![Traffic Management Near U-turn to Avoid Accidents
Mrs. Merlyn Melita Mathias
Assistant Professor
Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering
Alva’s Institute of Engineering and Technology
Karnataka, India
Pooja K
Student
Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering
Alva’s Institute of Engineering and Technology
Karnataka, India
Mukesh H M
Student
Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering
Alva’s Institute of Engineering and Technology
Karnataka, India
Rahul Nayak
Student
Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering
Alva’s Institute of Engineering and Technology
Karnataka, India
Rakesh HM
Student
Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering
Alva’s Institute of Engineering and Technology
Karnataka, India
Abstract— Road Traffic is one of the most vital problems in the
hastily developing world. Study of different aspects and issues
related to the road traffic problems are presented using
prominent technology – the Internet of Everything (IoE) for
developing a smart system to monitor various parameters related
to the problem and using it as an effective solution. The idea is to
manage traffic near U-turns so that accidents can be prevented.
By receiving signals from sensors, the device can predict vehicle
movement. Sensors and traffic signals are placed on the lane near
U-turns along with laser. Signal is always green, if any vehicle
approach near the sensor the light is turned to red in the opposite
lane along with laser and it is restored to green after vehicles
takes U-turn.
Keywords- Arduino Uno Board, GSM Module
I. INTRODUCTION
The constantly growing transport sector has resulted in an
increase of the accidents every day. The accident mainly occurs
due to our carelessness and breaking of traffic rules. Indirect
left-turn treatments have been increasingly used as design
alternatives to address problems that are associated with left-
turn egress maneuvers from side streets or driveways at two-
way stop-controlled intersections [1]. In this project, the
proposed system aims to avoid collisions between vehicles
mainly occurring in U-turn bends, hair-pin bends, short
corners, blind curves, etc., by alerting the vehicle drivers about
the accidents that might occur. If case of any vehicle
breakdown or repair of the vehicle, the interrupt signal will be
sent to the control room thereby the problems can be solved.
The accidents due to the negligence of the driver are prevented
by warning him through the buzzer and light indication.
Similarly, if the driver makes an illegal traffic jump, the laser
detects it and sends the signal to the controller and shows the
message about the spot where the jump has occurred. This
system makes use of infrared sensor and other embedded
systems.
An accident avoidance system is an automobile safety
system designed to reduce the severity of an accident. Many
studies about the operational and safety effects of U-turns at
signalized and non-signalized intersections have been
conducted. Past results from researches have no evidence to
prove that U-turns at signalized intersections present major
safety or operational problem. On detecting the vehicle
approaching from the other side the system provides a warning
to the driver to avoid the mishap. By allocating the right of way
to different sets of mutually compatible traffic movements
during distinct time intervals the traffic signals have been
effectively used to manage conflicting requirements for the use
of road space. Considerable work has been done to develop
various approaches in order to boost traffic efficiency, which
can be categorized as fixed-time, traffic responsive and
predictive control ones. However, few researches have been
found to deal with heavy vehicle U-turns. This system focuses
on providing an alternative design for accommodating a safe
U-turn at a signalized intersection.
II. RELATED WORK
Eye blink detection, the use of template matching is
necessary for desired accuracy in analyzing the user’s blinking
since it allows the user some freedom to move around slightly
[2]. Though the main purpose of such a system is to serve
people with paralysis, it is a desirable three feature to allow
for some slight movement by the user or the camera that
would not be feasible if motion analysis were used alone. The
normalized correlation coefficient is used to achieve the
tracking [2]. The detection of eye blinking and the analysis of
duration of eye blink are based exclusively on observation of](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/paper36trafficmanagementnearu-turnstoavoidaccidents-200512002345/85/Traffic-Management-Near-U-Turns-to-Avoid-Accidents-1-320.jpg)
![the correlation scores generated by the tracking at the previous
step using the online template of the user’s eye. As the user’s
eye closes during the process of a blink, its similarity to the
open eye template decrease. Likewise, it re-claims its
similarity to the template as the blink ends and the user’s eye
becomes fully open again. This decreasing and increasing
similarity directly correspond to the correlation scores
returned by the template matching procedure the system
proposed in this paper provides a binary switch input
alternative for people with disabilities similar to the one
presented by Grauman et al., [2]. However, some significant
improvements and contributions were made over such
predecessor systems.
IR sensors, aside from horizontal offset and orientation of
the camera, another issue of concern is the vertical offset of
the camera in relation to the user’s eyes. The experiments
showed that placing the camera below the user’s head resulted
in desirable functioning of the system. But, if the camera is
placed too high above the user’s head, then it is aiming down
at the user at a significant angle and the eye blink detection is
no longer as accurate. Which results in a very small amount of
variation in correlation scores as the user blinks, since nearly
all that is visible to the camera is the eyelid of the user and its
difficult to detect the eye blink. Therefore, when positioning
the camera, it is positive to the detection accuracy to maximize
the degree of variation between the open and closed eye
images of the user. Finally, with respect to the clinical
environment, this system provides an unobtrusive alternative
to the one tested by Miglietta et al., in which the user should
wear a set of eyeglasses for blink detection.
Traditional traffic-safety literature has been comparatively
focused on crash frequency estimation and hence belongs to
the earlier category. However, the approach is not sufficient to
“predict” crashes in real time using traffic-flow variables
measured from loop detectors in an advanced traffic
management system (ATMS) environment. There is a
necessity to evaluate the models that use dynamic flow
variables as inputs and determine whether or not they would
lead to a crash occurrence. This approach belongs to the next
category (i.e., the disagree-gate studies), which are relatively
new and are made possible by the exploration of data
collection and analysis capabilities in the arena of intelligent
transportation systems (ITS).
The important principle of this approach involves
classifying patterns in the traffic-surveillance data detected
prior to past crashes. The traffic-surveillance systems may
then be improved to detect the identified patterns in
instantaneous data. A reliable identification of such patterns
could surface the way for developing practical strategies to
avoid crashes, such as, warning to the motorists about variable
speed limits. However, in this paper, the scope has been
limited to show the potential of statistical models for reliable
identification of these crash-prone conditions on the freeway.
Wide angle mirrors, the mirror setup arrangements are
made in the short bends and corners for viewing the
approaching vehicle on the other side. However, it has several
drawbacks. The mirror may get damage because of animals (in
hills) or it doesn’t reflect the image when the climatic
condition occurs like raining or covered with mist, etc., also
when the number of vehicles approaching one after other, it
wouldn’t be visible for the following vehicle to see the
opposing vehicle in concerns and there are numerous methods
available for the tiredness prevention of the drivers and
detection techniques using alcohol impact, accelerator, brake,
clutch, etc., [3]. But there are no proper solutions for making
other road users to take a safe turn in corners.
The objective of our project is to monitor and control the
traffic near U-turns to avoid accidents. Using this system will
be able to monitor and control the traffic near the turns. When
a vehicle take turn from one side to the other side the signal
will be sent and red light is turned on along with the laser. If
any other vehicles violate the rules a message will be sent to
concerned person and also buzzer will be turned on to
indicate. Once the vehicle is done taking turn signal will be
reset from red to green.
The need to study The proposed system makes use of an
Arduino board which acquires data from multiple sensors and
processes it in real time environment. The proposed method is
simple, easy to implement as well as cost-effective.
III. PROPOSED SYSTEM
This System has been designed to prevent an accident by
collision in U-turns. The ‘heart’ of the unit is Arduino
microcontroller which performs all the vital tasks of the
system and it will be discussed in the following sections. The
system will receive signals from infrared sensor, laser and
LDR sensor and accordingly transmit the data to the
controller. The vehicle drivers are alerted on approaching
vehicles through the buzzer sound indication and traffic light,
the vehicle information will be shown to the vehicle user [4].
The main purpose of the system is to prevent the collision
between two or more vehicle when they take a turn on U-
bends. The modules of the system are described in the
subsequent sections.
I. METHODOLOGY
The functions of the various components used in this
system are explained below.
Arduino microcontroller is usedfor its best feature such as
high processing speed, easy to use analog-to-didgital
conversion, and low power requirement and capable of
performing multitask at a time. It requiremnt and capable of
performing multitask at a time. It operates on 5V DC Power
supply. It performs all control operations like fetching input
signals, processing it and providing output to other systems like
LED and buzzer. The microcontroller program is programmed
in embeded C using Arduino IDE. It is interfaced with GSM
module through serial communication.
The infrared sensor pair is connected to a controller and it
transmits the signal directly to the controller on detecting the
vehicle approaching towards the hairpin bend earlier at a](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/paper36trafficmanagementnearu-turnstoavoidaccidents-200512002345/85/Traffic-Management-Near-U-Turns-to-Avoid-Accidents-2-320.jpg)
![II. CONCLUSION
This project describes the avoidance of accident due to the
negligence of the driver and will be the perfect substitute to
the existing mirror setup arrangement. The replacement of
mirror setup by the ultrasonic sensor provides a better output
as it is given to the microcontroller for further process. The
programming code written in the controller is Arduino basic
language. Through the Wi-Fi router, the signal is transmitted
to the driver’s android phone as a voice recognition message
about the traffic and vehicle arrival on the other bend followed
by LED indication and the buzzer on the hairpin bends. This
project also helps us to monitor the traffic from the control
room without any GPS and GSM facility. Thus, we have
successfully designed a prototype model which is fully
secured from an accident, hence providing safe driving for the
vehicle users.
III. FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
Furthermore, this project can be extended by placing RFID
tag on all vehicles and can place RFID reader in every hairpin
ends especially in hilly areas. So that tracking of an individual
vehicle can be made easier. With the help of GPS and GSM
module, the navigation facility, as well as traffic information
for the driver, can be provided effectively through the voice
recognition. In order to increase the accuracy instead of IR
sensor, Radar sensor can be used and to increase the
processing speed ARM processor replacing Arduino
microcontroller. In order to perform multitask FPGA can be
introduced with this system along with microcontroller.
REFERENCES
[1] G. Eason, B. Noble, and I. N. Sneddon, “On certain
integrals of Lipschitz-Hankel type involving products of
Bessel functions,” Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol.
A247, pp. 529–551, April 1955.
[2] K. Grauman, M. Betke, J. Gips, and G. Bradski. Eye
blinks - detection and duration analysis in real time.
Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition Conference (CVPR 2001), Vol. 2, pages
1010–1017, Kauai, Hawaii, December 2001.
[3] S.P. Bhumkar, V.V. Deotare and R.V. Babar, “Accident
Avoidance and Detection on Highways,” International
Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, vol. 3,
Issue 2, 2012.
[4] K.P. Sreevishakh, Prof.S.P. Dhanure, “Automotive Crash
Insight using AMR Sensor System,” International Journal
of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication
Engineering, vol. 4, Issue 5, May 2015.
[5] M. Young, The Technical Writer's Handbook. Mill
Valley, CA: University Science, 1989.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/paper36trafficmanagementnearu-turnstoavoidaccidents-200512002345/85/Traffic-Management-Near-U-Turns-to-Avoid-Accidents-4-320.jpg)
Traffic Management Near U-Turns to Avoid Accidents
- 1. Traffic Management Near U-turn to Avoid Accidents Mrs. Merlyn Melita Mathias Assistant Professor Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering Alva’s Institute of Engineering and Technology Karnataka, India Pooja K Student Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering Alva’s Institute of Engineering and Technology Karnataka, India Mukesh H M Student Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering Alva’s Institute of Engineering and Technology Karnataka, India Rahul Nayak Student Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering Alva’s Institute of Engineering and Technology Karnataka, India Rakesh HM Student Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering Alva’s Institute of Engineering and Technology Karnataka, India Abstract— Road Traffic is one of the most vital problems in the hastily developing world. Study of different aspects and issues related to the road traffic problems are presented using prominent technology – the Internet of Everything (IoE) for developing a smart system to monitor various parameters related to the problem and using it as an effective solution. The idea is to manage traffic near U-turns so that accidents can be prevented. By receiving signals from sensors, the device can predict vehicle movement. Sensors and traffic signals are placed on the lane near U-turns along with laser. Signal is always green, if any vehicle approach near the sensor the light is turned to red in the opposite lane along with laser and it is restored to green after vehicles takes U-turn. Keywords- Arduino Uno Board, GSM Module I. INTRODUCTION The constantly growing transport sector has resulted in an increase of the accidents every day. The accident mainly occurs due to our carelessness and breaking of traffic rules. Indirect left-turn treatments have been increasingly used as design alternatives to address problems that are associated with left- turn egress maneuvers from side streets or driveways at two- way stop-controlled intersections [1]. In this project, the proposed system aims to avoid collisions between vehicles mainly occurring in U-turn bends, hair-pin bends, short corners, blind curves, etc., by alerting the vehicle drivers about the accidents that might occur. If case of any vehicle breakdown or repair of the vehicle, the interrupt signal will be sent to the control room thereby the problems can be solved. The accidents due to the negligence of the driver are prevented by warning him through the buzzer and light indication. Similarly, if the driver makes an illegal traffic jump, the laser detects it and sends the signal to the controller and shows the message about the spot where the jump has occurred. This system makes use of infrared sensor and other embedded systems. An accident avoidance system is an automobile safety system designed to reduce the severity of an accident. Many studies about the operational and safety effects of U-turns at signalized and non-signalized intersections have been conducted. Past results from researches have no evidence to prove that U-turns at signalized intersections present major safety or operational problem. On detecting the vehicle approaching from the other side the system provides a warning to the driver to avoid the mishap. By allocating the right of way to different sets of mutually compatible traffic movements during distinct time intervals the traffic signals have been effectively used to manage conflicting requirements for the use of road space. Considerable work has been done to develop various approaches in order to boost traffic efficiency, which can be categorized as fixed-time, traffic responsive and predictive control ones. However, few researches have been found to deal with heavy vehicle U-turns. This system focuses on providing an alternative design for accommodating a safe U-turn at a signalized intersection. II. RELATED WORK Eye blink detection, the use of template matching is necessary for desired accuracy in analyzing the user’s blinking since it allows the user some freedom to move around slightly [2]. Though the main purpose of such a system is to serve people with paralysis, it is a desirable three feature to allow for some slight movement by the user or the camera that would not be feasible if motion analysis were used alone. The normalized correlation coefficient is used to achieve the tracking [2]. The detection of eye blinking and the analysis of duration of eye blink are based exclusively on observation of
- 2. the correlation scores generated by the tracking at the previous step using the online template of the user’s eye. As the user’s eye closes during the process of a blink, its similarity to the open eye template decrease. Likewise, it re-claims its similarity to the template as the blink ends and the user’s eye becomes fully open again. This decreasing and increasing similarity directly correspond to the correlation scores returned by the template matching procedure the system proposed in this paper provides a binary switch input alternative for people with disabilities similar to the one presented by Grauman et al., [2]. However, some significant improvements and contributions were made over such predecessor systems. IR sensors, aside from horizontal offset and orientation of the camera, another issue of concern is the vertical offset of the camera in relation to the user’s eyes. The experiments showed that placing the camera below the user’s head resulted in desirable functioning of the system. But, if the camera is placed too high above the user’s head, then it is aiming down at the user at a significant angle and the eye blink detection is no longer as accurate. Which results in a very small amount of variation in correlation scores as the user blinks, since nearly all that is visible to the camera is the eyelid of the user and its difficult to detect the eye blink. Therefore, when positioning the camera, it is positive to the detection accuracy to maximize the degree of variation between the open and closed eye images of the user. Finally, with respect to the clinical environment, this system provides an unobtrusive alternative to the one tested by Miglietta et al., in which the user should wear a set of eyeglasses for blink detection. Traditional traffic-safety literature has been comparatively focused on crash frequency estimation and hence belongs to the earlier category. However, the approach is not sufficient to “predict” crashes in real time using traffic-flow variables measured from loop detectors in an advanced traffic management system (ATMS) environment. There is a necessity to evaluate the models that use dynamic flow variables as inputs and determine whether or not they would lead to a crash occurrence. This approach belongs to the next category (i.e., the disagree-gate studies), which are relatively new and are made possible by the exploration of data collection and analysis capabilities in the arena of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). The important principle of this approach involves classifying patterns in the traffic-surveillance data detected prior to past crashes. The traffic-surveillance systems may then be improved to detect the identified patterns in instantaneous data. A reliable identification of such patterns could surface the way for developing practical strategies to avoid crashes, such as, warning to the motorists about variable speed limits. However, in this paper, the scope has been limited to show the potential of statistical models for reliable identification of these crash-prone conditions on the freeway. Wide angle mirrors, the mirror setup arrangements are made in the short bends and corners for viewing the approaching vehicle on the other side. However, it has several drawbacks. The mirror may get damage because of animals (in hills) or it doesn’t reflect the image when the climatic condition occurs like raining or covered with mist, etc., also when the number of vehicles approaching one after other, it wouldn’t be visible for the following vehicle to see the opposing vehicle in concerns and there are numerous methods available for the tiredness prevention of the drivers and detection techniques using alcohol impact, accelerator, brake, clutch, etc., [3]. But there are no proper solutions for making other road users to take a safe turn in corners. The objective of our project is to monitor and control the traffic near U-turns to avoid accidents. Using this system will be able to monitor and control the traffic near the turns. When a vehicle take turn from one side to the other side the signal will be sent and red light is turned on along with the laser. If any other vehicles violate the rules a message will be sent to concerned person and also buzzer will be turned on to indicate. Once the vehicle is done taking turn signal will be reset from red to green. The need to study The proposed system makes use of an Arduino board which acquires data from multiple sensors and processes it in real time environment. The proposed method is simple, easy to implement as well as cost-effective. III. PROPOSED SYSTEM This System has been designed to prevent an accident by collision in U-turns. The ‘heart’ of the unit is Arduino microcontroller which performs all the vital tasks of the system and it will be discussed in the following sections. The system will receive signals from infrared sensor, laser and LDR sensor and accordingly transmit the data to the controller. The vehicle drivers are alerted on approaching vehicles through the buzzer sound indication and traffic light, the vehicle information will be shown to the vehicle user [4]. The main purpose of the system is to prevent the collision between two or more vehicle when they take a turn on U- bends. The modules of the system are described in the subsequent sections. I. METHODOLOGY The functions of the various components used in this system are explained below. Arduino microcontroller is usedfor its best feature such as high processing speed, easy to use analog-to-didgital conversion, and low power requirement and capable of performing multitask at a time. It requiremnt and capable of performing multitask at a time. It operates on 5V DC Power supply. It performs all control operations like fetching input signals, processing it and providing output to other systems like LED and buzzer. The microcontroller program is programmed in embeded C using Arduino IDE. It is interfaced with GSM module through serial communication. The infrared sensor pair is connected to a controller and it transmits the signal directly to the controller on detecting the vehicle approaching towards the hairpin bend earlier at a
- 3. distance of a few meters. When the vehicle is detected, the controller performs the necessary operations to avoid the accidents. i.e., by signalling the vehicles approaching on the other side of the road and sounding the buzzer if any vehicles tries for signal jump. Fig -1: System Model Fig -2 : Working of components The result is shown in figure 3, 4 and 5. Figure 3 demonstrate how system is implemented. Figure 4 demonstrate how laser detection is working. Figure 5 shows how the system works. Our system avoids accident rate and control traffic in heavliy populated areas. We can also get SMS alert during the worst situations. This system can be implemented by less components which is cost effective. Fig -3: System Implementation Fig -4: Laser detection Fig -5 : System working
- 4. II. CONCLUSION This project describes the avoidance of accident due to the negligence of the driver and will be the perfect substitute to the existing mirror setup arrangement. The replacement of mirror setup by the ultrasonic sensor provides a better output as it is given to the microcontroller for further process. The programming code written in the controller is Arduino basic language. Through the Wi-Fi router, the signal is transmitted to the driver’s android phone as a voice recognition message about the traffic and vehicle arrival on the other bend followed by LED indication and the buzzer on the hairpin bends. This project also helps us to monitor the traffic from the control room without any GPS and GSM facility. Thus, we have successfully designed a prototype model which is fully secured from an accident, hence providing safe driving for the vehicle users. III. FUTURE ENHANCEMENT Furthermore, this project can be extended by placing RFID tag on all vehicles and can place RFID reader in every hairpin ends especially in hilly areas. So that tracking of an individual vehicle can be made easier. With the help of GPS and GSM module, the navigation facility, as well as traffic information for the driver, can be provided effectively through the voice recognition. In order to increase the accuracy instead of IR sensor, Radar sensor can be used and to increase the processing speed ARM processor replacing Arduino microcontroller. In order to perform multitask FPGA can be introduced with this system along with microcontroller. REFERENCES [1] G. Eason, B. Noble, and I. N. Sneddon, “On certain integrals of Lipschitz-Hankel type involving products of Bessel functions,” Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. A247, pp. 529–551, April 1955. [2] K. Grauman, M. Betke, J. Gips, and G. Bradski. Eye blinks - detection and duration analysis in real time. Proceedings of the IEEE Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference (CVPR 2001), Vol. 2, pages 1010–1017, Kauai, Hawaii, December 2001. [3] S.P. Bhumkar, V.V. Deotare and R.V. Babar, “Accident Avoidance and Detection on Highways,” International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, vol. 3, Issue 2, 2012. [4] K.P. Sreevishakh, Prof.S.P. Dhanure, “Automotive Crash Insight using AMR Sensor System,” International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, vol. 4, Issue 5, May 2015. [5] M. Young, The Technical Writer's Handbook. Mill Valley, CA: University Science, 1989.