Uploaded byDR .PALLAVI PATHANIA
Tricuspid atresia
- Tricuspid atresia is a congenital heart defect where the tricuspid valve is absent, preventing blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle. It occurs in approximately 1-2.4% of congenital heart disease cases. - There are several types depending on anatomy and relationship of arteries. The most common type has normally related arteries and a small ventricular septal defect. - Without intervention, few infants survive beyond 6 months due to hypoxia. Surgical options include shunts to increase/decrease pulmonary blood flow or corrective surgeries like the Fontan procedure. - Long term complications can include heart failure, arrhythmias, and liver
In this document
Powered by AI
Introduction to tricuspid atresia as a congenital heart condition.
Tricuspid atresia is the absence of the tricuspid valve, occurring in 0.06 per 1000 live births.
History of tricuspid atresia, including initial reports and clinical features by notable figures.
Embryological development issues that lead to various forms of tricuspid atresia.
Various anatomical types of tricuspid atresia, with the muscular variety most common.
Enlargement of the right atrium and communication necessity for survival.
Enlargement of the left atrium and ventricle related to pulmonary blood flow.
VSD prevalence in tricuspid atresia, types, and their impact on blood flow.
Common additional abnormalities found in patients with tricuspid atresia.
Physiological effects of tricuspid atresia with normal related great arteries.
Distribution by sex and genetics associated with tricuspid atresia.
Overall actuarial survival statistics in infants with tricuspid atresia.
Outcomes for infants with tricuspid atresia regarding survival and complications.
Survival expectations in tricuspid atresia with various types of VSD.
Physical exam findings including appearance, JVP, precordium, auscultation.
Diagnostic testing methods including ECG, chest X-ray, and echocardiogram.
Limited but important role of cardiac catheterization in management.
Key hemodynamic measurements and pressures in tricuspid atresia.
Initial medical management including use of PGE1 in neonates.
Overview of palliative and corrective surgical therapies.
Methods to address decreased and increased pulmonary flow through surgery.
Details of corrective surgical procedures and criteria for operation.
Early and late complications that may arise following Fontan surgery.
Closing remarks and gratitude.
More Related Content
Similar to Tricuspid atresia
More from DR .PALLAVI PATHANIA
Tricuspid atresia
- 1.
- 3. • Defined ascongenital absence or agenesis of the tricuspid valve, with no direct communication between the right atrium and right ventricle. • Incidence : 0.06 per 1000 live births • Prevalence :in clinical series of congenital heart disease is 1- 2.4 %.
- 4. HISTORY • First reportedby Kreysig in 1817. • Clinical features reported by Bellet and Stewart in 1933. • Also by Taussig and Brown in 1936.
- 5. EMBRYOLOGY • During earlyembryogenesis,the process of expansion of the inlet portion of the right ventricle coincides with development of the AV valves. • Failure of this process of inlet expansion is the pathogenetic mechanism for the usual muscular variety of tricuspid atresia.
- 6. • The lesscommon variety , with well formed but fused leaflets,occurs if the embryological insult occurs later in gestation. • If valve fusion is incomplete, tricuspid stenosis develops.
- 8. ANATOMY • The mostcommon type of tricuspid atresia is muscular . • It is characterized by a dimple or a localized fibrous thickening in the floor of the right atrium at the expected site of the tricuspid valve. • The muscular variety constitutes 89% of cases.
- 10. • In themembranous type (6.6%), the atrioventricular portion of the membranous septum forms the floor of the right atrium at the expected location of the tricuspid valve. • This particular type appears to be associated with absent pulmonary valve leaflets.
- 11. • Minute valvarcusps are fused together in the valvar type (1%). • In the Ebstein type (2.6%), fusion of the tricuspid valve leaflets occurs; attachment is displaced downward, and plastering of the leaflets to the right ventricular wall occurs.
- 12. • The atrioventricularcanal type is extremely rare (0.2%). -a leaflet of the common atrioventricular valve seals off the only entrance into the right ventricle.
- 14. • The rightatrium is enlarged and hypertrophied. • An interatrial communication is necessary for survival. • This communication most commonly is a stretched patent foramen ovale.
- 15. • A trueASD is much less common and when present is almost always in the ostium secundum location. • Rarely, the patent foramen ovale is obstructive and may form an aneurysm of the fossa ovalis, which is sometimes large enough to produce mitral inflow obstruction
- 16. • The leftatrium may be enlarged, especially when the pulmonary blood flow is increased. • The mitral valve is morphologically normal; it is rarely incompetent and has a large orifice. • The left ventricle is enlarged and hypertrophied but usually morphologically normal
- 17. • The rightventricle is small and hypoplastic. • In patients with a large VSD or TGA, the size of the right ventricle may be larger, but, even in these patients, the right ventricle is smaller than normal.
- 18. VSD in tricuspidatresia • Associated VSD is common with TA, seen in about 90% of individuals during infancy. • Is usually perimembranous but also may occur in the muscular septum or as a component of an atrioventricular septal defect, although the latter is rare. • At birth the VSD is usually restrictive,permitting adequate but not excessive pulmonary blood flow .
- 19. • This advantageis often lost, as 40% of these defects close spontaneously/ decrease in size- ”acquired pulmonary atresia” • The majority of defects close in the first yr of life. • These restrictive VSD’S cause subpulmonic obstruction in pts with normally related great arteries, and subaortic obstruction in pts with TGA.
- 20. Classification Proposed by Kuhneand later modified Type 1 : normally related great arteries (70 – 80%) a. intact ventricular septum with pulmonary atresia( 9%) b. small ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis( 51%) c. large ventricular septal defect without pulmonary stenosis ( 9%)
- 21. Type ii :D-transposition of great arteries (12 – 25%) a. ventricular septal defect with pulmonary atresia( 2%) b. ventricular septal defect with pulmonary stenosis( 8%) c. ventricular septal defect without pulmonary stenosis(18%)
- 22. Type 3 :L-Transposition or malposition of great arteries (3-6%) associated complex lesions, ie., truncus arteriosus, endocardial cushion defect
- 25. ADDITIONAL CARDIOVASCULAR ABNORMALITIES- 20% •Coarctation of aorta – 8% • Persistent left SVC • Juxtaposition of atrial appendages-50% of TA with TGA. • Right aortic arch • Abnormalities of mitral apparatus- cleft in AML,malattachment of the valve,direct attachment of the mitral leaflets to papillary muscles.
- 26. PHYSIOLOGY-TA WITH NRGA •Obligatory rt to left shunt at atrial level. • LA receives both the entire systemic and pulmonary venous return. • The entire mixture flows into the LV which is the sole pumping chamber for the pulmonary and systemic circulation.
- 27. • When thegreat arteries are normally related,pulm artery blood flow is usually reduced as the restrictive VSD, is a zone of subpulmonic stenosis. • LV overload is curtailed but at the cost of cyanosis. • This is so in 90% of cases.
- 28. In TGA • TheVSD is almost always non-restrictive and pulmonary stenosis is usually absent. • Low PVR results in abundant pulmonary arterial blood flow. • Minimal cyanosis,marked LV volume overload. • If these pts have a restrictive vsd,or infundibular narrowing→diminished syst circulation→metabolic acidosis and shock.
- 29. SEX PREDILECTION • Tr.Atresia with normally related great arteries have an equal frequency in males and females. • If TGA is present→male preponderance. • No male preponderance with juxtaposition of atrial appendages.
- 30. GENETICS • Although specificgenetic causes of the malformation remain to be determined in humans, the FOG2 gene may be involved in the process. • This has however been validated only in animal studies. • Familial recurrence is low , and recurrence in siblings is only about 1%.
- 31. OVERALL ACTUARIAL SURVIVALIN INFANTS WITH TRICUSPID ATRESIA • 1 year- 72%. • 5 years- 52%. • 10 years- 46%
- 32. NATURAL HISTORY • Fewinfants with tr. Atresia and normally related gr . Arteries with an intact ventricular septum survive beyond 6 months of age without surgical palliation. • Intense hypoxia and death ensue unless the ductus is patent, or adequate systemic to PA collaterals are present , either of which are unlikely.
- 33. TR. ATRESIA WITHNRGA AND SMALL VSD. • The VSD in such patients closes spontaneously or is excessively obstructive, so that majority of patients die by one year. • Rarely, a favorable balance is achieved b/w the presence of VSD and pulm . Blood flow , permitting survival from 2nd to 5th decades.
- 34. TR. ATRESIA WITHNRGA AND LARGE VSD. • Pts with TA , normally related great arteries and large VSD do not fare well • Excessive pulmonary arterial flow results in vol. overload of LV and CCF. • Pts have lived to ages 4 to 6 years. • In exceptional cases, long survivals have been reported between ages 32 and 45 yrs.
- 35. TR. ATRESIA WITHTGA • Same poor longevity patterns hold when TA occurs with complete transposition and large VSD. • TA with TGA with subaortic stenosis( restrictive VSD) is an ominous combination. • Exceptional survivals to mid-late teens have been recorder. • problems related to increased longevity- I.E,brain abscess, paradoxical embolism
- 36. Physical examination- appearance •Dysmorphic facies-occasionally “cat-eye” syndrome or congenital coloboma may be seen.
- 37. JVP • Increase inthe A wave amplitude , due to the restrictive interatrial communication. • Y descent is slow • In LVF, A and V waves increase in amplitude.
- 38. Precordium • LV impulsewithout a RV impulse in a cyanotic patient. • A gentle RV impulse in pt with TA ,complete transposition and a well dev RV . • Palpable thrill if VSD is restrictive.
- 39. AUSCULTATION • First heartsound is single . • Second usually single, but a soft delayed pulmonic component is occasionally present. • TA with normally related great arteries, prominent systolic murmur originates at the site of restrictive VSD – holosystolic, maximal at the mid to lower left sternal edge.
- 40. TA with completetransposition and increased pulmonary blood flow • Holosystolic murmur – across VSD • S2 – single but always loud • S3 • MDM • 4th heart sounds are rare in any of the varieties of tricuspid atresia.
- 41. Pulmonary vascular resistance– high • VSD murmur vanishes • Soft midsystolic murmur- anterior aortic root • Rarely, the loud second component from the dilated hypertensive posterior pulmonary trunk is heard.
- 42. • TA withcomplete transposition, coexisting pulmonic or subpulmonic stenosis – midsystolic murmur – loudness and length vary inversely with degree of obstruction
- 43. ECG • Tall peakedright atrial P waves are usually seen • Biatrial P – if left atrial volume is↑ due to ↑PBF. • PR interval- normal. • QRS axis – left and superior ( type 1 pts) • Absence of RV forces in precordial leads
- 44.
- 45. CHEST X-RAY-TA WITHNRGA AND SMALL VSD • Pulmonary vascularity reduced. • Pulmonary artery segment – inconspicuous. • Heart size – normal. • Right cardiac border, esp in LAO projection – superior convexity caused by enlargement of RA and its appendage.
- 46. • Inferior border– flat or receding owing to absence of RV. • LAO – Humped appearance of right cardiac border and a prominent left cardiac silhouette
- 48. TA with completetransposition and no obstruction • Lungs – plethoric • LV, LA, RA – enlarged • Right cardiac border seldom has distinctive hump-shaped contour – RV is relatively well developed
- 49.
- 50. TA with completetransposition and PS • Pulmonary blood flow is normal or reduced • Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk are not border forming (narrow vascular pedicle)
- 51. ECHOCARDIOGRAM • Presence ofan imperforate linear echo density in the location of normal TV • Presence of two great arteries and semilunar valves
- 52. • Confirm thepresence and size of the interatrial communication. • Confirm the presence of a VSD.
- 54. CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION • Limitedrole at present. • Therapeutic role for balloon atrial septostomy. • Prior to a Fontan for determining pulm.vascular resistance.
- 55. HEMODYNAMIC DATA • Ininfants, the right atrial pressure is slightly higher than the left atrial pressure. • prominent ‘a ‘wave in the right atrium, especially if the interatrial communication is restrictive. • LV systolic and EDP – normal. • LVEDP may increase in patients with large VSD’s as PVR drops and left heart volume overload , ensues.
- 56. INITIAL MEDICAL MANAGEMENT •PGE1, should be started in neonates with severe cyanosis to maintain patency of the ductus before cardiac catheterization or planned surgery • Balloon atrial septostomy may be carried out as part of the initial catheterization to improve the RA-LA shunt.
- 57. SURGICAL CARE • Surgicalmanagement may be broadly grouped into palliative and corrective therapy.
- 58. PALLIATIVE SURGERY DECIDEDIN TERMS OF • decreased pulmonary flow • increased pulmonary flow • intracardiac obstruction.
- 59. FOR ↓ PBF. •Pulmonary blood flow may be increased by surgical creation of an aortopulmonary shunt. • subclavian artery to ipsilateral pulmonary artery anastomosis by Blalock and Taussig in 1945 • Potts shunt (descending aorta–to–left pulmonary artery anastomosis), • Waterston-Cooley shunt (ascending aorta– to–right pulmonary artery anastomosis
- 60. • central aortopulmonaryfenestration or Gore- Tex shunt, • modified Blalock-Taussig shunt (Gore-Tex interposition graft between the subclavian artery and the ipsilateral pulmonary artery), • Glenn shunt (superior vena cava–to–right pulmonary artery anastomosis, end-to-end),
- 61. ↑ PBF • Inpatients with tricuspid atresia type II , pulmonary artery banding should be performed following stabilization with anticongestive measures.
- 62. CORRECTIVE SURGERY • Fontanand Kreutzer- initial description of the physiologically corrective operation for tricuspid atresia • Complete separation of the systemic and pulmonary circuits
- 63. CHOUSSAT CRITERIA • Ageat operation – 4 and 15 yrs( not strictly followed nowadays) • Normal sinus rhythm • Normal systemic venous connections • Normal right atrial size • Normal pulmonary arterial mean pressure ( mean >= 15 mm Hg)
- 64. • Low pulmonaryvasc resistance (4 woods units/m2) • Adequate sized pulm. Arteries with diameter > 75% of aortic diameter. • Normal LVEF (>60%)( rel. contraindication) • Absence of MR( relative contraindication) • Absence of complicating factors from prev ious surgeries
- 66. EARLY COMPLICATIONS OF FONTAN •Low cardiac output,heart failure or both . • Persistent pleural effusion. • Thrombus formation in the systemic venous pathways. • Liver dysfunction LATE COMPLICATIONS OF FONTAN • Hepatomegaly and ascites. • Supraventricular arrythmias. • Progressive decrease in oxygen saturation( obstn. of venous pathways, leakage in intra- atrial baffle, dev of pulm av fistula.). • Protein losing enteropathy
- 67.