Unit 1 bac 2 formal informal and non-formal education

Friday, October 04, 2013
Khalid DRIOUCH - teacher of english
k.driouch79@yahoo.com

Formal
Informal
Non-formal Education

Formal education
refers to learning through a programme of
instruction in an educational institution, adult
training centre or in the workplace. This type
education is generally recognized in a
qualification or a certificate.

Non-formal education
refers to learning through a programme but it
is not usually evaluated (no exams needed)
and does not lead to certification.
Friday, October 04, 2013 Khalid DRIOUCH - teacher of english

Informal education
refers to learning that results from activities
related to daily life experiences, work, family,
or leisure.

Vocabulary: Collocations
• When two words are used together regularly
and make a sense it is called a collocation.
Collocations always appear in the same order;
putting them the other way around seems
wrong.
Here are some examples:
• With free access to internet, more people will benefit from
the advantages of the World Wide Web.
• Amazigh people have a huge cultural background that passes
from one generation to another.

Communication: making and
responding to requests
• When people want someone to do something,
they use a request. To make a request is to ask
for something in a polite way. For this reason,
some expressions are always used to make the
request more appropriate.
Check these examples:

Making a request
• Can you help me, please?
• Could you say it again more slowly?
• Would you pass the salt please? ( would you + verb
infinitive form without “to”)
• Would you mind waiting a moment? ( would you
mind + gerund form “verb + ing”)
• Can I see you in my office, Bob?
• Please, would you open your suitcase, Madam?

Responding to a request
People respond to a request in many different ways.
• Yes, sir!
• yes of course
• Sure
• that will be fine
• I will see what I can do
• I am afraid I can’t
• "Please" is often used with requests or instructions to
make them more polite. "Please" comes at the
beginning or end of a sentence.

GRAMMAR: gerund or infinitive
• Gerund form is : verb + ing e.g.: speaking
• Infinitive form is: to + verb e.g.: to speak

Gerund / Infinitive
Verbs normally followed
by GERUND
Verbs normally followed
by INFINITIVE
Acknowledge - admit -
adore - appreciate -
avoid - confess - deny -
detest - discuss - dislike -
enjoy - finish imagine
- involve - keep - miss
- mind - quit - regret -
suggest - understand ( …)
Afford - agree - ask -
choose - come - decide -
deserve - expect - fail -
hope - learn - manage -
plan - pretend - promise
- refuse - want ( …)
The table below contains some of the verbs that are usually
followed by one of the forms: gerund or infinitive.

• Verb + gerund
• I adore reading English fiction books.
• My father quit smoking long ago.
• He suggested visiting the historical monuments of the city first.
• Verb + infinitive
• I can’t afford to buy a car.
• My teacher agreed to postpone the final exam till next week
• We should learn to express ourselves.
• The students managed to solve the problem.

Gerund AND Infinitive( Both)
 Some verbs, however, can be followed by
both infinitive or gerund without any change
in meaning.
Example:
• He began to lean English when he was fourteen years old.
• He began learning English when he was fourteen years old.
• I hate to leave early.
• I hate leaving early.

Gerund after prepositions and
expressions
• The gerund must be used when a verb comes
after a preposition as well as some expressions
such as: against/at/after/by/on/tired
of/without/keen on/would you mind/….
• I am against smoking in public places.
• I went home after leaving the party.
• That girl is good at speaking languages.
• I am tired of hearing excuses every time.
• You can’t go to France without having a visa.

Writing: cohesive devices: linking
words
Some words and phrases help to develop
ideas and relate them to one another. These
kinds of words and phrases are often called
linking words. They help to give a kind of
coherence and logical relationship to what we
write. Linking words are of different kinds:

On the other hand; while; whereas;
however, nonetheless, nevertheless
These expressions relate two ideas which contrast but
do not contradict each other.
Examples:
• Football is popular in England, while in Australia they prefer cricket.
• Jack thinks we're ready to begin whereas Tom things we still need
to wait.
• Smoking is proved to be dangerous to the health; Nonetheless, 40%
of the population smokes.
• Our teacher promised to take us on a field trip; However, he
changed his mind last week.

moreover, furthermore, in addition,
both …. And…, ….. too/as well, also,
We use these expressions to add information
to what has been said.
Examples:
• His problems with his parents are extremely frustrating.
Moreover, there seems to be no easy solution to them.
• Our energy bills have been increasing steadily. In addition to
these costs, our telephone costs have doubled over the past
six months.

therefore, as a result, consequently / ,
because, due to, since
• These expressions show the cause/effect
relationship between two sentences where
one is the cause and the other is an effect.
Examples:
• He reduced the amount of time studying for his final exams;
As a result, his marks were rather low.
• We’ve lost over 3,000 customers over the past six months;
Consequently, we have been forced to cut back our
advertising budget.
• A number of programs have been cancelled because the
government has drastically reduced its spending.

Unit 1 bac 2 formal informal and non-formal education

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