Types of Immune cells in immunology M.Sc. PPT

Types of Immune cells in immunology M.Sc. PPT

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  Govt. Jajwalyadev NavinGirls College Janjgir – Champa (C.G.) Subject – Immunology and Developmental Biology Topic – Immune cells Guided by Submitted by Dr. Ajay Mahant Sir Anamika Pandey Class – M.Sc.zoology 3rd semester
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  Content Introduction Cells of theimmune system Common lymphoid progenitor  B cells and T cells  Natural killer cells Common myloid progenitor  Monocytes  Macrophages  Dendritic cells  Neutrophils Conclusion
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  Introduction  Complex networkof cells, tissue and organs that work together to protect the body against foreign invaders, such as pathogens(virus, bacteria, dungi) toxins and abnormal cells.  The primary functions of immune system are – 1. To recognize and respond to foreign substances or pathogens. 2. To neutralize and eliminate these threats (immune response). 3. To establish longterm protection against specific pathogens (immunological memory).
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  Cells of immunesystem The immune system is a defense system in a host consisting of widely distributed cells, tissue and organs that recognize foreign substance and microoganism and acts to neutralize them. The cells present both specific and non specific immunity are leukocytes(WBCs). Leukocytes include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, monocutes and lymphocytes. All leukocytes arise from Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). During hematopoiesis, HSC differentiates along one of two pathways, giving rise to either a common lymphoid progenitor or a common myloid progenitor.
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  Common lymphoid progenitor Lymphocytes Small wbc which is responsible for much of the work of the immune system.  Mature lymphocytes all have a similar appearance. They are small cells with deeply basophilic nucleus and scanty cytoplasm.
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  B cells andT cells  T cells or T lymphocytes belong to a group of white blood cells and play a central role in cell mediated immunity. While, B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response. B cells is an essential component of the adaptive immune system.  B cells spend their entire early life in the bone marrow. While the T cells, leave the bone marrow at an early age and travel to the thymus, where they mature.  The principle function of B cells is to make Ab against Ag, perform the role of APCs and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction.
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  T cells  HelperT – Cell  Cytotixic T – Cell  Regulatory T – Cell  Memory T - Cell  Naive T – Cell  Suppressor T - Cell
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  B cells  MemoryB cell  Plasma B cell
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  Natural killer cells The role NK cells is analogous to that of cytotoxic T cells in the vertebrate adaptive immune response. Nk cells provide rapid response to varially infected cells and respond to tumor formation, action at around three days after infection.
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  Common myloid progenitor Monocutes – These are mononuclear phagocytic leukocytes that circulate briefly in the bloodstream before migration into the tissue where it becomes macrophages or dendritic cell.  Macrophages – These cells are produced by the differentiation of monocutes in tissue. There role is to “Phagocytose” cellular debris and pathogen either as mobile cells.  Dendritic cells – Dendritic cells are professional antigen presenting cells (APC) that capture, process and present Ag to T cells.  Their maturation and migration to lymph nodes faciliate T cell activation and tailored immune response.
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  Neutrophils  Neutrophils arethe most abundant type of granulocytes and first responders of the innate immune system.  Neutrophils employ various mechanisms to eliminate pathogens, including phagocytosis, degranulation and neutrophil extracellular traps.  Eosinophils – These cells are wbc that are one of the immune system components responsible multicellular parasites and certain infections in vertebrates.  Basophils – It’s contain large cytoplasmic granules which obscure the cell nucleus under the microscope. When unstained the nucleus is visible and it usually has 2 lobes.
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  Mast cells  Theseare cells concentrated within the respiratory and gastrointestinal(GI) tracts and within the deep layers of the skin.  These cells are release histamine upon encountering certain Ag, thereby triggering an allergic reaction.  The mast cell is very similar in both appearance and function to the basophil a type of wbc.
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  Conclusion  Immune cellsprotect the body from infections and diseases. They work together to identify, attack, and remember harmful pathogens, ensuring strong and lasting immunity.