Tourism planning in India
- 2. Tourism planning Tourism is generated by two major powers Demand & supply Demand – diversity of traveler interests and abilities Supply – all the physical and program developments required to serve tourists Planning is multidimensional activity and seek to be integrative. It embraces social, economic , political, psychological, anthropological and technological factors
- 3. Tourism Planning In India First tourism policy being announced by the Government of India in November, 1982 after tourism was recognized as an industry by the Planning Commission of India in June, 1982. In July, 1986 the Planning Commission of India set up the National Committee on Tourism in order to formulate plans for this sector.
- 4. Tourism Planning In India In May, 1992 the National Action Plan for tourism was announced. The objectives of this landmark plan for tourism planning in India were: To improve the economy category domestic tourism To develop the tourist are as socially and economically To preserve the environment and the national heritage To encourage international tourism To improve in world tourism India’s share– To increase opportunities for employment in this sector
- 5. Tourism Planning In India India tourism planning increased with the seventh five year plan India(1985-1989). The various polices advocated by the seventh plan for tourism planning in India are:– To promote aggressively domestic tourism– It laid stress on creating more beach resorts– To conduct conferences, trekking, conventions, and winter sports so that various options are available to the foreign tourists
- 6. Tourism Planning In India These polices of the seventh five year plan gave a boost to the tourism planning India To further encourage tourism planning in India, the eighth five year plan (1992- 1997) that the private sector should increase its participation in the sector.
- 7. Tourism Planning In India The various polices advocated by the eighth plan for tourism planning in India are:– To develop the tourists places– To develop winter sports, beach resort, and wildlife tourism– To restore the projects of national heritage– To provide in tourists centers economy class accommodation
- 8. Levels of Tourism Planning Levels of Tourism Planning 1. Individual level 2. Firm Level 3. Industry Level 4. Economy as a whole State Level National Level Regional Level
- 9. Types of Tourism Planning Spatial Tourism Planning– The space as well as the environment is scrutinized for creating good quality infrastructure. Eg. Corbett Sectorial Tourism Planning– Region to be developed is divided in to various broad sections called sectors.– Eg. South East Asia Integrated Tourism Planning– Parts of a tourist region are integrated so that the region becomes a hot destination
- 10. Types of Tourism Planning Complex Tourism Planning– When several regions are considered for planning which are far away– Eg. Char dham Yatra Centralized Tourism Planning– Single authority, usually state or central govt, no private sector intervenes
- 11. Types of Tourism Planning Decentralized Tourism Planning– Parties who are keen to develop the spot, govt do not interfere– But it provides financial support– Eg. Nedumbassary airport Urban & Rural Tourism Planning– Urban – modern infrastructure– Rural – culture, history, built from scratch
- 12. Planning Process DEFINE THE SYSTEM: What is the scale, size ,market, character and purpose? FORMULATE OBJECTIVES: Without a set of objectives the development concept has no direction. The objectives must be comprehensive and specific and should include a timetable for completion.
- 13. Planning Process DATA GATHERING: Fact finding, or research , provides basic data that are essential to developing the plan Examples of data gathering are preparing a fact book, making market surveys, undertaking site and infrastructure surveys and analyzing existing facilities and competition.
- 14. Planning Process ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION: Once collected , the many fragments of information must be interpreted so that the facts gathered will have meaning. From this step results a set of conclusions and recommendations that leads to making or conceptualizing a preliminary plan.
- 15. Planning Process PRELIMINARY PLANNING: Based on the previous steps, alternatives are considered and alternative physical solutions are drawn up and tested. Frequently, scale models are developed to illustrate the land use plans; sketches are prepared to show the image the development will project; financial plans are drafted from the market information, site surveys and layout plan to show the investment needed in each phase of the project, the cash flow expected, the legal requirements, etc
- 16. Planning Process APPROVING THE PLAN: The parties involved can now look at plans, drawings, scale models, estimates of costs, estimates of profits and know what will be involved and what the chances for success or failure would be. While a great deal of money may have been spent up to this point, the sum is a relatively small amount compared to the expenditures that will be required once the plan is approved and its implementation begins.
- 17. Planning Process FINAL PLAN: This phase typically includes a definition of the various aspects covered. For example, in the case of a destination a definition of land use; plans for infrastructure facilities such as roads; airports; bike paths; horse trails; pedestrian walkways ; sewage; water and utilities; architectural standards; landscape plans, zoning and other land use regulations; economic analysis, market analysis and financial programming are to be covered.
- 18. Planning Process IMPLEMENTATION: Implementation is operationalizing the tourism plan. It also follows up, monitors and evaluates. Good planning provides mechanisms that give continuing feedback on the tourism project and the levels of consumer satisfaction reached
- 19. Tourism Impacts Positive Economic Impacts Balance of payments Employment Income Investment and Development Multiplier Effect
- 20. Tourism Impacts Balance of Payments (BOP) The difference between the amount of money leaving a country and the amount of money coming into the same country Tourism can help minimize BOP– Tourist brings currency in to country and spends– Benefits the host country Particularly ones that have tourists from‘ high value’ are as such as the UK, EU, US
- 21. Employment Employment Tourism creates many various jobs via:– Direct employment Directly involved in tourism e.g. hotel, travel agency Indirect employment• Jobs in the tourism supply sector e. g. catering company providing food to an airline Induced employment• Created because of an increase wealth of the locals from tourism; locals spend more money in their local economy
- 22. Income Money created in local economy at a destination through:– Wages and salaries Locals employed in the local area– Profits Local businesses benefitting from tourist spending-Rent Leasing accommodation to tourists and ‘migrating’ workforce-Tax Value Added Tax (VAT);local or national tax gained from tourists pending
- 23. Investment and Development Investment and Development Public or private sector Public– Government wants to develop a destination– Invests in infrastructure (roads, airports, buildings etc)– Make destination more appealing to tourists Private– TNCs or MNCs (Multinational Companies) invest at a destination in order to set up their own organizations there– Can lead to other companies investing in the same area
- 24. Multiplier Effect Multiplier Effect A ‘knock on’ effect within the economy at a destination “tourist expenditure will inject additional cash flow into the regional economy and increase regional income” (Page and Connell, 2006) Employment– More jobs because of tourism Income– Tourist spending in local area brings more money to the destination– Locals earn from tourist spending and in turn spend that money in the local area also, Tourist spend– Money directly spend by tourist whilst on holiday
- 25. Cont’d.. Income– Tourist’s money received by hotel and facility owners Taxes– Hotel and facility owners have to pay government tax (council, corporation tax etc) at local and national level Saving– Some money received by hotel and facility owners will be kept as profit
- 26. Cont’d.. Spend– Owners of businesses who receive money from tourists, spends on wages for employees, supplies (stock) in the local economy or outside local area (imports) Local items– Employees and locals spend wages in local shops e.g. supermarkets
- 27. Negative Economic Impacts Negative Economic Impacts Leakages Opportunity Costs Inflation Tourism Dependency
- 28. Leakages Leakages Money spent on goods and services outside local economy Money saved (in banks etc) Investment from MNCs or TNCs means that some money earned by that organization will leave the local economy e.g. headquarters in a different destination Importing goods means another economy is benefitting from spending
- 29. Opportunity Costs Opportunity Costs Also known as ‘displacement effect’ • “developing tourism at the expense of other activities or areas of investment” (Page and Connell, 2006) • Public money invested in tourism that is not invested elsewhere e.g. local infrastructure at another location • Cost-benefit analysis best way to minimize opportunity costs
- 30. Inflation Inflation Increase in demand leads to increase in inflation Inflation = value and price of land, and products increases Locals may not be able to afford to live in a particular area, local businesses may suffer– Can lead to negative socio-cultural impacts
- 31. Tourism Dependency Some countries rely heavily on tourism in order to maintain the country’s economy Occurs quite often in developing countries If tourism suffers in a country, the whole economy suffers – a huge negative impact
- 32. Positive Environmental Impacts Conservation and preservation Enhancement of environment Environmental awareness Financial contributions Protection
- 33. Conservation and preservation Can be done by ‘zoning’ areas of the natural environment e.g. national parks– Strict guidelines to follow for developments, and visitors Built or man-made constructions can also be preserved– Restricted access to certain areas– Money raised from visitors can help restorations– E.g. castles, cathedrals
- 34. Enhancement of environment Make an area look visually more pretty to visitors Can involve cleaning areas, reforestation , installation of public spaces (e.g. public art)– Funded by money from tourism industry E.g. London 2010 Olympic Park
- 35. Environmental awareness Public more aware of environmental issues Private and public sectors inform consumers of environmental impacts– Hotels will inform customers of laundry process and how to save energy and water etc Tourism industry adapting to tourist’s needs– Sustainable tourism, ecotourism etc
- 36. Financial contributions Money directly given towards the environment Can be from:– Park entrance fees– Hunting and fishing fees– Rental equipment fees etc Used to pay for conservation and preservation of environmentally sensitive areas– Projects, maintenance , salary for park rangers etc Protection
- 37. Environmental protection • Conservation of environment (flora and fauna) • Sustainable use of natural resources • Achieved through tourism and government involvement– Energy efficient building , effective waste treatment removal, pollution prevention etc
- 38. Negative Environmental Impacts Depletion of natural resources Loss of natural habitats Pollution
- 39. Depletion of natural resources Water resources– Overuse of water for hotels ,swimming pools, golf courses , personal use– Local population don’t have enough water for their own needs Local resources– Energy, food, raw materials used excessively in tourism → damages environment physically Land degradation– Land destroyed due to tourist activities– Construction of facilities and attractions damage natural environment– Tourist activities e.g. walking , skiing, cause erosion of the earth
- 40. Loss of natural habitats On land (terrain)– Flora and fauna displaced (moved)due to tourism construction– F&F damaged in natural environment Offshore (water-based, marine)– Damage to fish and water pollution due to development in the water (e.g. marina development) or tourist activities in the water (e.g. diving, sailing, water sports etc)– Coral reefs suffer worldwide from damages– Over-fishing, trampling by tourists and divers, pollution etc
- 41. Pollution Air– CO2 emissions (carbon dioxide)damage the air and effects the Ozone layer– Lots of transport used for tourism e.g. cars, coaches, planes etc Noise– Traffic noise from transport– Entertainment (bars and nightclubs)– Disturb natural wildlife and have negative impact of destination
- 42. Cont’d…. Visual– Littering– Barren land due to construction of tourism infrastructure– Pollution of rivers, beaches, sea, natural scenic areas etc– Constructions can be ‘eyesores’ Water– Tourist activities, development, waste disposal contaminates water – effects wildlife and humans
- 43. Positive Socio-cultural Impacts Education and training Enhanced quality of life Pride Socio-cultural awareness and peace
- 44. Education and training Provides opportunity for locals to learn new skills and qualifications Skills and qualifications are essential in tourism industry Staff training and development within organizations– e.g. customer services, IT etc
- 45. Pride Increase in local pride as:– more tourists visit a destination and– as increase in investment into local area Pride in local traditions, customs, culture, food, crafts, ceremonies etc Can renew interest in host population’s culture
- 46. Enhanced quality of life Positive economic impacts of tourism effect the quality of life locals will experience Increase in tourist spending in tourist destination leads to an increase in disposable income for locals Public sector investment in an area can improve local infrastructure(roads, facilities etc)
- 47. Socio-cultural awareness and peace Tourism allows people to understand and learn about new cultures and experiences Learning about a culture ‘firsthand’ can increase a better understanding of different backgrounds and heritage Can benefit both the locals and the tourists
- 48. Negative Socio-cultural Impacts Commodification Crime Démonstration effect Displacement Economic Exploitation
- 49. Commodification Turning a product or service into something different in order to please the tourist Performances and ceremonies are commodified (made more attractive and dramatic) in order to appeal to tourists Not representing the true culture of the locals– Also known as ‘staged authenticity
- 50. Crime Where there are more tourists, crime rates are higher Tourists are ‘easy targets ’for thieves– Tourists carry a lot of valuables when travelling– Appeals to poor locals who cannot afford these goods Tourists may also become involved in illegal experiences– Prostitution and drugs etc– Tourists therefore help to develop the illegal industries
- 51. Demonstration effect Locals observe tourists and try to copy (emulate) them This can be in terms of:– Behavior, culture, clothes ,food etc Leads to a loss of identity and culture– More apparent in younger generations– ‘Westernization’ – western culture favored over other local cultures
- 52. Displacement Development of tourism areas can lead to an area becoming too expensive for locals to continue living there Land needed for large constructions can also move local inhabitants– Governments believe that the tourism infrastructure will outweigh the need for displacement
- 53. Economic Increase in prosperity within host population can lead to new social classes Can create tension between:– Locals– Locals and tourists– Migrant workers and locals Resources become more expensive:– Cost of living increases e.g .foods, service, housing etc– Causes resentment between locals and tourists
- 54. Exploitation Employment opportunities may seem exciting to begin with but may become a negative socio- cultural impact Some companies may exploit (abuse) local populations for their own benefits through:– Child labor– Forced labor– Cheap labors that the large corporations reap most of the economic benefits
- 55. Cont’d…. DOXEY’S IRRITATION INDEX(IRRIDEX) Created in 1975 Designed to measure a host population’s perception of tourists as a destination develops over time Linked to Butler’s Tourist Area Life Cycle
- 56. 4 stages of Doxey’s Irridex Euphoria Occurs in early stage of Butler’s TALC Destination has few visitors, tourism relatively new to locals Locals happy that tourists are interested in their destination Welcoming host population Good, informal relationships between locals and tourists
- 57. 4 stages of Doxey’s Irridex Apathy As destination develops, tourist numbers increase Relationship between locals and tourists become more informal Visitors are taken for granted – tourists are only seen as a source of money
- 58. 4 stages of Doxey’s Irridex Annoyance Destination has developed to ‘saturation’ point Development of attraction, facilities and services are occurring everywhere This continuous over-development annoys the locals and they are frustrated with the tourism industry –stakeholders and tourists
- 59. 4 stages of Doxey’s Irridex Antagonism Development at tourist destination is now only producing negative impacts Host population blame tourists for all the negative impacts tourism has brought to the destination Host population angry at tourists and expresses their ange rtowards them