UNIT 1 FOC.pptx
- 2. UNIT - 1 HISTORY OF COMPUTER PROGR AM
- 3. Definition of Computer A computer is an electronic machine that accepts information (Data), processes it according to specific instructions, and provides the results as new information PROGR AM
- 4. Earliest Computer Originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was computers. These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a mathematical expression. The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring years of training in mathematics. The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century PROGR AM and C
- 5. PROGR AM and C Tally Sticks A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages.
- 6. PROGR AM and C Abacus • An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations. • The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C. • The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first • used in China in around 500 B.C. • It used to perform basic arithmetic operations.
- 7. PROGR AM and C Difference Engine and Analytical Engine It’s an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. Invented by Charles Babbage (Father of Computer) in 1822 and 1834. It is the first mechanical computer
- 8. PROGR AM and C First Computer Programmer In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system. She writes programs for the Analytical Engine.
- 9. PROGR AM and C Harvard Mark 1 Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC). Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943. The first electro-mechanical computer.
- 10. PROGR AM and C Z1 • The first programmable computer. • Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938. • To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch tape.
- 11. PROGR AM and C Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) • It was the first electronic digital computing device. • Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942. Atanasoff-Berry Computer
- 12. PROGR AM and C ENIAC ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. It was the first electronic general purpose computer. Completed in 1946. Developed by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly
- 13. PROGR AM and C UNIVAC 1 The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was the first commercial computer. Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly
- 14. PROGR AM and C EDVAC EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer. The First Stored Program Computer Designed by Von Neumann in 1952. It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data
- 15. PROGR AM and C Osborne 1 The first portable computer. Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation
- 16. and C The First Computer Company The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company. Founded in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly
- 17. and C Computer Generations There are five generations of computer: First Generation – 1946 – 1958 Second generation – 1959 – 1964 Third generation – 1965 – 1970 Fourth generation – 1971 – 1980 Fifth generation – 1980 to future
- 18. and C The First Generation The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time.
- 19. and C The Second Generation Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes. Allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable. Transistor
- 20. and C The Third Generation The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. Much smaller and cheaper compare to the second generation computers
- 21. and C The Fourth Generation The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices
- 22. and C The Fifth Generation based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) Still in development. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. There are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today
- 23. and C Classification of Computers There are three major categories based on which computers can be classified. These are: 1. Based on Size 2. Based on Purpose 3. Based on Types
- 24. and C Based on Types Types of Computer-Based on Types Analog Computer –Such computers are mostly used for scientific and industrial applications. Examples of Analog computers include Thermometer, Operational Amplifiers, Electric Integrators, etc. Digital Computer Examples of Digital computers are Desktop, Laptop, Mobile Phones, etc. Hybrid Computer –Few important examples of Hybrid Computers include Space Flights, Food processing Plants, etc.
- 25. and C Based on Size Micro Computers –Examples include Desktop, Laptop, etc. Mini Computer – Developed in the mid-1960s,. For example Smartphones, iPads, etc. Mainframe Computer -For example, the system used at Trading companies. Super Computer – Computers used at Organisations dealing with Weather forecasting, Quantum Mechanics, Climate research, etc., where high level of performance has to be justified are called Super Computer
- 26. and C Based By Purpose General Purpose – Based on General Purpose, there are these following functions which a device is expected to perform: 1. Basic Input/Output functions 2. 2. Calculations 3. 3. Data Saving on a smaller scale 4. 4. General performing activities. Special Purpose – When a computer is designed specifically to perform a certain function, such type of computers is known as Special Purpose computer. These types may include: 1. Thermometers to test temperature 2. Generators to manage electricity 3. Devices used for analysing Climate Change 4. Large computers for IT Companie 5. Machines used at Manufacturing Units and the list goes on and on.
- 27. and C Components of a Computer System Are the primary elements which make the functioning of an electronic device smooth and faster. There are five basic components which include: • Input Unit: Keyboard • Output Unit: Printer • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Memory Unit: The entered information immediately gets saved in the memory unit. • Control Unit: Centre of all processing actions • Arithmetical and Logical Unit: The ALU comprises circuits using which addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and other numerical based calculations.