Tyler impact next gen fri 0900

Evolution and function of the P. sojae effectorome: What we’ve learned from next generation sequencing Brett Tyler Virginia Bioinformatics Institute Virginia Tech

Coevolutionary struggle between plants and pathogens pathogen plant SUSCEPTIBLE

Coevolutionary struggle between plants and pathogens pathogen plant RESISTANT

Coevolutionary struggle between plants and pathogens RESISTANT pathogen plant

Plant defenses and effectors Effectors suppress PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and Effector-triggered immunity (ETI) Extracellular effector intracellular effector R R immunity PRR Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) Pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) PTI R R ETI Some effectors suppress ETI Some effectors suppress PTI

Effector – R gene Coevolutionary struggle Hein et al Molecular Plant Path (2009)

Loss of Avr gene transcription Loss of transcription allows later reactivation of the gene May involve rapid epigenetic changes P. sojae Avr1b P. sojae Avr3a

Loss of Avr gene function by mutation P. infestans Avr4 (van Poppel et al., 2008) Additional examples: C. fulvum Avr4

New functional variants P. infestans Avr3a Avr3a is essential for infection silencing reduces infection (Bos et al., 2010) R genes are being sought against EM allele Avr vir Avr vir Avr vir

New functional variants Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis ATR13 P. sojae Avr1b

Positive selection occurs when a mutation that causes an amino acid change is favored over one that does not Synonymous mutations are frequently lost by genetic drift Non-synonymous mutations are preserved by selection Ability to grow on a plant containing a resistance gene is an example of positive selection Measured by a statistical test comparing the frequencies of synonymous mutations (dS) to that of non-synonymous ones (dN), adjusted for the frequency of codons available for each type of substitution. ATR1 and Avr1b display dN/dS >> 1 dN/dS ratio is a valuable tool for finding pathogen genes involved in co-evolutionary conflict with host Positive (divergent) selection

Huge superfamily of Avr-like genes with accelerated divergence P. sojae ~ 400 P. ramorum ~ 370 P. infestans ~ 550 H. arabidopsidis ~ 130 Includes all 15 cloned oomycete avirulence genes PsAvr1a , PsAvr1b, PsAvr1k , PsAvr3a , PsAvr3c , PsAvr4/6 , PsAvr5 PiAvr1, PiAvr2 , PiAvr3a, PiAvr4, PiAvrPlb1/ ipiO1, PiAvrPlb2 , HpAtr1, HpAtr13 Jiang et al (2008) PNAS 105(12), 4874-4879 Signal Peptide RXLR dEER 27aa 10-67aa 14aa 7-55aa 126aa 28-835aa median range

Sequencing of P. sojae genomes P6497 reference strain. Genotype I 2002-2004 DOE JGI Sanger sequencing with Megabase 9X draft assembly P6497 finishing 2007-2010 Hudson Alpha Institute Gap filling; BAC finishing; genetic mapping Resequencing. 2009 VBI CLF P7076 (genotype II) P7074 (genotype III) P7064 (genotype IV) 454 Titanium sequencing. $25,000 each 9x coverage. Newbler assembly

Sequencing the variation in P. sojae Forster et al.(1994) MPMI 7 , 780-791

Distribution of variation in the effectorome

Characterization of P. sojae transcriptomes 3000 Sanger ESTs 1998 Mycelia, zoospores, infected hypocotyls Qutob, D.et al (2000) Plant Phys. 123, 243-253. 27,000 Sanger ESTs 2002 Mycelia (various treatments), zoospores, infected hypocotyls Torto-Alalibo et al (2007). Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 20, 781-793. Affymetrix microarrays 2006 15,800 probe sets (along with soybean) About half the effector genes are missing Various treatments including infection ABI Solid™ sequence tags 2009 50 million from mycelia 200 million from infected soybean (~40m from P. sojae )

Effector Gene Expression Program Affymetrix GeneChip data quantile-normalized to an external reference E E

Expression Patterns of Elicitors and Suppressors log2 expression levels 0 3 6 12 hours post-inoculation (biotrophic phase) elicitors suppressors suppression Early expressed effectors suppress plant response to later effectors

1.GFP+GFP+INF1 2.Avh172+GFP+INF1 3.GFP+Avh238+INF1 4.GFP+Avh238+INF1 5.Avh172+Avh238+INF1 6.GFP+Avh238 7.Avh172+Avh238 Avh172 1 6 4 5 2 3 7 Cooperation among effectors Avh238 INF1 Yuanchao Wang Nanjing Agricultural University immediate-early early PAMP

Avh172 and Avh238 are essential for infection Stable and transient silencing of effector genes in P. sojae

RNA seq reveals that disproportionately few genes contribute most transcripts P. sojae RXLR effector genes ranked by expression during infection

Expression and variation of the P. sojae effectorome Mutations Per gene > 10 5-10 1-4 0 Expression during infection (log 2 RPKM) Expression in mycelia (log 2 RPKM) Avh172 Avh238

Hypothesis : balancing selection results in expansion and divergence of effector gene family Gene duplication increases virulence and is selected for Gene duplication increases selection pressure from R genes Gene divergence or loss is selected for Genes damaged by mutation are replaced as functional genes are duplicated Gene birth and death model Jiang et al (2008) PNAS 105(12), 4874-4879 Evolution of RXLR effector gene family

Evolution of effector gene number Computer modeling Seasons 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 Effector Genes

Predictions: a few genes contribute most to virulence many gene duplications and pseudogenes Individual contributions cumulative contribtions Contributions of genes to virulence in model Effector genes ranked by virulence contribution DEATH Virulence Contribution 50% 90% BIRTH

Predictions: a few genes contribute most to virulence P. sojae RXLR effector genes ranked by expression during infection Avh172 Avh238

Many effector genes are drifting under neutral selection

Duplications and pseudogenes in the Avr3a/5 region Predictions: many gene duplications and pseudogenes

Genomics of oomycete effectors Co-evolutionary conflict between pathogens and their hosts drives rapid change in effector genes Effector gene repertoires can change through gene deletion, transcriptional inactivation and rapid mutation A small number of effector genes contributes disproportionately large number of transcripts Birth-and-death evolution may shape the oomycete RXLR effector repertoire Summary

Tyler impact next gen fri 0900

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