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Transmission media on Client server and high speed network
The presentation discusses various types of transmission media used in telecommunications, including guided media such as twisted pair, coaxial, and fiber optic cables, as well as unbounded or wireless media like radio waves and microwaves. Each type has distinct advantages and disadvantages, impacting factors like cost, bandwidth, and susceptibility to interference. Technologies like Bluetooth and WiMAX are highlighted for specific applications in mobile connectivity and broadband access.
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Transmission media on Client server and high speed network
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- 2. TRANSMISSION MEDIA THE TRANSMISSIONMEDIUM IS THE PHYSICAL PATH BY WHICH A MESSAGE TRAVELS FROM SENDER TO RECEIVER. COMPUTERS AND TELECOMMUNICATION DEVICES USE SIGNALS TO REPRESENT DATA. THESE SIGNALS ARE TRANSMITTED FROM A DEVICE TO ANOTHER IN THE FORM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY.
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- 4. GUIDED MEDIA ANDITS TYPES: Consists of physical connection between source and destination via a wire or a cable. There are three basic types of guided media : • Twisted pair cable • Co-axial cable • Fiber-optic cable
- 5. TWISTED PAIR CABLE Consists of two copper wires insulated from each other by plastic. The twisting helps to reduce the interference (noise) and crosstalk. Low frequency transmission medium
- 6. TYPES OF TWISTEDPAIR CABLE STP (shielded twisted pair) the pair is wrapped with metallic foil or braid to insulate the pair from electromagnetic interference UTP (unshielded twisted pair) each wire is insulated with plastic wrap, but the pair is encased in an outer covering
- 7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESOF TWISTED PAIR: Advantages: Inexpensive and readily available Flexible and light weight Easy to work with and install Disadvantages: Susceptibility to interference and noise Attenuation problem • For analog, repeaters needed every 5-6km • For digital, repeaters needed every 2-3km Relatively low bandwidth (3000Hz)
- 8. COAXIAL CABLE (ORCOAX): Used for cable television, LANs, telephony Has an inner conductor surrounded by a braided mesh Both conductors share a common center axial, hence the term “co-axial”
- 9. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESOF COAXIAL CABLE: Advantages: Higher bandwidth Can be tapped easily Much less susceptible to interference than twisted pair Disadvantages: High attenuation rate makes it expensive over long distance Bulky
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- 11. • These aresimilar to coaxial cable. It uses electric signals to transmit data. At the centre is the glass core through which light propagates. • Fiber optic cable has bandwidth more than 2 gbps (Gigabytes per Second)
- 12. ADVANTAGES : • Speedof transmission • Noise control • Used for analog and digital signals • Long distance transmission • Low data loss
- 13. DISADVANTAGES : • Highprice • Difficult to install • Expensive in maintenance
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- 15. WHAT IS UNBOUNDEDTRANSMISSION MEDIA? • Unlabelled media of transmission of data • Unguided or wireless media sends the data through air (or water) • Use of antenna for transmission of signal
- 16. WHY DO WEUSE UNBOUNDED TRANSMISSION MEDIA • High-Frequency Radiotelephone • Microwave Radio • Satellite Radio link Systems • Commercial Satellites
- 17. EXAMPLES OF UNBOUNDEDTRANSMISSION MEDIA • Microwave • Radio waves • Infrared waves • Satellites
- 18. RADIO WAVE • Signalsare sent by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light
- 19. ADVANTAGES : • carrya message instantaneously over a wide area. • Cheaper(message are sent through air) • Simple in transmission
- 20. DISADVANTAGES • Travel ina straight line, so repeater stations may be needed • The range of frequencies that can be accessed by existing technology is limited • Competition among companies to get the frequency
- 21. MICROWAVE • the transmissionof information or energy by electromagnetic waves whose wavelengths are conveniently measured in small numbers of centimeter. • radio spectrum ranges across frequencies of roughly 1.0 gigahertz (GHz) to 300 GHz. • requires line of sight in order to work properly • to allow two way communications two frequencies are used(that doesn’t mean it requires two antenna) • to increase this coverage each antenna has a built-in repeater that regenerates the signal before passing it on to the next antenna in line
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- 23. PRINCIPLE • Use ofradio frequency to achieve the transmissions (operating between 1Ghz to 170Ghz) • Clear line-of-sight with no obstacles in the way • Regular relay stations required due to line of site and cost considerations
- 24. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Advanatages •No cables needed • Multiple channels available • Wide bandwidth Disadvantages • Line-of-sight will be disrupted if any obstacle, such as new buildings, are in the way • Signal absorption by the atmosphere. Microwaves suffer from attenuation due to atmospheric conditions. • Towers are expensive to build
- 25. BLUETOOTH • It isan always on, low power, short ranged radio link for communication between mobile devices • Developed in 1994 by the Swedish company Ericsson to enable laptops make calls over mobile phones • Also known as 802.15, it employs the 2.4 GHz unlicensed band, the same as 802.11b wireless, but does not interfere with it • Provides data rates of up to 720 Kbps • Power output is around 1 milliwatt, compared to the average cell phone’s 500 milliwatt power output
- 26. BLUETOOTH CHARACTERISTICS • Allowsup to 8 devices to communicate in a local network called a Piconet, • Because of its low power consumption, its range is limited to 10 m. • However, range can be increased to 100 m by employing a scatternet topology or a higher powered Antenna • Three classes of Bluetooth devices • Class 1 – 100 m = 20 dBm power • Class 2 – 10m = 4 dBm power • Class 3 – 10 cm @ 0 dBm power
- 27. BLUETOOTH DEVICES • Bluetoothexists in many products, such as telephones, tablets, media players, robotics systems, handheld, laptops and console gaming equipment, and some high definition headsets, modems, and watches.
- 28. APPLICATIONS • A typicalBluetooth mobile phone headset. • Wireless control of and communication between a mobile phone and a handsfree headset. This was one of the earliest applications to become popular. • Wireless control of and communication between a mobile phone and a Bluetooth compatible car stereo system. • Wireless control of and communication with tablets and speakers such as iOS and Android devices. • Wireless Bluetooth headset and Intercom. Idiomatically, a headset is sometimes called "a Bluetooth".
- 29. WIMAX • Worldwide Interoperabilityfor Microwave Access (WiMAX) • One of the hottest broadband wireless technologies around today. • Broadband wireless is a technology that promises high-speed connection over the air. • Based on IEEE 802.16 specification
- 31. A WiMAX systemconsists of two parts: • A WiMAX tower, similar in concept to a cell-phone tower(can provide coverage to a very large area as ~8,000 square km). • A WiMAX receiver - The receiver and antenna could be a small box or PCMCIA card, or they could be built into a laptop the way WiFi access is today.
- 32. APPLICATIONS • Providing portablemobile broadband connectivity across cities and countries through a variety of devices. • Providing a wireless alternative to cable and digital subscriber line (DSL) for "last mile" broadband access. • Providing data, telecommunications (VoIP) and IPTV services (triple play). • Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan
- 33. FEATURES • Very highpeak data rates • Scalable bandwidth and data rate support • Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) • Flexible and dynamic per user resource allocation • Quality-of-service support • Robust security