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Turbines Intro
The document discusses different types of turbines that convert various forms of energy into rotational energy. It describes turbines that use steam, water, and gas as the working fluid. Specific types covered include Pelton, Francis, and Kaplan turbines. The Pelton turbine uses high-pressure jets of water to drive buckets on a wheel and is best for high heads. Francis turbines are inward-flow reaction turbines suitable for lower heads and higher flows. Kaplan turbines have adjustable blades and are used for low heads. Hydraulic turbines are further classified by head, flow rate, specific speed, and direction of flow through the runner.
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Turbines Intro
- 1. Turbines Dr. Rohit SinghLather
- 2. Introduction A Turbine isa device which converts the heat energy / Kinetic energy / Pressure Energy into the Kinetic Energy & then to Rotational energy or directly to rotational Energy • First century AD - Heron of Alexandria, first recognized thermal engineer AeolipileHero of Alexandria Reaction engine First recorded steam engine Source: www.wikipedia.com 15/09/16 Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
- 3. http://www.italoamericano.org and www.google.com Branca'sStamping Mill In 1629 an Italian engineer, Giovanni Branca, was probably the first to invent an actual impulse turbine John Barber Gas Turbine In 1791 John Barber, an Englishman. was the first to patent a design that used the thermodynamic cycle of the modem gas turbine 15/09/16 Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
- 4. Types of Turbines TurbineFamily Gas TurbineSteamTurbineHydraulic Turbine Water exerts pressure on blades of a turbine Steam exerts pressure on blades of a turbine Hot gases exerts pressure on blades of a turbine 15/09/16 Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
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- 6. Hydraulic Turbines Pelton KaplanFrancis 15/09/16Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
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- 8. • Steam turbinewith three rotors discs (dark) and two stator disc (white) • Turbine Shaft is connected to the electric generator Angle of the steam turbine blade to increase the impact of steam Steam Exit 15/09/16 Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
- 9. Gas Turbines Compressor CombustionTurbine 15/09/16 Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
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- 11. Introduction to HydraulicTurbines Water Wheel Water Turbine/Hydraulic TurbineTurbine Generator 15/09/16 Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
- 12. Schematic of aHydro Power Plant for Electricity Generation 15/09/16 Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
- 13. Understanding the FluidEnergy Bernoulli Equation Potential + Pressure + Kinetic = Constant H = z + 𝒑 𝝆𝒈 + 𝒗 𝟐 𝟐𝒈 A cubic meter of water can give about 9800 Joules of mechanical energy for every meter it descends and a flow of a cubic meter per second in a fall of 1 meter can provide 9800 W of power 𝑷 = 𝜼. 𝝆. 𝒈. 𝒉. 𝒒 Pressure Head Velocity HeadTotal Head Static Head 15/09/16 Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
- 14. According to theaction of water on moving blades turbines can be classified as Impulse and Reaction Impulse Reaction 15/09/16 Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
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- 16. • Tangential flowturbines: In this type of turbines, the water strikes the runner in the direction of tangent to the wheel. Example: Pelton wheel turbine • Radial flow turbines: In this type of turbines, the water strikes in the radial direction accordingly, it is further classified as, - Inward flow turbine: The flow is inward from periphery to the centre. Eg.: old Francis turbine. - Outward flow turbine: The flow is outward from the centre to periphery. Eg.: Fourneyron turbine • Axial flow turbine: The flow of water is in the direction parallel to the axis of the shaft. Example: Kaplan turbine and propeller turbine • Mixed flow turbine: The water enters the runner in the radial direction and leaves in axial direction. Example: Modern Francis turbine. According to the Direction of Flow Through Runner 15/09/16 Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
- 17. • High headturbine: In this type of turbines, the net head varies from 150m to 2000m or even more, and these turbines require a small quantity of water. Example: Pelton wheel turbine • Medium head turbine: The net head varies from 30m to 150m, and also these turbines require moderate quantity of water. Example: Francis turbine • Low head turbine: The net head is less than 30m and also these turbines require large quantity of water. Example: Kaplan turbine According to the Head at Inlet of Turbine According to Head and Quantity of Water Available • Low head and high rate of flow • High head and low rate of flow • Medium head and Medium rate of flow 15/09/16 Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
- 18. • The specificspeed of a turbine is defined as, the speed of a geometrically similar turbine that would develop unit power when working under a unit head (1m head) • Low specific speed turbine: The specific speed is less than 50. (varying from 10 to 35 for single jet and up to 50 for double jet ) Example: Pelton wheel turbine • Medium specific turbine: The specific speed is varies from 50 to 250. Example: Francis turbine • High specific turbine: the specific speed is more than 250. Example: Kaplan turbine According to the Specific Speed of the Turbine According to the Disposition of Shaft • Horizontal turbine • Vertical turbine 15/09/16 Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
- 19. • In theimpulse turbine, the total head of the incoming fluid is converted in to a large velocity head at the exit of the supply nozzle • That is the entire available energy of the water is converted in to kinetic energy • Although there are various types of impulse turbine designs, perhaps the easiest to understand is the Pelton wheel turbine • It is most efficient when operated with a large head and lower flow rate Impulse Turbine 15/09/16 Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
- 20. • The onlyhydraulic turbine of the impulse type in common use, is named after an American engineer Laster A Pelton, who contributed much to its development in about 1880 • Known as Pelton Turbine or Pelton Wheel • Oldest form of water turbine is Pelton Turbine • A natural head of a stream of water is utilized to drive it • It is an efficient machine particularly suited to high heads, in excess of 450 m • The rotor consists of a large circular disc or wheel on which a number (seldom less than 15) of spoon shaped buckets are spaced uniformly round is periphery • The wheel is driven by jets of water being discharged at atmospheric pressure from pressure nozzles • The nozzles are mounted so that each directs a jet along a tangent to the circle through the centres of the buckets Pelton Turbines 15/09/16 Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
- 21. • Down thecentre of each bucket, there is a splitter ridge which divides the jet into two equal streams which flow round the smooth inner surface of the bucket and leaves the bucket with a relative velocity almost opposite in direction to the original jet Depending on water flow and design, Pelton wheels can operate with heads as small as 15 meters and as high as 1800 meters The Pelton wheel is most efficient in high head applications 15/09/16 Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
- 22. • For maximumchange in momentum of the fluid and hence for the maximum driving force on the wheel, the deflection of the water jet should be 180 degree • In practice, however, the deflection is limited to about 165 degree, so that the water leaving a bucket may not hit the back of the following bucket • Therefore, the camber angle of the buckets is made as 165 degree 15/09/16 Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
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- 24. • Best suited-for higher flow rate and lower head situations. • The rotation of runner or rotor is partly due to impulse action and partly due to change in pressure over the runner blades; therefore, it is called as reaction turbine • The penstock pipe feeds water to a row of fixed blades through casing • These fixed blades convert a part of the pressure energy into kinetic energy before water enters the runner • The water entering the runner of a reaction turbine has both pressure energy and kinetic energy • Water leaving the turbine is still left with some energy (pressure energy and kinetic energy) Since, the flow from the inlet to tail race is under pressure, casing is absolutely necessary to enclose the turbine. • In general, Reaction turbines are medium to low-head, and high-flow rate devices. The reaction turbines in use are Francis and Kaplan Reaction Turbines 15/09/16 Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
- 25. Francis Turbine • FrancisTurbine is an inward flow reaction turbine • Designed and developed by the American Engineer James B. Francis • It is a mixed flow turbine in which the water enters the runner radially at its outer periphery and leaves axially at its center • This arrangement provides a large discharge area with the prescribed diameter of the runner • Suitable for large quantity of water and low and medium heads 15/09/16 Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
- 26. Power plants withnet heads ranging from 20 to 750 m 15/09/16 Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
- 27. The main partsof a radial flow reaction turbine are: • Casing: - The water from penstocks enters the casing which is of spiral shape in which area of cross section of casing goes on decreasing gradually. The casing completely surrounds the runner of the turbine. • Guide mechanism: - It consists of stationary circular wheel all round the runner of the turbine. The stationary guide vanes are fixed on guide mechanism. The guide vanes allow the water to strike the vanes fixed on the runner without shock at inlet. • Runner: - It is a circular wheel on which a series of radial curved vanes are fixed. The surfaces of the vanes are made very smooth. The radial curved are so shaped that the water enters and leaves without shock. • Draft tube: - The pressure at the exit of the runner of reaction turbine is generally less than atmospheric pressure. The water exit cannot be directly discharged to the tail race. A tube or pipe of gradually increasing area is used for discharging water from the exit of turbine to the tailrace. This tube of increasing area is called draft tube. 15/09/16 Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
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- 29. Penstock Made of steeland is embedded inside the dam Draft Tube 15/09/16 Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
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- 31. Francis Runner Wicket Gates 15/09/16Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
- 32. Francis Turbine WicketGate Operation 15/09/16 Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
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- 34. • If thewater flows parallel to the axis of the rotation of the shaft, the turbine is known as axial flow turbine • If the head at the inlet of the turbine is the sum of pressure energy and kinetic energy and during the flow of water through runner a part of pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy, the turbine is known as reaction turbine • For the axial flow reaction turbines, the shaft of the turbine is vertical. The lower end of the shaft is made larger which is known as hub. The vanes are fixed on the hub and hence hub acts as runner for axial flow reaction turbine • The following are the important type of axial flow turbines: Propeller turbine and Kaplan turbine • When the vanes are fixed to the hub and they are not adjustable, the turbine is known as propeller turbine • If vanes on hub are adjustable the turbine is known as a Kaplan turbine. This turbine is suitable where a large quantity of water at low heads is available Axial flow turbines 15/09/16 Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
- 35. Kaplan Turbine • Kaplanturbine is a - Axial flow turbine (high flow) - Low Head - High Specific speed - Reaction Turbine • The runner blades are adjustable and can be rotated about the pivots fixed to the boss of the runner • The blades are adjusted automatically by servomechanism so that at all loads water enters them without shock High efficiency is maintained at part loads 15/09/16 Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
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- 39. Power plants withnet heads ranging from 10 to 70 m15/09/16 Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
- 40. • Designed byAustrian engineer Viktor Kaplan in Brno in 1913. Kaplan turbine is the only type of water turbine with adjustable blades • Adjustable blades allow work with low performance. For example in small hydro power plants • Water under pressure flush draft tube through the wicket gate and falls on the adjustable blades, which enables adjust the flow • After crossing propeller is the kinetic energy of water converted into rotational motion shaft • The shaft powered generator producing electric power • The draft tube should be full of water, because the suction causes pressure drop which results in Cavitation 15/09/16 Dr. Rohit Singh Lather
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