Tribes and geographical isolation

Tribes and geographical isolation

• 1.
  Tribes and GeographicalIsolation PREETI DEVI M.A. Silver Medalist NET, NFSC Govt. College for Girls Sector - 14, Gurugram
• 2.
  The essential characteristicsof Tribe • Primitive Traits (आदिम लक्षण) • Geographical isolation (भौगोलिक अिगाव) • Distinct culture (दिदिष्ट संस्कृदि) • Shy of contact with community at large (समुिाय के साथ संपकक से किराना) • Economically backward (आदथकक रूप से दपछड़े)
• 3.
  Definition of GeographicalIsolation • The separation(अलगाि) of two populations of the same species or breeding group (प्रजािीय और प्रजनन समूह) by a physical barrier(प्राकृदिक अिरोध), such as a mountain or body of water. • Geographical isolation may ultimately lead to the populations becoming separate species by adaptive radiation. (भौगोदलक अलगाििाि प्रजादियों के अनुकूलन का कारण बन सकिा है)
• 4.
  How Isolation Leadsto Speciation (अिगाव कै से लवलिष्टता की ओर िे जाता है) • Geographic isolation is an isolating mechanism in nature. (प्रकृदि में अलग िंत्र) • Over long periods of time, it can lead to speciation. (लम्बे समय िक अटकलों को जन्म िेिा है) • As the name suggests, it happens when populations of a species become separated, well, geographically. (यह िब होिा है कोई प्रिाजी भौगोदलक रूप से अलग हो जािी है) • it can even be a large distance between the two ends of the population's range. (जनसँख्या की सीमा के िो दसरों के दबच िुरी भी हो सकिी है)
• 5.
  How Does GeographicIsolation Cause Speciation? (भौगोलिक कारक कै से प्रजालत का कारण बनता है) • When a population is separated because of a geographic feature, like distance, a canyon, a river, or a mountain range, those two subgroups of the population are no longer able to reproduce together. (भौगोदलक कारकों से प्रजनन में दभन्निा) • Since the two groups are in their own unique ecosystems and each experience unique pressures, they will adapt to their environment over time and can eventually become very different from each other. This has the end result of speciation. ((अलग पाररदस्थदिक िंत्र) • Over time, the two populations become more genetically differentiated and might become two distinct species with independent geographic ranges. (समय के साथ इनमें आनुिंदिक भेि बन जाएंगे और अलग-अलग प्रजादियां बन जाएगी)
• 6.
  The Geographical DistributionOf Tribes In India • The variations in Indian tribes can be incredibly intimate and complex. • As such it is not possible to accurately classify them into different groups based solely on cultural characteristics. • However, considering that numerous tribes in India are essentially non-nomadic in nature, many tribes take residence in forest areas or clusters in villages in the vicinity of forests. • As such, regional groupings or more precisely, zonal classifications can be attempted based on the geographical distribution of tribes in India.
• 7.
  S. Guha’s Classification •Nadeem Hasnain in his book Tribal India notes the geographical distribution of tribes in India drawn from the observations by the anthropologist B. S. Guha. Guha provided a theoretical system for classification based on the geographical distribution of tribes in India. • Guha has classified the geographical distribution of tribes in India into three broad zones –
• 8.
  S. Guha’s Classification •The north and north-eastern zone; • The central zone; and • The southern zone
• 9.
  The north andnorth-eastern zone • the sub-Himalayan region and the hills at the eastern frontier of India make up the north and north-eastern zone. • Tripura, Assam and Manipur at the eastern sections of the zone. • the tribal communities of eastern Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, northern Uttar Pradesh and eastern Punjab located in the northern portion.
• 10.
  The north andnorth-eastern zone • Sub-sects of Naga tribes living in the areas around the state of Nagaland, • The Tharu in Uttar Pradesh • The Lepchas in Sikkim, etc. • Although this zone covers a very large area • The population densities are not high as in other regions in India. • Given the geographical characteristics of this region: – most of the tribes here are engaged in terrace – shifting cultivation – face from economic backwardness.
• 11.
  The central zone •which can also be called the middle zone. • Comprises of a mountainous belt and plateaus till the Gangetic plains at its northern part and the Krishna River at its southern portion. • This zone is also separated from the north-eastern zone by the space between the Garo hills and the Rajmahal hills. • Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh and Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, northern Maharashtra and southern Rajasthan.
• 12.
  The central zone •Some important tribal groups of this zone include: – The Gond – The Bhil – The Khond Bhumji – The Bhiya – The Santhal, and the Munda. • Although most of the tribes in this region practice shifting cultivation, some tribes such as the Santhal, the Gond, the Munda and Oraon have adopted plough cultivation due to their interactions with the local rural populations.
• 13.
  The southern zone •It falls south of the Krishna River from Wynaad to Cape Comorin. • Andhra Pradesh, Travancore, Coorg, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Cochin. • Tribal groups: Toda, the Yeruva, the Chenchu, the Paniyan, the Irula and the Kurumba, etc. Some primitive tribes such as the Kadar, the Malvadan, the Kanikkar. • The Malakuravan live in dense forests along the ranges in Travancore and Cochin the most economically backward communities in the world. • With the exception of some tribes such as the Kota, the Badaga and the Toda, most of the tribes in this zone gather food by hunting and fishing.
• 14.
  References: • Social &Cultural Geography “Dr. B.N. Singh” • Geography of India “Majid Husain” • Indian and World Geography “Majid Husain” • Geography of India “D.R. Khullar”
• 15.
  Thank you