![Application
• Passenger
vehicles(Scooter)
• Goods vehicles
• (Truck, Tractor)
• Special purpose
• (Ambulance,Crane)
Load Capacity
• Light Transport
vehicle(Car,Jeep,Motor
Cycle)
• Heavy
Transport(Bus,Truck)
No of wheels and Axles
• 2W
• 3W
• 4W
• 6W
• 8 or more
1.2 Classification of Automobiles [8]
Fuel used
• Petrol
• Diesel
• Gas
• Electric
Transmission
• Conventional
• Semi-automatic
• Automatic](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-pvg-180725104929/85/Unit-1-Introduction-to-automobile-and-drive-train-7-320.jpg)
![1.3 Vehicle Layout [10]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-pvg-180725104929/85/Unit-1-Introduction-to-automobile-and-drive-train-9-320.jpg)
![•Super structure of vehicle
•Body+Chessis=Vehicle
•Made up of large no of Steel pressing parts
•Body is connected to Chassis at numerous points, rubber or
felt strips
•Basic Requirements of body:
•Light weight, cheap & ease in fabrication,Less
components, aerodynamic property, good access to
engine and suspension, adequate space to
passenger,aesthetic
•Eg.
•Closed Car-provision of Luggage space
•Closed Bus
•Open truck-rear panel for loading and unloading
•Use of welded attachments to body
Vehicle Body [10]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unit1-pvg-180725104929/85/Unit-1-Introduction-to-automobile-and-drive-train-28-320.jpg)
Unit 1 Introduction to automobile and drive train
- 1. Prepared By Mr. H.D.Gurav (M.E Automotive, B.E Mechanical) Assistant Professor PVG COE Nashik B E (Mechanical) (Open Elective) AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
- 2. Syllabus • Unit 1: Introduction and Drive Train • Unit 2: Axles, Wheels and Tyres, Steering System • Unit 3: Suspension and Brake System • Unit 4: Vehicle Performance and Safety • Unit 5: Electrical System and Vehicle Maintenance • Unit 6: Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles
- 3. Unit 1: Introduction to Automobile Contents • Introduction: Current scenario in Indian auto/ancillary industries, vehicle specifications and classification. • Chassis and Frames: Types of chassis layout with reference to power plant locations and drive, various types of frames, constructional details. • Drive Train: Types of transmission system, necessity and selection of clutch, necessity of gear box and different types, fluid flywheel, torque convertor, continuous variable transmission, , overdrive, propeller shaft, final drive and differential.
- 4. 1.1 Automobile history and development
- 5. 1.1 Automobile history and development Horse Buggy 3 w Gas Buggy 4w Gas Buggy T Ford Mercedes
- 6. 1.1 Automobile history and development • 100 years of history • Horse Buggy • Gas Buggy(1Hp) • Karl Benz(1885 &1886)-Germany-1st Gas Buggy(3W) • Gottlieb Daimler-Germany-(4W) • Charles and Frank Duryea(1883)-1st Automobile in US • Henry Ford(1886)-Model T Ford(1908) • Detroit(1990)
- 7. Application • Passenger vehicles(Scooter) • Goods vehicles • (Truck, Tractor) • Special purpose • (Ambulance,Crane) Load Capacity • Light Transport vehicle(Car,Jeep,Motor Cycle) • Heavy Transport(Bus,Truck) No of wheels and Axles • 2W • 3W • 4W • 6W • 8 or more 1.2 Classification of Automobiles [8] Fuel used • Petrol • Diesel • Gas • Electric Transmission • Conventional • Semi-automatic • Automatic
- 8. 1.2 Classification of Automobiles Drives of the vehicles • RH,LH(Indian,American) • Front Wheel(Maruti 800) • Rear W(Nano) • All W(Thar) Sports,Luxury &Special Purpose • Sports(Lamborghini) • Luxury(Mercedes Benz) • Special (Earth scrappers, bull dozers) Suspension System • Conventional(Leaf Spring-Truck) • Independent(Coil Spring-motor Cycle) Type of Body system • Closed Car(Saloon) • Open Car(Sports Car) • Special Style( Estate Car) With Respect to make • Heavy Vehicles • Cars • Motor Cycles
- 9. 1.3 Vehicle Layout [10]
- 10. Continue................ Main Components •Wheels •Front and rear axle •Power unit •Propeller Shaft •Frame •Transmission •Universal Joints •Brakes
- 11. Continue................ Wheels Front & Rear axle Propeller Shaft Power unit Transmission Frames
- 12. Specifications of vehicles Vehicle Specifications Please!!!!!! Torque BHP Make Specifications ?????
- 15. Chassis(Ref. R.K Rajput) • Known as carrying unit(French word) and initially used to denotes Frames or main structure of vehicle. • Small vehicle : chassis = whole vehicle • Heavy vehicles: chassis = frame • Chassis components • Sub divide into – Power plant: engine and transmission – Running Gear: Frame, suspension, steering, wheels tyres and brakes
- 16. Continue....... • Construction of chassis: Conventional Frameless or unitary construction
- 17. Classification of chassis According to its control • Conventional chassis (Car, Tata Truck) • Semi forward chassis (Pickup) • Full forward or bus chassis
- 18. According to fitting of engines • Engine at front • Engine fitted at centre (Royal tiger world master bus) • Engine fitted at back Continue....
- 19. Continue..... No of wheels and drive • 4 x 2 • 4 x 4 • 6 x 2 • 6 x 4 Wheel Base • Long wheel base
- 20. Frames Introduction • Frame or under body is main part of the chasis on which other parts are mounted. • Made up of Steel sections • Long members and cross members
- 21. Contd..... • Functions of frames 1. To support the chassis components 2. Withstand static and dynamic loads with un due deflection or distortion • Load acting on frames 1. Weight of vehicle ,occupants: vertical bending 2. Vertical load while coming across bump or hollow : longitudinal torsion 3. Load due to side camber, side trust, wind cornering force: lateral bending 4. Engine torque and braking: bending of side members 5. Sudden impact load: collpse
- 22. Types of frame • Steel sections • C channel • Box section • Tubular section
- 23. Types of Frames • conventional frame (Trucks) • Semi integral frame (small american cars) • Integral frame
- 24. Conventional Frame • It is also known as non load carrying frame. Here loads on the vehicles are transferred to the suspensions by frame. • Body work is made up of material like wood and completely isolated from the frame deflection with the help of rubber mountings • This type of frame is not suited to resist torsion.
- 25. Semi-integral Frame • In this type of frame load is transferred to the body structure also. • This Frame however is heavy. • In semi integral frame half frame is fixed in the front end on which engine gear box and front suspension is mounted. • This type of frame is used in FIAT car and some of the European & american cars
- 27. Integral Frame (Frameless) • Used now a days in most of the cars • No frame and all the assembly units are attached to the body • Due to elimination of long frame it is cheaper • Only disadvantage is repairing is difficult.
- 28. •Super structure of vehicle •Body+Chessis=Vehicle •Made up of large no of Steel pressing parts •Body is connected to Chassis at numerous points, rubber or felt strips •Basic Requirements of body: •Light weight, cheap & ease in fabrication,Less components, aerodynamic property, good access to engine and suspension, adequate space to passenger,aesthetic •Eg. •Closed Car-provision of Luggage space •Closed Bus •Open truck-rear panel for loading and unloading •Use of welded attachments to body Vehicle Body [10]
- 29. Type Of Vehicle Bodies Type of vehicle body
- 30. Type Of Vehicle Bodies
- 31. Type Of Vehicle Bodies
- 32. Material for Frame • For pressed frame: – Mild steel – Carbon sheet steel – Nickel alloy steel
- 34. Drive Train and Transmission
- 35. Topics to be covered • Classification of clutches, Single-plate, Multi-plate, Cone • Diaphragm spring, Centrifugal, Clutch materials, Electromagnetic, • Vacuum operated, fluid flywheel • Necessity of gear box, Manual gear box -Constant mesh, Sliding mesh • Synchromesh, Geared automatic transmission, Torque convertor • Epicyclic, Continuous variable transmission, Electronic transmission control, • overdrive, Propeller Shaft, Constant Velocity joint, • Differential and final drive, Non slip differential ,hotchkiss drive, torque tube drive
- 36. Transmission System • Function of transmission: - It is used to transmit engine torque to the driving wheels to drive the vehicle on the road. 4
- 37. Clutch • Definition: It is a mechanism that transmit rotary motion of one shaft to the other whose axis is coincident with that of the first. • Requirement of Clutch: – Torque transmission – Gradual Engagement – Heat Dissipation – Dynamic balancing – Vibration Damping – Size – Inertia – Pedal Play
- 38. Clutch Terms • Engaged • Disengaged • Clutch disengaged (Clutch pedal pressed) • The clutch is disengaged when – Starting the engine – Shifting the gear – Stopping the vehicle and – Idling the engine • Clutch engaged • Clutch pedal is released
- 40. Dry Friction Clutches 1. Cone Clutch 2. Single Plate 3. Multiplate clutch 4. Semi centrifugal clutch 5. Centrifugal Clutch
- 41. Working Principle of Friction Clutch
- 42. 1. Cone Clutch • Advantage Large normal Force acting on the surfaces than the axial force • Disadvantages Difficult to disengage innner cone (< 200) Unavoidable axial movement of inner cone
- 43. 2. Single plate clutch
- 46. Working of multiplate clutch
- 47. Diaphragm Spring Type Single Plate Clutch
- 48. Fulcrum Spring Pressure plate Diaphragm assembly
- 51. Working of diaphragm type single plate clutch
- 53. Clutch Plate (Friction Disc) Cushioning Spring Clutch Facing Torsional Spring
- 54. Clutch materials • Types of friction material 1. Millboard type – Only asbestos sheets is used 2. Moulded type – Mixing of asbestos fibres with suitable binders, heating and pressure moulding in dies 3. Woven Type – Cloth impregnated with certain binders
- 55. Common Clutch facing materials • Leather: dry leather with iron COF 0.27 • Cork: on dry steel on iron –COF 0.32 • Fabric: COF 0.4 (can not used at high temp.) • Asbestos: COF 0.2 but good anti heat properties • Reybestos and feredo: COF 0.35 • Non asbestos clutch facing: Glass fibres – SW3-AF (COF 0.28 to 0.36) – HWK 200 (COF 0.39 to 0.40) – Graphite material – Sintered metal
- 57. Working of electromagnetic clutch
- 59. Fluid Flywheel
- 60. Fluid Flywheel
- 61. Fluid Flywheel
- 62. Working
- 63. Function Of A Gear Box • Torque ratio between the engine and wheels to be varied for rapid acceleration and for climbing gradients. • It provides means of reversal of vehicle motion. • Transmission can be disconnected from engine by neutral position of gear box
- 64. Gear Box Necessity Of Gear Box In An Automobile • Variation of resistance to vehicle motion at various speed. • Variation of tractive effort at various speed
- 65. 1. Total resistance to vehicle motion i. Resistance due to wind :proportional to the square of the vehicle speed ii. Resistance due to gradient: Remains constant at all speed. This is component of weight parallel to road iii. Miscelleneous: Type of the road, tyre friction etc.
- 66. Tractive effort Total resistance to vehicle motion at different gradient
- 68. Types of Transmission • Some selective type of mechanical gear boxes are 1. Sliding mesh gear box 2. Constant mesh gear box with positive dog clutch 3. Constant mesh gear box with synchromesh device.
- 73. Engagement of Direct Gear
- 76. Torque Convertor
- 77. Pulley based CVT Speed Increases Speed Decreases
- 78. Belt Design
- 80. Freewheel
- 81. Overdrive
- 82. Overdrive
- 84. Propeller shaft
- 85. Propeller Shaft • Shaft – Withstand torsional load – Well balanced to avoid whirling at high speed – Steel, Al or composite material • Universal Joint – Accounts up and down motion of the rear axle – Cardon joints- high speed constant velocity joint with the option of intermediate bearing ,limited slip devices and crash feature • Slip Joint – Adjust the length of the propeller shaft
- 86. • Whirling effect 1. Increase in dia 2. Critical speed is inversely proportional to square of length of shaft 3. Divided shafts with internal bearings Propeller Shaft
- 87. Universal Joint
- 88. Flexible ring universal coupling Spider Limitation: Variation in the speed of the driven shaft at various inclination Remedies: Use of two universal Joint
- 89. Constant velocity joint • Generally used for front wheel drive • Two types • Fixed type (outboard): at wheel end • Plunging types (inboard): at differential end
- 91. Axle shaft Transmits power from inner to outer CV-joint
- 92. Rzeppa Joint - Exploded View
- 93. Rzeppa CV
- 94. Rzeppa Joint - Exploded View
- 95. Tripod Joint
- 96. Final Drive •Final drive is the last stage of power transfer from propeller shaft to rear (or front if – automobile is front wheel driven) axles and then to wheels. It turns the propeller shaft motion at right angle to drive the rear axle. •Consists of Bevel pinion and crown wheel or worm and worm wheel arrangement •Bevel gear=propeller shaft •Crown wheel drive goes to the differential •Three Types of the gears are used •Straight Bevel Gears (uneven transfer of motion) •Spiral bevel gears •Hypoid bevel gears
- 97. Differential Pinion Drive Gear: transfers power from the driveshaft to the ring gear. Ring Gear: transfers power to the Differential case assembly. Differential case assembly: holds the Ring gear and other components that drive the rear axle. Rear drive axles: steel shafts that transfer torque from the differential assembly to the drive wheels. Rear axle bearings: ball or roller bearings that fit between the axles and the inside of the axle housing. Axle housing: metal body that encloses and supports parts of the rear axle assembly. Side/spider gears: help both wheels to turn independently when turning.
- 98. Power flow http://auto.howstuffworks.com/differential2.htm •Drive shaft spins the Pinion gear. •Pinion gear turns the larger ring gear to produce gear reduction. •Ring gear attached to differential case, hence it rotates with the ring gear. •Differential case spins the sun gears which are attached to the axles. •Axles transfer the power to the wheels.
- 99. Function •Transfers power from driveshaft to the wheels. •Provides final gear reduction. •Splits amount of torque going to each wheel. •Allow the wheels to rotate at different speeds in turns.
- 100. Differential Gear box working principle(Ref G B NARANG )
- 101. Hotchkiss Drive • The Hotchkiss drive is a system of power transmission • Rear axle drive • It was the dominant form of power transmission for front-engine, rear-wheel drive layout cars in the 20th century • Requirement of mechanism to transfer driving and braking efforts to chassis
- 103. Construction of Hotchkiss Drive • Simplest and most widely used type of rear axle drive . • The spring besides taking weight of the body also take the torque reaction , driving thrust and side thrust . • propellar shaft is provied with two universal joints also a sliding joint . • The front end of the spring is fixed rigidly on the frame while the rear end and is supported in the shackle .
- 106. Torque Tube
- 107. Torque Tube
- 108. References 1. K. Newton and W. Seeds, T.K. Garrett, “Motor Vehicle” 13th Edition, Elsevier publications 2. Hans Hermann Braess, Ulrich Seiffen, handbook of Automotive Engineering, SAE Publications 3. William H. Crouse.,”Automotive Mechanics„ - Tata McGraw Hill Publishing House 4. Joseph Heitner,”Automotive Mechanics„ -C.B.S Publishers And Distributors 5. SAE Manuals and Standard 6. Automobile Mechanics -.N. K. Giri 7. Automobile Electrical Equipment -P. S. Kohali 8. Narang G. B. S , “Automobile Engineering” - S. Chand and Company Ltd. 9. Singh Kripal - Automobile Engineering -Volume 2 New Chand Jain. 10. R.K.Rajput-Automobile Engineering