Transforming Maize-legume Value Chains – A Business Case for Climate-Smart Agriculture in Southern Africa
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The document discusses the transformation of maize-legume value chains through climate-smart agriculture in Southern Africa, focusing on smallholder farming systems and the challenges they face due to variable climate and poor soil fertility. It emphasizes the importance of conservation agriculture (CA) for improving productivity, environmental sustainability, and economic viability while detailing strategies to out-scale climate-smart technologies in Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Various assessments and feasibility studies are outlined to prioritize and implement effective climate adaptation practices in rural communities.
Transforming Maize-legume Value Chains – A Business Case for Climate-Smart Agriculture in Southern Africa
- 1. Transforming Maize-legume Value Chains – A Business Case for Climate-Smart Agriculture in Southern Africa By Christian Thierfelder
- 2. What is CIMMYT (the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center) • Mission: Maize and wheat science for improved livelihoods • > 200 International Scientists • > 1500 Staff • HQ in Mexico, 15 regional offices • Budget: 150 million USD
- 3. Projected change in Agriculture Productivity, 2080 Source: Hugo Ahlenius, UNEP/GRID-Arendal.
- 4. Traditional African smallholder farming systems • Based on tillage (manual/animal traction) • Residue removal • Monocropping of maize • Limited fertilizer use • Based on traditional varieties • Affected by variable climate • Inherently poor soil fertility
- 5. The Consequences Source: Sonder, unpublished
- 6. Agroforestry Nutrition security Poverty alleviation Natural resource management Improved cook-stove Conservation agriculture Increased yields Soil quality & carbon Reduced degradation & erosion Dietary diversity Intercropping Market access Increase income Participatory approach Landscapes with multiple CSA options
- 7. Out scaling climate-smart technologies to smallholder farmers in Malawi, Zambia & Zimbabwe • Undertake a climate change Vulnerability Assessment • Piloting CSA technologies on-farm • Prioritization of CSA technologies • Feasibility study • Development of out-scaling Proposals for CSA scaling Adaptation to Climate Change for Smallholder Rural Areas (ACCRA) Project funded by GIZ/CCARDESA
- 8. Vulnerability assessment - process Vulnerability status of communities Rural assessment Definition of adaptation practices (Proactive/ Reactive) to impacts Assessment of risks/impacts of climate hazards Identification of climate hazards
- 9. Piloting in CSA in on-farm communities of Southern Africa
- 10. Maize-legume rotation under CA with Pigeonpea Alley Cropping
- 11. Prioritization of CSA technologies Process: • Local meetings with key stakeholder in target communities • Regional meeting in Lusaka using the GIZ tool • Ranking based on a ranking matrix Southern MAL Adaptation option Effective ness Cost Feasibility for Farmers Political/ social acceptance Relative speed to benefit No regret potential Alignement to donor support Alignement with Policy Sum of score Rank weighted rank Mitigation co-benefit Gender Sensitivity InterCropping 5 3 5 5 4 4 5 5 36 4.50 4.35 + + Crop Diversification 5 3 4 5 4 5 5 5 36 4.50 4.25 0 + DT Vars 5 2 3 4 5 4 5 5 33 4.13 3.85 0 0 CA 4 3 4 4 2 4 5 5 31 3.88 3.6 0 + Organic Manure 4 3 3 4 4 4 2 5 29 3.63 3.55 - 0 Supplementary Irrigation 5 1 2 4 5 5 5 5 32 4.00 3.55 0 0 Cap Building 4 1 5 4 1 3 5 5 28 3.50 3.15 0 + IPM 3 1 2 3 4 4 3 4 24 3.00 2.7 0 0 Agro Met Info Sharing 2 1 4 4 2 2 4 5 24 3.00 2.55 0 0 Small livestock production 4 1 1 4 3 2 4 4 23 2.88 2.45 - + Rainwater Harvest 4 1 2 2 3 3 1 3 19 2.38 2.45 0 - Policy Implement 2 1 2 3 1 2 5 5 21 2.63 2 0 0
- 12. Agronomic performance Economic viability Environmental impact Social impact (gender) A Feasibility Study on Climate-Smart Agriculture Systems For an investment proposal we need data on:
- 13. •Basin planting •Jab-planter •AT Direct seeder •Dibble stick •Hoe-planter •Magoye ripper Conservation agriculture – a CSA system
- 14. Maize-soybean rotation Groundnuts under CA Maize-Gliricidia intercropping Cowpeas under CA Maize under CA Maize-groundnut rotation
- 15. Why focus on Conservation Agriculture? Combines all positive technologies prioritized above CA can help to adapt production to climate variability and change ….! CA is more water-, nutrient-, and energy-use-efficient CA improves the productivity of current farming systems Availability of long-term data to do the study
- 16. MaizeGrainyield(kgha-1 ) 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 a Chibgukuwe Chipeni Mwansambo Zidyana Herbert Lemu Central Malawi Southern Malawi ab b b a a a a a a a b b b b ab ab Malula Matandika Songani a a a a a a ab a a Conventional ridge tillage Mz-leg rotation CA-Direct seeding Mz-leg rotation CA Direct seeding Mz/int-leg rotation Productivity benefits – On-farm pilots in Malawi, 2019
- 18. Maizegrainyield(kgha -1 ) 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 11000 12000 b a a b a a a b a a b a a b a ab C R T,m aize-rot D iS,m aize/legum e-rot D iS,m aize-rot C R T,m aize-rot D iS,m aize/legum e-rot D iS,m aize-rot C P,m aize D iS,m aize/legum e intercrop D iS,m aize D iS,m aize-rot C P,m aize R I,m aize-rot R I,m aize C P,m aize-rot D S,m aize-rot R I,m aize-rot Central Malawi (manual) South Malawi (manual) Eastern Zambia (manual) Eastern Zambia (animal traction) Southern Zimbabwe (animal traction) Southern Zambia (animal traction) b a c D S,m aize-rot C P,m aize-rot D S,m aize-rot Productivity benefits – long-term
- 19. Conventional tillage yield (kg ha-1 ) 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Conservationagriculturetreatmentyield(kgha-1 ) 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 1:2line 1:1 line Planting basins, Mozambique Ripline seeding, Zambia Manual direct seeding, Mozambique Direct seeding, Zambia Manual direct seeding, Malawi Manual direct seeding, intercrop., Malawi Ripline seeding, Zimbabwe Direct seeding Zimbabwe Thierfelder et al. 2015a Regional yield response to CA in southern Africa from 2005-2016
- 20. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Ridge & furrow Maize continuous Dibble stick Maize continuous Dibble stick- Maize/Cowpea intercrop Dibble stick- Maize -Cowpea rot lowrainfall&mediumelevation 2012/2013 2013/2014 2014/2015 2015/2016 Net benefits (in USD) Manual Sustainable Intensification Practices - Net Benefits (2012-2016), Eastern Zambia Mutenje et al. 2016
- 21. Region Community CSA NPV1 12% NPV2 30% ROL $ ROI $ Payback IRR % Eastern Zambia Vuu Conventional maize 251.97 172.99 1.1 7.6 1.4 69 CA sole maize 685.47 548.12 2.2 18.7 0.5 102 CA maize-cowpea intercrop 777.83 613.24 2.4 20.5 0.5 97 CA maize -cowpea rotation 673.38 534.05 2.3 20.9 0.6 99 Eastern Zambia Hoya Conventional maize 277.72 221.95 0.9 6.5 2.2 82 Ripper CA, sole maize 500.50 380.97 1.6 14.1 0.8 87 Ripper CA maize-soy rotation 620.24 460.35 2.0 17.8 0.6 102 NPV – Net present value RoL – Returns to labour RoI – Returns to Investment IRR - Internal Rate of Return Economic benefits – Eastern Zambia
- 22. CP-maize CA-maize CA-maize/legume Labourdays 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 2nd Weeding Land clearing Ridging Sowing Mulch appl. Basal fertilizer appl. Herbicide appl. 1st Weeding 3rd Weeding Top dressing Harvesting Thierfelder et al. 2015b Labour reduction – a key benefit!
- 23. Time (min) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 Infiltration(mmh-1 ) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 Conventional ploughing (CP) Rip-line seeded (RI) Direct seeding (DS) Rip-line seeded + leg intercrop (RI+ leg) Basin planting (BA) a) Time (min) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 Infiltration(mmh-1) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 Direct seeding, maize-cotton Conventional ploughing, maize Direct seeding, maize-cotton-sunnhemp Direct seeding, maize b) Environmental benefits – improved Water Infiltration
- 24. Conventional ploughing, maize (CP-M) CA-Direct seeding, maize (DS-M) CA-Basin planting, maize (BA-M) Rainfall FC 50% avail. moist. PWP Date 10/11/1415/12/1419/01/1523/02/1530/03/1504/05/1508/06/1513/07/1517/08/1521/09/1526/10/1530/11/1504/01/1608/02/1614/03/1618/04/1623/05/1627/06/1601/08/1605/09/1610/10/1614/11/1619/12/1623/01/1727/02/1703/04/1708/05/17 Rainfall(mmd-1) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Availablesoilmoisture(inmm) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 Environmental benefits – increased Soil Moisture
- 25. Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Rainfall(mma-1 ) 0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 Soilerosion(intha-1 ) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 Rainfall Conventional ploughing (CP) Direct seeding (DS) Ripline seeding + legume intercrop (RSL) Environmental benefit – reduced Soil Erosion
- 26. Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Totalcarbon(Mgha-1 ) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Conventional ploughing, maize CA- direct seeding, maize CA- direct seeding, cotton-maize a a a b a ab b a a b) Environmental benefit – gradual increase in soil carbon
- 28. Some pertinent challenges ... Residues: How can we feed both livestock and crops? Weeds and their control – a major challenge if no herbicides are used Lack of fertilizer use – what are the alternatives? Limited crop diversification – too much focus on maize Lack of evidence and data taking – believe in myths
- 29. Targeting the wrong systems to the wrong farmers Donor driven adoption - one-size fits-all approaches Low adoption – lack of understanding of underlying issues Ignoring farmers rationale and decision making The need for new knowledge and co-development of technologies
- 30. Scaling is more than the technology
- 31. We are ready…….! Project results have been summarized in 4 project reports in contemporary design – This is our Business Case!
- 32. We are ready…….! A regional proposal has been developed for southern Africa and will be presented at a COP25 side event: • Work package 1: Scaling out Climate-Smart Agriculture • Work Package 2: Knowledge generation and dissemination • Work Package 3: Aligning policies We depend on Country Support
- 33. YES we CAN!