having so many negative impacts , it has many more positive impacts, and that is the reason for its still increasing figures.
- #59 The revenues generated from tourists : 2001: 2.12 Crores of rupees 2013 : 63.13 crores of rupees