Tumour/cancer

Tumour/cancer

• 1.
  Tumour/Cancer Benign and malignanttumors Tumour genesis Cancer: definition, classification
• 2.
  Tumour -a swellingof a part of the body, generally without inflammation, caused by an abnormal growth of tissue, whether benign or malignant.
• 3.
  Tumour Benign Malignant remains confinedto its original location, neither invading surrounding normal tissue nor spreading to distant body sites. is capable of both invading surrounding normal tissue and spreading throughout the body via the circulatory or lymphatic systems (metastasis)
• 5.
  Tumour genesis (oncogenesis,carcinogenesis) is a multistep process and that these steps reflect genetic alterations that drive the progressive transformation of normal human cells into highly malignant derivatives (cancer). Steps of carcinogenesis: 1. Initiation 2. Promotion 3. Progression 4. Malignant conversion
• 7.
  Cancer- an uncontrollablecell division. Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by an abnormal cell growth and a potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Not all tumors are cancerous.
• 8.
  Cancer Classification  Classificationby site of origin  Classification by tissue types  Classification by grade  Classification by stage
• 11.
  Cancer Carcinoma- this typeof cancer originates from the epithelial layer of cells that form the lining of external parts of the body or the internal linings of organs within the body. Sarcoma-these cancers originate in connective and supportive tissues including muscles, bones, cartilage and fat. Myeloma - these originate in the plasma cells of bone marrow. Leukaemia – this is a group of cancers that are grouped within blood cancers. Lymphoma - these are cancers of the lymphatic system. Mixed type - these have two or more components of the cancer.
• 13.
  Sarcoma chondrosarcoma (of thecartilage), leiomyosarcoma (smooth muscles), rhabdomyosarcoma (skeletal muscles), Mesothelial sarcoma or mesothelioma (membranous lining of body cavities), Fibrosarcoma (fibrous tissue), Angiosarcoma or hemangioendothelioma (blood vessels), Liposarcoma (adipose or fatty tissue), Glioma or astrocytoma (neurogenic connective tissue found in the brain), Myxosarcoma (primitive embryonic connective tissue) and Mesenchymous or mixed mesodermal tumor (mixed connective tissue types).
• 14.
  Leukemia • Acute myelocyticleukemia (AML) – these are malignancy of the myeloid and granulocytic white blood cell series seen in childhood. • Chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) – this is seen in adulthood. • Acute Lymphatic, lymphocytic, or lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) – these are malignancy of the lymphoid and lymphocytic blood cell series seen in childhood and young adults. • Chronic Lymphatic, lymphocytic, or lymphoblastic leukemia (CLL) – this is seen in the elderly. • Polycythemia vera or erythremia – this is cancer of various blood cell products with a predominance of red blood cells.
• 15.
  Grade 1 –well differentiated cells with slight abnormality Grade 2 – cells are moderately differentiated and slightly more abnormal Grade 3 – cells are poorly differentiated and very abnormal Grade 4 – cells are immature and primitive and undifferentiated Classification by grade
• 16.
  Classification by stage Cancersare also classified individually according to their stage. There are several types of staging methods. The most commonly used method uses classification in terms of tumor size (T), the degree of regional spread or node involvement (N), and distant metastasis (M). This is called the TNM staging. Stage 0 indicates cancer being in situ or limited to surface cells while Stage I indicates cancer being limited to the tissue of origin. Stage II indicates limited local spread, Stage III indicates extensive local and regional spread while Stage IV is advanced cancer with distant spread and metastasis.