Unit 1.pptx

Energy Efficiency in
Buildings
D PAWAN KUMAR

In current times of rapid infrastructure
growth and looming energy crisis, there is a
strong need to address and incorporate
good practices for efficient energy and
resource use while planning for buildings, be
it for residential purpose or for commercial
applications.
Some such good practices are presented in
the following discussion.

What is a Green Building?
A Green Building is one which incorporates several Green features, such
as:
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Use of Energy Efficient and Eco-Friendly Equipment
Use of Recycled and Environmental Friendly Building Materials
Quality Indoor air for human safety and comfort
Use of Renewable Energy
Effective Controls and Building Management System
Efficient use of water
Use of Non-Toxic & Recycled Materials
Effective use of existing Landscapes
Adoption of Cost effective and environment friendly technologies
Green buildings would squarely address ecological and
environmental impacts in a holistic manner and at the same time
offer tremendous economic benefits to the occupants.

Benefits of Green Buildings
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30% to 40% reduction in operation cost
Green Corporate image
Health and safety of building occupants
Enhance occupant comfort
Improve productivity of occupants
Imbibe best operational practices from day one
Incorporate latest techniques and technologies
Going for Green Buildings have tremendous benefits, both tangible and
intangible.
The most tangible benefit is in reduction of operating energy and water
costs right from day one during the entire life cycle of the building.
Green Buildings offer a range of benefits like :

Typical Features of Green Buildings
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Adopting erosion Control techniques like temporary seeding,
permanent seeding and mulching
Encouraging occupants to use mass transportation like bus or rail,
use of bicycles and use of cleaner fuels for automobiles
Reduction of building footprints to minimize the impact on
environment
Reduction of impervious areas to prevent storm water run-off
Installation of high efficiency irrigation methods and and selection of
vegetation which have low water consumption
Use of low water plumbing installations
Harvesting of site energy
CFC-free HVAC equipment
Energy efficient equipment for air-conditioning and lighting systems
Use of on-site renewable energy

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Measurement & Verification plan to ensure energy and water savings
Controls and Building Management systems
Segregation collection and disposal of waste streams at source
Use of salvaged or refurbished materials from other sites
Recycling of construction debris to other sites
Use of building materials having a high recycled content
Use of rapidly renewable materials (material which could be
replenished within a life cycle of 10 years)
Declaration of the site as “Non-smoking” area or have designated
areas for smoking
Maintaining indoor environmental quality to avoid sick building
syndrome
Use of low VOC (volatile organic compound) paints, sealants and
adhesives
Typical Features of Green Buildings - Contd……

Practice 1 : Plan for minimum energy requirements:
Criteria:
Establish the minimum level of energy efficiency for the base building and
systems.
Practice:
Design to meet building energy efficiency and performance as required by
ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-1999 or the local energy code, whichever is the
more stringent.
Technologies & Strategies :
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Design the building envelope and building systems to maximize
energy performance.
Use a computer simulation model to assess the energy performance
and identify the most cost effective energy efficiency measures.
Quantify energy performance as compared to a baseline building.
Have an energy audit performed for the facility regularly

ILLUSTRATIVE ENERGY SCENE IN TYPICAL OFFICE COMPLEXES
No. of floors 5 12 17
Floor area (SQM) 14088 26248 19150
Units / SQM (Summer) 15.40 14.3 15.67
Units / SQM (Winter) refrigeration TR
(installed)
8.87 8.61 7.83
Overall TR / SQM 0.06 0.055 0.04
Installed TR / SQM 0.05 0.041 0.032
Refrigeration kW/TR 1.16 1.25 2.0
COP 3.03 2.81 1.76
Chiller effectiveness 23% 25% 23%
Condenser effectiveness 41% 32.3% 37%
Lighting points / SQ.M floor area 0.13 0.17 0.23
Lighting load Watts / SQM 13.85 13.77 8.14
Water pumping (total) watts / SQM
floor area (height related)
1.42 1.79 4.43
Lifting load watts / SQM floor area
(height & Cap. Related)
6.67 7.24 10.23
Total connected load Watts / SQM 126.7 121.9 136.32

Practice 2 : Optimize Energy Performance
Criteria:
Achieve increasing levels of energy performance above the pre-requisite
standard to reduce environmental impacts associated with excessive
energy use.
Practice:
Reduce design energy cost compared to the energy cost budget for
regulated energy components described in the requirements of
ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-1999, as demonstrated by a whole
building simulation using the Energy Cost Budget Method Regulated
energy components include HVAC systems, building envelope, service
hot water systems, lighting and other regulated systems as defined by
ASHRAE.
Reduce design energy cost by 10 – 60%

• Have an energy audit conducted for the building / facility Design the
building envelope and building systems to maximize energy
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performance.
Use a computer simulation model to assess the energy performance
and identify the most cost effective energy efficiency measures.
Quantify energy performance as compared to a baseline building.
• North light roofing, transparent roof sheets, ventilation design,
chimney effect through tower design, aerated concrete block / hollow
bricks, high ceiling, roof cooling salts.

Practice 3 : Plan for increasing levels of
Renewable Technology use
Criteria:
Encourage and recognize increasing levels of self-supply through renewable
technologies to reduce environmental impacts associated with fossil fuel
energy use.
Practice:
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Supply a net fraction of the building’s total energy use (as expressed as
a fraction of annual energy cost) through the use of on-site renewable
energy systems.
Target % Total Energy Load Cost in Renewables between 5% to 20%.
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Assess the project for renewable energy potential including solar, wind,
geothermal, biomass, hydro, and bio-gas strategies.
When applying these strategies, take advantage of net information and
Institutions local and international.
Solar PV, CFL Solar hot water systems, solar cookers, bio-gas plants
(rural segment), vermin composting.

Practice 4 : Plan for minimizing CFC Refrigerants
in HVAC Equipment
Criteria:
Reduce ozone depletion.
Practice:
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Zero use of CFC-based refrigerants in new building HVAC base building
systems.
When reusing existing base building HVAC equipment, complete a
comprehensive CFC phase out conversion.
• When reusing existing HVAC systems, conduct an inventory to identify
equipment that uses CFC refrigerants and adopt a replacement
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schedule for these refrigerants.
For new buildings, specify new HVAC equipment that uses no CFC
refrigerants, Ex. : VAR or R134A in Vapor Compression systems.
Eco-friendly refrigeration systems, VAR (Central A/c) chillers.

Practice 5 : Plan for minimizing Ozone Depletion
Criteria:
Reduce ozone depletion and support early compliance with the Montreal
Protocol.
Practice:
Install base building level HVAC and refrigeration equipment and fire
suppression systems that do not contain HCFC’s or Halons.
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When reusing buildings, replace inventory of refrigerants and fire
suppression chemicals in existing building systems with those that
contain HCFCs or halons.
For new buildings, specify refrigeration and fire suppression systems
that use no HCFCs or halons.

Practice 6 : Plan for easy accounting of energy & water
consumption
Criteria:
Provide for the ongoing accountability and optimization of building energy
and water consumption performance over time.
Practice:
Plan with the long term continuous measurement of performance :
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Lighting systems and controls
Constant and variable motor loads
Variable frequency drive (VFD) operation
Chiller efficiency at variable loads (kW/ton)
Cooling load
Air and water economizer and heat recovery cycles
Air distribution static pressures and ventilation air volumes
Boiler efficiencies
Building specific process energy efficiency systems and equipment
Indoor water risers and outdoor irrigation systems

Some Illustrative Norms :
• Lighting
• Air Conditioning
• U-value of roof
• U-Value of wall
• COP of chillers
8 Watts / M2
0.15 TR / M2
0.63 Btu / hr/sq ft /deg F with
R-15 insulation
0.58 Btu / hr./sq ft/deg F.
4.23 and above

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Fly ash based cement for use
Fly ash based Aerocon blocks
Declaration of building as ‘non-smoking’
 CO2 censor installation
Regular checks on AHU filters
Use of composite wood
Day light view for 90 % occupied areas
Minimum 25 % open space apart from built-up area
Site location close to Bus and Rail lines
Some more Good Practices – put to action

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Access to community transport rather than individual
transportation
Extensive roof garden coverage
Rain water harvesting
Drip irrigation
Fast growing plantations
Use of low ‘U’ glass glazing
Day-light dimmer controls
Some more Good Practices – put to action
Contd…

• Through building energy audit, model the energy and
water systems to predict savings.
• Design the building with equipment to measure energy
and water performance.
• Draft a Measurement & Verification Plan to apply during
building operation that compares predicted savings to
those actually achieved in the field.

Practice 7 : Plan for Water efficient Landscaping
Criteria:
Limit or eliminate the use of potable water for landscape irrigation.
Practice:
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Use high efficiency irrigation technology, OR,
Use captured rain or recycled site water, to reduce potable water
consumption for irrigation over conventional means.
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Perform a soil / climate analysis to determine appropriate landscape
types and
Design the landscape with indigenous plants to reduce or eliminate
irrigation requirements.
Use high efficiency irrigation systems and consider reuse of storm
water volumes for irrigation.
Adopt ISO:14000 certification for large facilities.
Pervious paver blocks, roof cover with gardens, rain water harvesting.

Practice 8 : Plan for maximizing Wastewater reuse and
less dependence on municipal water source
Criteria:
Reduce the generation of wastewater and potable water demand, while
increasing the local aquifer recharge.
Practice:
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• Reduce the use of municipally provided potable water for building sewage
conveyance OR
Treat all of wastewater on site for re-use application.
• Estimate the wastewater volumes generated in the building and specify
high efficiency fixtures and dry fixtures such as composting toilets and
waterless urinals to reduce these volumes.
• Consider reusing storm water for sewage conveyance or on-site
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wastewater treatment systems (mechanical or natural).
Biological root zone treatment
Recycled water for gardening
Sewage water for mechanical (filter press drum) type cleaning systems
etc.

Practice 9 : Plan for maximizingWater Use efficiency
the burden on
Criteria:
Maximize water efficiency within buildings to reduce
municipal water supply and wastewater systems.
Practice:
• Employ strategies that in aggregate use less water than the water use
baseline calculated for the building (not including irrigation).
• Reduce the potable water use reduction by at least 10%.
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Estimate the potable and non-potable water needs for the building.
Use high efficiency fixtures, dry fixtures such as composting toilets and
waterless urinals, and occupant sensors to reduce the potable water
demand.
Consider reuse of storm water for non-potable applications such as
toilet and urinal flushing, mechanical systems, and custodial uses.

Practice 10 : Plan for Storage & Collection of
Recyclables while building
Criteria:
Facilitate the reduction of waste generated by building occupants that is
hauled to and disposed of in landfills.
Practice:
Provide an easily accessible area that serves the entire building and is
dedicated to the separation, collection and storage of materials for recycling
including (at a minimum) paper, glass, plastics, and metals.
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Designate an area for recyclable collection and storage that is appropriately
sized and located in a convenient area.
Identify local waste handlers and buyers for glass, plastic, office paper,
newspaper, cardboard, and organic wastes.
Instruct occupants on building recycling procedures.
Consider employing cardboard balers, aluminum can crushers, recycling
chutes, and other waste management technologies to further enhance the
recycling program.
Recycled wood, glass, aluminum and ceramic tiles, furniture made of
bagasse based completed wood, etc.

Practice 11 : Plan for building life extension and reuse
Criteria:
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Extend the life cycle of existing building stock
Conserve resources
Retain cultural resources
Reduce waste
Reduce environmental impacts of new buildings as they relate to
materials manufacturing and transport.
Practice:
• Reuse large portions of existing structures during renovation or
redevelopment projects
• Identify opportunities to incorporate salvage materials such as beams
and posts, flooring, paneling doors, frames, cabinets, furniture, bricks
and decorative items.

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• Consider reuse of existing buildings, including structure,
shell, and non-shell elements.
Remove elements that pose contamination risk to building
occupants and upgrade outdated components such as
windows, mechanical systems, and plumbing fixtures.

Practice 13 : Plan for increasing ventilation effectiveness
Criteria:
Provide for the effective delivery and mixing of fresh air to
support the health, safety, and comfort of building occupants.
Practice:
• For mechanically ventilated buildings, design ventilation
systems that result in an air change effectiveness (E)
greater than or equal to 0.9 as determined by ASHRAE
129-1997.
• For naturally ventilated spaces demonstrate a distribution
and laminar flow pattern that involves not less than 90% of
the room or zone area in the direction of air flow.

• Design the HVAC system and building envelope to
optimize air change effectiveness.
• Air change effectiveness can be optimized using a variety
of ventilation strategies including displacement ventilation,
low-velocity ventilation, and operable windows.
• The air change effectiveness of the building after
construction should be regularly tested.
• CO2 monitoring, chimney type ducting for intake / exhaust.

Practice 14 : Plan for
minimum indoor air quality
requiremen
Criteria:
Establish minimum indoor air quality (IAQ) performance to prevent the
development of indoor air quality problems in buildings, maintaining the
health and well being of the occupants.
Practice:
Meet the minimum requirements of voluntary consensus standard
ASHRAE 62-1999, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality and
approved Addenda.
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Design the HVAC system to meet the ventilation requirements of the
reference standard.
Identify potential IAQ problems on the site and locate air intakes away
from contaminant sources like ;
 Low volatile organic matter paints, carpets, adhesives, sealants.

Practice 15 : Plan for increased use of local /regional material
Criteria:
Increase demand for building products that are manufactured locally,
thereby reducing the environmental impacts resulting from their
transportation and supporting the local economy.
20 – 50% of building materials that are manufactured
Practice:
Specify at least
within a state.
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Establish a project goal for locally sourced materials and identify
materials and material suppliers who that can achieve this goal.
During construction, ensure that the specified local materials are
installed and quantify the total percentage of local materials installed.
Use, compressed earth blocks, wood / straw boards, fly ash cement,
hollow bricks.

Practice 16 : Plan for efficient and safe wiring practices
Criteria:
Quality assurance of electrical wiring material, wiring accessories,
earthing, leakage protection, over load protection devices and metering to
ensure safe and energy efficient distribution infra-structure.
Practice:
Adopt well established standard material and engineering practices.
MCCB’s, / MCBs, CVT’s, UPS, Electronic Ballasts, CFLs, remote controls
for lights and fans, electronic regulators, earth leakage protection relays
and occupancy sensors are some of the devices and technologies
applicable in this context.

CONCLUSION
Green Buildings), a lot of sensitization of the stakeholders in the
building business is needed to adopt best practices for energy and
resource utilization.
 Scientific
resource
practices of energy efficiency and
utilization are still to mature in
construction/ building sector in Asia.
 While we can be
buildings, (Silver,
proud
Gold
of a few intelligent
and Platinum rated
 The incremental cost is only 5-30% higher but
the attractive payback is less than 3 years.
 The means exist but the process is yet to really
begin.

Unit 1.pptx

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Unit 1.pptx