Understanding local area networking
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The document provides an overview of topics covered in the Microsoft Technology Associate 98-366: Networking Fundamentals exam preparation course. It discusses network fundamentals including local area networking, network topologies, IP addressing, and common network devices. The course materials cover topics such as Ethernet, wireless networks, IP addressing, network infrastructure, and network security.
Understanding local area networking
- 1. Exam Prep: Microsoft Technology Associate 98-366: Networking Fundamentals
- 2. Course Topics Network Fundamentals 01 | Understanding Local Area Networking 02 | Defining Networks with the OSI Model 03 | Understanding Wired and Wireless Networks 04 | Understanding Internet Protocol (IP) 05 | TCP/IP Tools 06 | Network Services 07 | Understanding Wide Area Networks 08 | Defining Network Infrastructure and Security
- 3. • Target Audience • IT Help Desk staff interested in moving into Network/Systems Administration • Anyone interested in learning more about networking • Suggested Prerequisites/Supporting Material • Exam 98-349: Windows Operating System Fundamentals Setting Expectations
- 4. Understanding Local Area Networking Module 1
- 5. Objectives Skills/Concepts Objective Domain Description Objective Domain Number Examining Local Area Networks, Devices and Data Transfers Understand local area networks (LANS) 1.2 Identifying Network Topologies and Standards Understand network topologies and access methods 1.5
- 6. Network components and Terminology • Data • Node • Client • Server • Peer • Network adapter • Hub • Switch • Router • Media • Transport Protocol • Bandwidth
- 7. Local Area Network A Local Area Network (LAN) is group of computers confined to a small geographic area, such as a single building A LAN is a group of computers or devices that share a common communication medium, such as cabled or wireless connections
- 8. • Networks are used to exchange data • Reasons for networks include • Sharing information • Communication • Organizing data Networks
- 9. • Network documentation helps describe, define, and explain the physical and logical method for connecting devices • The documentation phase occurs before a network is built, or when changes are made to the network • Microsoft Visio is a tool that can be used to document networks Network Documentation
- 10. • A Hub is the most basic central connecting device • Hubs enable computers on a network to communicate • A host sends data to the hub. The hub sends the data to all devices connected to the hub Hub • •
- 11. • Switches work the same was as a hub, but they can identify the intended recipient of the data • Switches can send and receive data at the same time Switch • •
- 12. • Routers enable computers to communicate and allow communication between two networks – such as your home network and the Internet • This communications link between the one network and the other is where the LAN ends Router 192.168.1.1 Internet 24.136.72.110
- 13. • A network adapter can connect to the network by using cable (wired) or by air (wireless) Network Adapter and RJ45 Patch Cable A network adapter, also known as a network interface card (NIC), is the hardware device that enables you to send and receive from your computer RJ45 is the most common type of network adapter connection
- 14. • The wireless access point (WAP) acts as the central connecting device for the network • Wireless networks can consist of many types of devices other than traditional PCs: • Smart phones • PDAs • Tablet computers • Micro computers • PCs and laptops equipped with wireless network adapters can connect to these networks as well Wireless Access Point
- 15. • Device Manager Showing Network Adapters • Network Adapter Properties • IP Address Demo
- 16. • Serial data transfer is the transfer of one bit at a time—in other words, transfer in a single-bit stream, like a one lane highway • On the network cable, data travels in a single bit stream Serial Data Transfer
- 17. • Data transfer rate defines the maximum bits per second (bps) that can be transmitted over a network • Rated in bits, and signified with a lowercase b (for example, 10 Mbps) • The lowercase b differentiates this unit from data that is stored on a hard drive, which uses an upper case B that stands for bytes (for example 10 MB) • Types of Transfers • Broadcast sends data to every other host on the network • Unicast sends data to a specific host Data Transfer Rate
- 18. • Most every computer and many other devices have an Internet Protocol (IP) address • An IP address uniquely identifies your device and the associated network and allows each device to send and receive information • A typical example of an IPv4 address would be 192.168.1.1 • Every IP address is broken down into two parts by a subnet address • Network ID 192.168.1 • Host ID 1 IP Address
- 19. • Computers and other devices are connected using copper-based twisted-pair cables or wireless equipment LAN
- 20. • A virtual LAN (VLAN) is a group of hosts with a common set of requirements that communicate as if they were connected together in a normal fashion on one switch, regardless of their physical location. Virtual LAN Port 1: VLAN1 Port 2: VLAN1 Port 3: VLAN2 Port 4: Port 5: VLAN1 Port 6: VLAN1 Port 7: VLAN2 Port 8: VLAN1 Port 9: Port 10:
- 21. • A network topology defines the physical connections of hosts in a computer network. • There are several types of physical topologies including: • Bus • Ring • Star • Mesh • Tree Network Topology
- 22. • Most Common topology • Each computer is individually wired to a central connecting device (hub, switch or SOHO router) with twisted-pair cabling Star Topology
- 23. • Every computer connects to every other computer; no central connecting device is needed. Mesh Topology
- 24. • In a LAN environment, each computer is connected to the network using a closed loop • Used by Token Ring and Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) Ring Topology
- 25. • A Token Ring network sends data logically in a ring fashion, meaning that a token goes to each computer, one at a time, and continues on in cycles • Physically Token Ring computers are connected in a star fashion • Namely, all computers in a Token Ring network are connected to a central connecting device known as a Multistation Access Unit (MAU or MSAU) Token Ring
- 26. • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standard (802.3) that defines how information is sent and received between network adapters, hubs, switches, and other devices • Ethernet is the de facto standard and is the most widely-installed local area network technology • Common types of Ethernet include: • 802.3u or Fast Ethernet that runs at 100 Mbps • 802.3ab or Gigabit Ethernet Ethernet
- 27. • Computers on Ethernet networks communicate via frames • A frame is a sequence of bits containing a detectable beginning and end of a packet in the stream of bits • A frame is a data packet residing on Layer 2 of the OSI model Frames frame crc (4 bytes) preamble (8 bytes)
- 28. • Computing is done at a central location using terminals that are attached to this main system • Mainframes are a powerful computer and the rest of the devices connected to the computer are known as terminals (or dumb terminals) • Each terminal consisted solely of a keyboard and display with no processing power Centralized Computing
- 29. • The client/server model is an architecture that distributes applications between servers and client computers • Server: System that provides services such as Windows Server 2008 R2 • Client: Device that requests services such as Windows 7 Client/Server Model
- 30. • Peer-to-peer networking distributes applications or workloads between computers • Peers are both service providers and service requestors Peer-to-Peer Networking
- 31. • Distributive computing includes both client-server and peer-to-peer networks • Every device or workstation has its own processing power Distributed Computing
- 32. • Centralized computing has made a comeback of sorts. Remote Desktop Services and remote sessions to computers are based off of the centralized computing model • Thin-client computers do not have a hard drive and store an operating system in RAM, to be loaded up every time the device is turned on • All other applications and data are stored centrally, this system is a blend of centralized and distributive computing Remote Desktop Services and Remote Sessions
- 33. • More powerful computers that provide centralized services: • File • Print • Database • Network controller • Messaging/Email • Web Servers
- 34. Client and Server Operating Systems Client Operating Systems Server Operating Systems Windows 8 Windows Server 2012 Windows 7 Windows Server 2008 R2 Windows Server 2008 Windows Vista Windows XP Windows Server 2003 Windows 2000 Professional Windows 2000 Server Windows NT 4.0 Workstation Windows ME/98/95 Windows NT 4.0 Server
- 35. • Peer-to-peer or P2P has recently taking on an additional meaning • P2P can also refer to file sharing networks • Examples of file sharing networks • Napster • Gnutella • G2 • Other technologies also take advantage of P2P file sharing: • Skype • VoIP • Cloud computing P2P
- 36. • Understand local area networks (LANs), including but not limited to LAN elements, design, perimeter networks, IP addressing, and LAN types • Understand network topologies and access methods, including topologies such as star, mesh, and ring; Ethernet architecture; and the client-server and peer-to-peer networking models Summary