UKOUG Techfest 2019 Central user Administration of Oracle Databases

BASEL | BERN | BRUGG | BUKAREST | DÜSSELDORF | FRANKFURT A.M. | FREIBURG I.BR. | GENF
HAMBURG | KOPENHAGEN | LAUSANNE | MANNHEIM | MÜNCHEN | STUTTGART | WIEN | ZÜRICH
Stefan Oehrli
Platform Architect, Trainer and Partner at Trivadis
• Since 1997 active in various IT areas and since 2008 with Trivadis AG
• More than 20 years of experience in Oracle databases
• Live with my family (wife and two kids ) in Muri in a small village in CH
Focus: Protecting data and operating databases securely
• Security assessments and reviews
• Database security concepts and their implementation
• Oracle Backup & Recovery concepts and troubleshooting
• Oracle Enterprise User Security, Advanced Security, Database Vault, …
• Oracle Directory Services
@stefanoehrli www.oradba.ch

Agenda
• Overview Authentication and Authorization
• Variants for central user administration of Oracle databases
• Integration of Oracle Database 18c/19c with Active Directory
• CMU Configuration Live Demo
• Troubleshooting
• Distinction Oracle EUS / CMU
• Overview Trivadis LAB
• Summary
28.05.19 UKOUG Techfest 2019 - Oracle Centrally Managed Users 18c / 19c5

Agenda
• Troubleshooting
• Summary

Authentication
• Verification of the identity of a person who wants to access data, resources or applications.
• The person can be a user, a device or a unit.
• The validation of this identity creates a relationship of trust for further interactions.

Authorization
• In the broadest sense, a consent or permission or the granting of rights to a person.
• The assignment of privileges to users or user groups.
• Oracle can grant authorizations at different levels.

Authentication Methods
• Database Authentication
• Authentication at the database with username / password
• Database checks password hashes
• Different hashes and protocol versions depending on the Oracle release.
• Database Administration Authentication
• Authentication of SYSDBA, SYSOPER, SYSBACKUP, SYSRAC, SYSDG, SYSKM and SYSASM
• Based on OS groups (local) or password file (remote)
• Allows administrative tasks and authentication when database is stopped.
• OS Authentication
• Authentication using the operating system sser
• Passing on responsibility to the operating system

Authentication Methods
• Network / Strong authentication
• Using a network service to authenticate users
• Kerberos authentication
• RADIUS authentication
• SSL or certificate-based authentication
• Directory based authentication
• Administration of users and roles / groups in an external directory service
• Mandatory use of an Oracle Directory
• Oracle Enterprise User Security (EUS)
• Oracle Centrally Managed User 18c /19c (CMU)
• Combination of password, Kerberos or SSL authentication

Special Authentication Methods
• Proxy authentication
• Authentication with alternative credentials
• User X connects as user Y but authenticates with X
• NO authentication
• introduced with Oracle 18c
• Schema only Accounts
• No authentication and therefore no logon possible
• For application schemas
• Claim based authentication like SAML, OAuth, etc. as well as two-factor authentication are not
directly possible with Oracle databases.

Agenda
• Troubleshooting
• Summary

The challenge of user management
• Who accesses which data / database where?
• Authentication and authorization
• Production, test and development environments
• How are permissions managed?
• Individual / decentralized by administrators
• What happens with mutations (function changes, terminations, etc.)?
• Is there a role concept?
• Will it also be implemented?
• Redundancies
• Integration with Oracle Feature

Maximal Data Security Architecture

EUS with standalone Directory

EUS with DIP Integration

EUS with Proxy Integration

Centrally Managed Users

Agenda
• Troubleshooting
• Summary

Integration of MS Active Directory
• New security feature of Oracle Database Relase 18c
• Centrally Managed User CMU…
• … does not require an additional Oracle directory
• … enables the administration of users directly in MS Active Directory
• … does not require an additional license but
• … Supported only by Oracle Enterprise or Express Edition J
• … not supported in Oracle Standard Edition L
• Supports common authentication methods
• Password- , Kerberos- und PKI / SSL Authentifizierung
• Requires a password filter and an AD schema extension for password authentication.
• Requires an AD service account
• Perfect for small and medium-sized businesses

Centrally Managed User mit MS AD
• AD Benutzern, die über gemeinsames Schema auf die DB zugreifen
• Alle Benutzer verwenden das gleiche DB Schema
• Exklusive Zuordnung von AD Benutzern zu einem privaten Schema
• Benutzer hat eigenes DB Schema mit direkten Berechtigungen
• Benutzer kann eigene Datenbankobjekte erstellen und verwalten
• Zuweisen einer AD Gruppe zu einer globalen Rolle
• Vergabe zusätzlicher Rechte aufgrund der AD-Gruppenmitgliedschaft
• Administrative globale Benutzer mit Administratorrechten
• SYSDBA, SYSOPER, SYSDG, SYSKM oder SYSRAC
• Kann nicht über globale Rollen gewährt werden
• Kombination von CMU, Net Name Services und Directory Services ist möglich

Agenda
• Troubleshooting
• Summary

Live Demo
• MS Active Directory Configuration
• SQLNet Configuration
• Database Configuration
• Authentication and Authorization

MS Active Directory Configuration
• The database needs access to MS Active Directory
• Read permissions for searching users/groups
• Write permissions for updating login information
• Creating an Oracle Service Account
• MS Active Directory Domain Architecture specifies where the Oracle Service Account is to be
created.
• For complex AD domains in the root directory
• Oracle Service Account must "see" all groups/users
• Service account in the Windows Active Directory root domain when
• ...the AD users are in different domains
• ...Active Directory has several Windows domains, which are

Oracle Service Account
• One Oracle Service Account for multiple CMU databases
• Not every database with CMU requires an individual account.

Password Authentication
• MS Active Directory customization required for password authentication
• By default, database or password authentication does not work with MS Active Directory.
• Extension of the MS Active Directory Schema
• Adds the attribute orclCommonAttribute to the schema.
• Enables Oracle Database password authentication
• The AD groups ORA_VFR_MD5, ORA_VFR_11G and ORA_VFR_12C are created.
• Required by password filter to generate hashes
• Attention: Create backup before schema customization
• AD Schema extension can otherwise not be undone

Administrator@AD:C:u00apporaclework [CL18300] opwdintg.exe
Do you want to extend AD schema? [Yes/No]:yes
Schema master is ad.trivadislabs.com
==========================================================================
Extending AD schema with orclCommonAttribute for user object in AD domain:
DC=trivadislabs,DC=com
==========================================================================
Schema extension for this domain will be permanent. Continue?[Yes/No]:yes
Connecting to "ad.trivadislabs.com"
Logging in as current user using SSPI
Importing directory from file "etadschm.ldf"
Loading entries.....
4 entries modified successfully.
The command has completed successfully
.
Done. Press Enter to continue...
Installation Password Filter
• Example output of opwdintg.exe

Finish Installation Password Filter
• Corresponding groups / users must be adapted
• Assignment of the new groups
• ORA_VFR_MD5 is used for Oracle Database WebDAV Clients
• ORA_VFR_11G allows you to use the Oracle 11g Password Verifier
• ORA_VFR_12C enables the use of the Oracle 12c Password Verifier
• Password adjustment or password reset necessary
• orclCommonAttribute is not set until password is reset
• Check whether the attribute orclCommonAttribute is set.

SQLNet Configuration
• The SQLNet configuration for CMU in dsi.ora or ldap.ora
• Contains information about Active Directory Server, Ports and Admin Context
• Oracle searches for the file dsi.ora in the following order
• In WALLET_LOCATION if specified in sqlnet.ora
• In the default WALLET_LOCATION if not configured in sqlnet.ora
• Then the directories are searched analogously for ldap.ora
• $LDAP_ADMIN environment variable
• $ORACLE_HOME/ldap/admin directory
• $TNS_ADMIN environment variable
• $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin directory
• If dsi.ora and ldap.ora are defined, dsi.ora has priority.

• Add the Oracle Service Account Name
mkdir $ORACLE_BASE/admin/$ORACLE_SID/wallet
orapki wallet create -wallet $ORACLE_BASE/admin/$ORACLE_SID/wallet -
auto_login
mkstore -wrl $ORACLE_BASE/admin/$ORACLE_SID/wallet -createEntry
ORACLE.SECURITY.USERNAME oracle
Setup Oracle Wallet
• Copy Root Certificate from Active Directory Server to DB Server
• Creating a Wallet for the Logon Information from the AD Server
• Add the distinguished name DN of the Oracle service account name
ORACLE.SECURITY.DN CN=oracle,CN=Users,DC=trivadislabs,DC=com

• Load MS Active Directory server root certificate
ORACLE.SECURITY.PASSWORD LAB01schulung
orapki wallet add -wallet $ORACLE_BASE/admin/$ORACLE_SID/wallet -cert
$TNS_ADMIN/ad_root_ca.cer -trusted_cert
Setup Oracle Wallet
• Add Password for Oracle Service Account
• Verify content of wallet with mkstore or orapki
orapki wallet display -wallet $ORACLE_BASE/admin/$ORACLE_SID/wallet

ALTER SYSTEM SET LDAP_DIRECTORY_ACCESS = 'PASSWORD';
ALTER SYSTEM SET LDAP_DIRECTORY_SYSAUTH = YES SCOPE=SPFILE;
Database Configuration
• For the access to the Active Directory Server database parameters have to be set.
• Manual setting of parameters
• Alternatively you can use the dbca in CLI or GUI mode.
• But the dbca needs a ldap.ora, dsi.ora it doesn't know J
• MOS Note 2462012.1 describes the CMU configuration

• Adapt existing users and switch to CMU
CREATE USER blofeld IDENTIFIED GLOBALLY AS 'CN=Ernst
Blofeld,OU=Research,OU=People,DC=trivadislabs,DC=com';
GRANT create session TO blofeld;
GRANT SELECT ON v_$session TO blofeld;
ALTER USER blofeld IDENTIFIED GLOBALLY AS 'CN=Ernst
Blofeld,OU=Research,OU=People,DC=trivadislabs,DC=com';
Authentication and Authorization
• Assigning an AD User to a Global DB User
• Corresponds to a global private scheme in EUS
• Each user has his own database schema

• Assign AD group to a global role
CREATE USER tvd_global_users IDENTIFIED GLOBALLY AS 'CN=Trivadis LAB
Users,OU=Groups,DC=trivadislabs,DC=com’;
GRANT create session TO tvd_global_users ;
GRANT SELECT ON v_$session TO tvd_global_users ;
CREATE ROLE management IDENTIFIED GLOBALLY AS
'CN=Trivadis LAB Management,OU=Groups,DC=trivadislabs,DC=com';
Authentication and Authorization
• Assigning an AD Group to a Shared Global DB User
• Corresponds to a globally shared schema in EUS
• The AD users "share" the database schema
• All members of the group Trivadis LAB Management receive the role management

• ... or with DOMAINuser
SQL> connect "blofeld@TRIVADISLABS.COM"@TDB184A
Enter password:
Connected.
SQL> connect "TRIVADISLABSblofeld"@TDB184A
Enter password:
Connected.
Connection to the Database
• Connecting to the User Principal Name (UPN) ...
• Will be something a lot with "", @ and especially in combination with EZCONNECT and passwords
• Goes in the meantime with regular Connect String

SQL> connect "rider@TRIVADISLABS.COM"/LAB01schulung@TDB180S
ERROR:
ORA-28306: The directory user has 2 groups mapped to different database
global
users.
Connected.
SQL> show user;
USER is "TVD_GLOBAL_USERS"
Complex Groups / Roles
• In addition, the object class is decisive during mapping.
• ObjectClass group vs. ObjectClass Organization
• Who is in which group / role is decisive for mapping
• Double group membership leads to problems
• Dependence on the AD structure / groups / role concept

oracle@db:~/ [TDB184A] orapwd describe file=$cdh/dbs/orapwTDB184A
Password file Description : format=12.2
Administrative Users
• Format 12.2 forces user profiles for SYS password
• Password Length, Case Sensitive and Special Characters
• Specify whether Password, External or Global Authentication
• CMU supports administrative users such as SYSDBA, SYSOPER, etc.
• Configuring administrative users with...
• Shared Global Schema, assignment via group Simple management
• Private global schema, 1:1 assignment to a DB user
• Prerequisite Password file orapwd must be in format 12.2
• Default if a new password file is created under 18c
• Otherwise create new or migrate

• A corresponding group must exist in the AD.
• Creating a Shared Global Schema
CREATE USER tvd_global_dba IDENTIFIED GLOBALLY AS 'CN=Trivadis LAB DB
Admins,OU=Groups,DC=trivadislabs,DC=com';
GRANT SYSDBA TO tvd_global_dba;
connect "fleming@TRIVADISLABS.COM"@TDB184A AS SYSDBA
Admin Users with Shared Global Schema
• Connect as SYSDBA
• All users of the Trivadis LAB DB Admins group can log on as SYSDBAs.
• Working as SYSDBA with central user administration possible

• A corresponding user must exist in the AD.
• Creating a Private Global Schema
CREATE USER bond IDENTIFIED GLOBALLY AS 'CN=James
Bond,OU=Operations,OU=People,DC=trivadislabs,DC=com';
GRANT SYSDBA TO bond;
connect "bond@TRIVADISLABS.COM"@TDB184A AS SYSDBA
Admin Users with Private Global Schema
• Connect as SYSDBA
• In comparison to Global Shared Schema, the users in the databases have to be maintained
individually => additional effort

• Basically as for existing users with SHOW USER or SESSION_ROLES.
SHOW USER;
SELECT ROLE FROM SESSION_ROLES ORDER BY ROLE;
SELECT SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV', 'LDAP_SERVER_TYPE') FROM DUAL;
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','LDAP_SERVER_TYPE')
---------------------------------------------------------------
AD
Information about CMU users
• Detailed Information in Session Context USERENV
• Queries with the SYS_CONTEXT Function
• CURRENT_SCHEMA, CURRENT_USER, SESSION_USER, AUTHENTICATION_METHOD,
AUTHENTICATED_IDENTITY, ENTERPRISE_IDENTITY, IDENTIFICATION_TYPE,
LDAP_SERVER_TYPE

Active Directory Account Policies
• Integration of Active Directory security policies for users
• Oracle Database enforces AD guidelines when logging in
• Service Account for CMU requires corresponding rights on the AD
• Account Properties to read
• Certain properties such as lockout time to write
• Oracle prevents AD users with account status from logging in
• Password expired
• Password must be changed
• Account blocked
• Account deactivated

Agenda
• Troubleshooting
• Summary

• MOS Note 2470608.1 Tracing CMU connection issues
SQL> connect "TRIVADISLABSblofeld"@TDB184A
Enter password:
ERROR:
ORA-01017: invalid username/password; logon denied
Warning: You are no longer connected to ORACLE.
ALTER SYSTEM SET EVENTS='trace[gdsi] disk low';
Troubleshooting CMU
• In addition to checking the logon information, only a trace can help.
• Was the password really correct?
• Control the trace files and search for kzlg z.B grep -i kzlg *.trc

• Troubleshooting is difficult as with Kerberos and EUS
ALTER SYSTEM SET EVENTS '28033 trace name context forever, level 9’;
ALTER SYSTEM SET EVENTS '28033 trace name context off';
ALTER SYSTEM SET EVENTS '1017 trace name errorstack level 10';
Troubleshooting CMU
• ORA-01017 in all possible and impossible situations
• Alternatively, the usual trace methods for EUS, Kerberos etc. can be used.
• MOS Note 783502.1 EUS Authentication Fails With ORA-28030
• MOS Note 2470608.1 Tracing CMU connection issues
• MOS Note 416946.1 Tips on Using WireShark (Ethereal) to Analyse Network Packet Trace Files

Troubleshooting CMU
• There are mistakes, too. They're more "obvious."
• Sometimes I don't
• At best, however, other points are not correct, e.g.
• UPN is wrong or does not match the DB => User@REALM
• ORA-28276: Invalid ORACLE password attribute
• The attribute orclCommonAttribute was not set correctly.
• Check if and what is set in orclCommonAttribute
• ORA-28030: Server encountered problems accessing LDAP directory
• Checking the LDAP Logon Information
• ORA-28043: invalid bind credentials for DB-OID connection
• Checking the LDAP Logon Information
• Error ORA-28030 and ORA-28043 you could also hit a bug like 28880433

• Control what is in the wallet
• -list shows all entries
• -viewEntry displays the corresponding value
mkstore -wrl $ORACLE_BASE/admin/$ORACLE_SID/wallet –list
mkstore -wrl $ORACLE_BASE/admin/$ORACLE_SID/wallet -viewEntry
ORACLE.SECURITY.DN
ldapsearch -h ad.trivadislabs.com -p 389 -D
"CN=oracle18c,CN=Users,DC=trivadislabs,DC=com" -w LAB01schulung -U 2 -W
"file:/u00/app/oracle/admin/TDB184A/wallet" -P LAB01schulung -b
"OU=People,DC=trivadislabs,DC=com" -s sub "(sAMAccountName=blo*)" dn
orclCommonAttribute
Checking the logon information
• Executing an LDAP bind or LDAP search
• Here is an example with LDAP Search for sAMAccountName=blo*.

Agenda
• Troubleshooting
• Summary

Distinction Oracle EUS / CMU
Oracle Enterprise User Security
- Requires an additional directory
• Increased effort regarding administration,
integration, operation, ...
• Additional License (ODSP)
+ Independence in terms of basic directory
structure, schema, authentication
+ name resolution
+ Support of different directories
+ Extensive Enterprise Features
• Enterprise Roles / Users / Groups
• Proxy and Admin User
Oracle Centrally Managed Users
- No name resolution
- Only with MS Active Directory
• Dependency MS AD Structure
- Password Filter / Schema Extension for
Password Authentication
- Limited Features
• No proxy user, enterprise roles, etc. yet
+ No additional license costs
+ No additional directory
+ Simple and easy for simpler environments

Agenda
• Troubleshooting
• Summary

Trivadis LAB
• Virtualbox based test and engineering environment
• Infrastructure as Code with Vagrant
• Vagrant Scripts available in GitHub Repository https://github.com/oehrlis/trivadislabs.com
• Requires Vagrant, Virtualbox and the various images, software etc.
• HashiCorp Vagrant https://www.vagrantup.com
• Oracle VM Virtualbox https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads
• Different VM for different applications
• win2016ad.trivadislabs.com Windows 2016 Active Directory
• ol7db18.trivadislabs.com Oracle DB Server with 18c (TDB180C and TDB180S)
• ol7db19.trivadislabs.com Oracle DB Server with 19c (TDB190C and TDB190S)
• ol7oud12.trivadislabs.com Oracle Unified Directory Server 12c

Trivadis LAB Demo Environment

Trivadis LAB Company
• Fictitious company Trivadis Lab with users, departments, etc.
• The Active Directory Server is also a DNS server.
• MS Active Directory Domain is TRIVADISLABS
• All users have the same passwords
• Username is always the last name

• Copy the corresponding Oracle software into the ../software directories.
• Initial starting and provisioning of the VM (win2016ad, ol7db18, ol7db19 ol7oud12
git clone https://github.com/oehrlis/trivadislabs.com.git
vagrant ssh
sudo su – oracle
vagrant rdp
Vagrant in a Nutshell
• Git Repository clonen
cd win2016ad
vagrant up
• Access via vagrant ssh / rdp

Agenda
• Troubleshooting
• Summary

Challenges with CMU
• Centrally Managed Users is a "young" DB Security Feature
• Various childhood illnesses are present, see MOS note 2462012.1
• Relatively good chances of finding an issue yourself J
• Bug and patches depending on release
• Not yet widely used
• Available know-how and experience in the community is modest
• Use of different authentication methods possible and combinable
• Password authentication perfect for integration into existing applications
• With Kerberos or SSL authentication SSO possible, no customizations AD
• Biggest challenge is the Active Directory
• Active Directory structure e.g. multiple domains, forests etc.
• Password Plugin vs. Kerberos….

Challenges with CMU
• Challenges with...
• complex Active Directory structures with several
Forest / Domain
• complex groups / role structures
• Centrally Managed Users also need the following …
• … a security concept for databases
• ... a user and roles concept
• ... personal users
• ... corresponding support from the applications

Quicklinks
• https://url.oradba.ch/techfest19

UKOUG Techfest 2019 Central user Administration of Oracle Databases

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