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Types of Consumer in Distribution System.pptx
- 1. topic name: typesof consumers in a distribution system By Bishnu
- 2. Distribution system Adistribution system consists of all the facilities and equipment connecting a transmission system to the customer's equipment. A typical distribution system can consist of: Substations Distribution Feeder Circuits Switches Protective Equipment Primary Circuits Distribution Transformers Secondaries, and Services
- 3. Type ofdistribution system 1. Domestic Consumers 2. Commercial Consumers 3. Agricultural Consumers 4. Industrial Consumers 5. Bulk Consumers 6. Street Lighting 7. Water Supply
- 4. 1. Domestic Consumers: Residentialload consists of lights, fans, and appliances such as radios, TVs, heaters, electric irons, refrigerators, electric water heaters, washing machines, coolers, air-conditioners, domestic pump sets etc. Domestic consumers are given sin gle phase supply up to a load of 5 kW and a 3-phase supply for load exceeding 5 kW. The small consumers generally use all the light points simultaneously so their demand factor is high (almost unity). Big domestic consumers may have demand factor low (around 0.5). During summer the major part of domestic load may consist of fan load during day and light and fan load during evenings and early mornings and some air-conditioner load.
- 5. 2. Commercial Consumers Non-residentialpremises, such as shops, business-houses, cinemas, hotels, public offices, clubs etc. fall under this category. The load mainly consists of lights, fans and small electric appliances. The load remains fairly constant from around morning 10 to evening 9 hours. During night the load may consist of some lighting load. The demand factor is fairly high. Such consumers are given single phase supply for loads up to 5 kW and three phase supply for loads exceeding 5 kW. The tariffs applicable to commercial consumers are also simple tariff, flat rate tariff or block rate tariff but charges per unit are higher in comparison to those in case of domestic consumers. In addition, meter rent and electricity duty are also charged from the consumers. Sometimes there is also a provision for minimum charges in case the energy consumption remains below a certain prescribed limit.
- 6. 3. Agricultural Consumers: Consumersdrawing power up to 20 kW for irrigation pump ing units are categorized as agricultural consumers. Such consumers are given a three phase supply. The loads of the tube wells used for irrigation constitute a substantial portion of the system load. The demand factor and diversity factor are both almost unity. Figure 15.3 depicts the typical chrono logical load curve for agricultural or irrigation load. Agricultural consumers are charged at a flat rate tariff which may be either on the basis of a fixed charge per unit consumed or a fixed charge per kW or hp of connected load.
- 7. 4. Industrial Consumers Smallindustrial consumers are owners of small workshops, atta chakkis, wheat threshers, saw machines and other small manufacturing and repair shops with load not exceeding 20 kW. The demand factor depends on the nature of load but usually it is high (around 0.8). Such consumers are given 3-phase supply at 415 V. A block tariff is usually offered to such consumers. Industrial consumers with loads exceeding 20 kW but not exceeding 100 kW fall under the category of medium industrial consumers. They are given three phase supply at 415 V and are usually charged on two part tariff. Industrial consumers with loads exceeding 100 kW are categorized as large industrial consumers. They are supplied power at 11 or 33 kV, and in rare cases, at 415 V three phase depending on the requirement of the consumers. The de mand factor may be around 0.5. Such consumers are usually charged kVA maximum demand tariff.
- 8. 5. Bulk Consumers Powerconsumers such as railways, public work departments, educational institutions, military establishments, hospitals hav ing loads exceeding 100 kW fall under the category of bulk consumers. Bulk consumers are usually supplied by 3-phase supply at 415 V or 11 kV depending on their requirements. Such consumers are charged at flat rate.
- 9. 6. Street Lighting Powersupply given for the lighting of parks, roads and streets under the municipal committees, municipal boards or panchayats comes under this category. Supply for street lighting is given at 415 V three phases or 240 V single phases. Such a load has demand factor and diversity factor of unity. The switching on the lights and their switching off is synchronised with dusk and dawn respectively. Separate distributors are run for street lighting to enable their switching simultaneously. The tariff charged for street lighting is such that it recovers the cost of the energy consumed as well as the cost of replacement of lamps.
- 10. 7. Water Supply Theload for water supply is for pumping water to the over head tanks. It is generally possible to fit this load during system off peak hours, usually during night hours.
- 11. Conclusion Residential, commercial,and industrial customers each account for roughly one-third of the nation’s electricity use. The transportation sector accounts for a small fraction of electricity use, though this fraction could increase as electric vehicles become more widespread. All types of end-users can reduce electricity use through energy efficiency.
- 12. Sources: The high-levelsector breakdown and detailed commercial and residential breakdowns come from the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s Annual Energy Outlook 2014. These data reflect projections for 2013. Energy uses within the industrial sector are not available with the same breadth, precision, or timeliness, so the best available source was the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s Manufacturing Energy Consumptio n Survey , which was last conducted in 2010.
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