trachoma ophthalmology powerpoint presentation.pptx
- 1. TRACHOMA PRESENTER- DR NISHA BHARTI
- 2. INTRODUCTION • Leading cause of infective blindness(preventable) globally • >150 million people have been affected • It is responsible for the blindness or visual impairment of about 1.9 million people. It causes about 1.4% of all blindness worldwide. • Associated with poor hygiene and inadequate sanitation • Recent estimates show 59 countries are endemic and India has high burden • Egyptian ophthalmia , north western belt of india
- 3. DEFINITION • Chronic granulomatous kerato-conjunctivitis • Caused by bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis (A,B,Ba,C) • Infection with genital serotypes D to K can cause isolated episodes of ophthalmia neonatorum in infants or inclusion conjunctivitis in adults and do not generally lead to blindness. • Mainly affects children at early age who develop blindness later, • Blindness from trachoma is due to recurrent episodes of active infection over months to years. • Highly contagious • Spread by transfer of conjunctival secretions through fingers, towels, flies etc
- 4. PATHOLOGY • C. Trachomatis- prokaryotic, obligatory intracellular parasite • Halberstaedter-Prowazek inclusion bodies– in epithelial cells of conjunctiva( not pathognomic) • Primary infection- epithelia of conjunctiva & cornea • Diffuse inflammation- congestion, papillary enlargement, follicles • Recurrent infection- type IV hypersensitivity to Ag
- 6. • Lymphocytic infiltration of adenoid layer • LEBER cells – necrosed and multinucletaed giant cells • Cicatricial bands- in late stages, characteristic • Arlt line- white conjunctival scar at junction of lower third and upper two-third of superior tarus, characteristic
- 8. RISK FACTORS 6 D’s • Dry • Dusty • Dirty • Dung • Discharge • Density ( crowding)
- 9. TRANSMISSION OF TRACHOMA 5 F’s • Fingers • Flies • Face • Faeces • Fomites
- 10. PREDISPOSING FACTORS • Age- more in infancy/ childhood • Sex- commoner in females • Dry and dusty environment • Low socio economic status, unhygienic conditions, lack of sanitation
- 11. SPREAD OF INFECTIONS • DIRECT- contact with airborne or waterborne infections • VECTOR- flies ( Musca domestica) • MATERIAL- most important
- 12. CLINICAL FEATURES • Incubation period- 5 to 21 days • Onset – subacute , but on massive outbreaks can be acute • Symptoms – watering, fb sensation, redness, mucopurulent discharge, photophobia, blurring, mild pain
- 13. Signs – • Upper tarsal conjunctiva – mc affected , appears red velvety, congested • Trachomatous follicle- essential lesion, upto 5mm size - characteristic distribution- upper fornix(mc), upper margin of tarsus, palprebral conjunctiva • Scarring of conjunctiva • Arlt’s line • Limbal follicles • Herbert pits- oval/pitted scars in limbus
- 16. Cornea- • Early- superficial keartitis on SLE( flourescence staining), in upper part due to erosion • Later- trachomatous pannus, starts in upper half then spreads centrally to involve whole cornea • Vascularisation- in between BM and epithelium • Pannus- a) progressive- vessels parallel, directed vt downwards, infiltration ahead of vessels b) regressive- vessels ahead of infiltartion • Ulcers- mc at advancing edge of pannus • Corneal opacity
- 18. Lids- • Edema • Trichiasis • Distiachsis • Entropion • Scarring • Trachomatous ptosis • TWO STAGES- a) active b) cicatrical
- 19. WHO CLASSIFICATION(FISTO) • developed for use by trained personnel other than ophthalmologists to assess the prevalence and severity of trachoma in population-based surveys in endemic areas. TRACHOMATOUS FOLLICULAR(TF) • Active disease • 5 or more follicles of > 0.5mm on upper tarsus • Deep conjunctival vessels seen • If treated properly- no scarring
- 20. TRACHOMA INTENSE • Severe disease, needs urgents rx • diffuse involvement of the tarsal conjunctiva, obscuring 50% or more of the normal deep tarsal vessels; papillae are present
- 21. TRACHOMATOUS SCARRING- • Inactive infection • conjunctival scarring • visible fibrous white bands on tarsal conjunctiva
- 22. TRACHOMATOUS TRICHIASIS • at least one lash touching the globe • Needs corrective surgery CORNEAL OPACITY • sufficient to blur details of at least part of the pupillary margin
- 23. Mc CALLANS CLASSIFICTION STAGE 1- incipient trachoma/ stage of infiltration • Hyperemia of palpebral conjunctiva & immature follicles STAGE 2- stage of florid infiltration • mature follicles, papillae, progressive pannus STAGE 3- cicatarizing trachoma/ stage of scarring
- 24. DIAGNOSIS Requires at least 2 of the following clinical features: • follicles on the upper tarsal conjunctiva • limbal follicles and their sequelae (Herbert pits) • typical tarsal conjunctival scarring • vascular pannus most marked on the superior limbus
- 25. SEQUELAE • Lids- trichiasis, entropion, tylois, ptosis, madarosis • Conjunctiva- concretions, pseudocyst, xerosis, symblepharon • Cornea – opacity, ectasia, xerosis, total corneal pannus( blinding sequale) • Punctal stenosis, fibrosis of canaliculi
- 26. LAB INVESTIGATIONS • Conjunctival inclusion bodies- giemsa/ iodine/ immunofluorescence staining • Conjunctival cytology- giemsa stain- pmn with leber cells • ELISA- chlamydial Ags • PCR • Microimmunoflourescence (microIF)- for Abs • Direct monoclonal ab microscopy- rapid and inexpensive • McCoy cell cultures
- 27. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS • Allergic/ vernal conjunctivitis • Bacterial conjunctivitis • Follicular conjunctivitis
- 28. MANAGEMENT A)Treatment – of active disease and sequalae B) Prevention Rx of active disease Antibiotics- main stay • oral- Azithromycin 1gm stat(20mg/kg) – DOC Tetracycline or erythromycin 250mg QID for 4 weeks Doxycycline 100mg BD for 4 weeks
- 29. • Topical – best for indiviual cases, cheaper, no systemic side effects Regimes – 1% tetracyclines/ erythtromycin eye ointment QID for 6 weeks 20% sulfacetamide eye drops thrice daily with 1% tetracycline oint at bedtime for 6 weeks • Other topical antibiotics for secondary bacterial infections • Lubricants • Analgescics
- 30. Prevention SAFE STRATEGY was devised • Surgery- correction of entropion trichaisis rx- epilation, cryolysis, electrolysis • Antibiotics • Facial cleanliness • Envioronmental improvements
- 33. PROPHYLAXIS • Good personal hygeine and environmental sanitation • Health education • Use of common towels, hankerchiefs are discouraged • Clean water supply for washing • Flies control- insecticides, good sewerage, garbage disposal, window screen protectors • Prevention of recurrent infections • Early detection and rx
- 35. Blanket antibiotic therapy/intermittent therapy( WHO) • In endemic areas to control intensity and severity • Regimen- 1% tetracycline oint BD 7 days/ month X 6 months
- 36. National trachoma control program- • Launched in 1963 • Under NPCB • Centrally sponsored • SAFE strategy • Training at root level • Health education
- 37. GET 2020 • Global Elimination of Trachoma by 2020 • Launched by WHO in 1993 • Objective- to eliminate trachoma as blinding disease • ICTC- international coalation of trachoma control • 2030 as the new target date for global elimination. • WHO defines blinding trachoma elimination as: – TF prevalence <5% in 1-9 year old