Unit 2 (A).pdf Unit 1.pdf kerth qwrd qwwe09wejokqe awedwoi
- 1. BUILDING SERVICES-I 22AR403 Presentation on: 27.02.2024 Topic Discussion: One pipe/ two pipe plumbing systems. Septic Tank Construction details. UNIT 02 - SEWERAGE M S A
- 2. What Is a Plumbing Systems? A plumbing system is a network of pipes, fixtures, fittings, and other components designed to distribute water throughout a building, as well as remove waste and sewage. Plumbing system follows the general law of nature - gravity, and pressure. It serves both residential and commercial properties and is essential for ensuring proper sanitation, hygiene, and convenience. Water Supply System components Main Water Supply: The main water supply line brings potable water from the municipal water source or a private well into the building. Water Meter: Measures the amount of water consumed for billing purposes. Shut-off Valve: Allows the water supply to be turned off in case of repairs or emergencies. M S A
- 3. Water Pressure Regulator: Controls and maintains the pressure of water entering the building to prevent damage to pipes and fixtures. Distribution Pipes: These pipes carry water from the main supply to various fixtures and appliances throughout the building. They are typically made of UPVC, CPVC, PVC (polyvinyl chloride), or PEX (cross- linked polyethene). Branch Lines: Pipes that split off from the main distribution lines to supply water to specific areas or fixtures. Fixtures and Appliances: Sinks and WC: Used for washing hands, dishes, and other purposes. Bathtubs and Showers: Provide bathing facilities. Faucets: Control the flow of water from pipes to fixtures. M S A
- 4. Dishwashers and Washing Machines: Appliances that require water supply and drainage connections. Water Heaters: Provide hot water for bathing, cleaning, and other purposes. DRAINAGE AND VENT SYSTEM Drainage Pipes: Carry wastewater and sewage away from fixtures and appliances to the sewer or septic system. These pipes are sloped to ensure proper drainage. Traps: Curved sections of pipes beneath sinks, showers, and other fixtures that hold water to prevent sewer gases from entering the building. Vent Pipes: Allow air into the drainage system to facilitate proper drainage and prevent the formation of a vacuum that could slow the flow of wastewater. Cleanouts: Access points in the drainage system for clearing clogs and performing maintenance. M S A
- 5. Waste and Vent Stack: Stack: A vertical pipe that extends through the building and connects to the drainage system at various levels. It carries waste and vent pipes to the main sewer line or septic tank. Ventilation: Ensures that the drainage system operates efficiently by allowing air to enter and escape, preventing the buildup of pressure or vacuum. Sump Pump: Sump Pit: A basin installed in the basement or lowest point of the building to collect groundwater or excess water from drainage systems. Sump Pump: Automatically removes water from the sump pit and pumps it away from the building to prevent flooding or to the OHT for water distribution. M S A
- 6. As mentioned above, there are four systems of plumbing for drainage work in a building Single stack system One pipe system Two pipe system One pipe partially ventilated system In this system, only one vertical soil pipe is used. The wastes from all the sanitary and soil appliances are discharged in the same pipe. The traps of WCs, sink basins, etc are directly connected to the single stack pipe. In this system, there is no separate pipe for ventilation purposes. This system proves economical as only one pipe is to be provided. It's a simple and efficient system designed to manage wastewater and sewage from various fixtures within a building. SINGLE STACK SYSTEM M S A
- 7. Main Vertical Stack: The single stack system typically features a large vertical pipe known as the main stack or soil stack. This main stack runs vertically through the entire height of the building, connecting all the plumbing fixtures on each floor to the sewage system or septic tank at the base. Branch Lines: Branch lines are smaller pipes that connect individual plumbing fixtures such as sinks, toilets, showers, and bathtubs to the main stack. These branch lines typically slope downward to allow gravity to assist in the flow of wastewater. Ventilation Pipes: To prevent the buildup of sewer gases and maintain proper air pressure within the plumbing system, ventilation pipes are installed alongside the main stack. These pipes extend vertically through the building and connect to the main stack at various levels. Ventilation pipes allow fresh air to enter the plumbing system, facilitating the smooth flow of wastewater and preventing unpleasant odours from escaping into the building. Traps: Traps are U-shaped bends in the plumbing pipes located beneath sinks, showers, and other fixtures. These traps hold a small amount of water that acts as a water seal, preventing sewer gases and odours from entering the building while still allowing wastewater to flow through. Example: P trap, Q Trap and S Trap Traps are a crucial component of the single stack system for maintaining indoor air quality and to prevent foul gases entering the spaces. M S A
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- 10. Cleanouts: Cleanouts are access points installed at strategic locations along the plumbing system, including the main stack and branch lines. These access points feature removable caps or plugs that allow plumbers to inspect and clean out clogs or blockages within the pipes without having to dismantle the entire system. In this system of plumbing, the waste connections from sinks, baths, washbasins, and the soil pipe which is connected directly to the drainage system. But all the traps of WCs basins, etc, are completely ventilated to preserve the water seal by a separate vent pipe. Each waste pipe should be connected to common stack directly. Vent pipe diameter should not be less than 50 mm, commonly used dia is 4" There will be only one piping carrying the soil and wastewater from the fixtures. The waste pipe should join the stack, above the soil branch at each floor. There will be two stacks involved here ONE PIPE SYSTEM OF PLUMBING Air Vent M S A
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- 13. TWO PIPE SYSTEM OF PLUMBING The two-pipe system is the most commonly implemented. Generally preferred for high-rise buildings. In this plumbing system, two pipes are installed. W.Cs and urinals are connected to vertical soil pipe, baths, kitchens, basins, etc are connected to another separate vertical waste pipe. Soil pipes and waste pipes are provided with separate vent pipes for each. This system thus requires four vertical pipes and hence proves very costly. This system uses two pipelines, one to get the soil and water closet wastes, and the second one collects water from the kitchen, bathrooms, house washings, etc. The waste pipe should join the stack, above the soil branch at each floor. M S A
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- 16. ONE-PIPE PARTIALLY VENTILATED SYSTEM This system is via media between the first and second one. There is only one soil pipe into which all W.Cs, baths, sinks, and washbasins discharge. In addition, there is a relief vent pipe that ventilates only the traps of W.Cs and urinals. there is no vent pipe provided for the waste water line. M S A
- 17. ONE PIPE PLUMBING SYSTEM ONE PIPE PLUMBING SYSTEM SINGLE STACK PLUMBING SYSTEM TWO PIPE PLUMBING SYSTEM A separate vent pipe is provided. it is the best way to keep the foul smell away. In this system a single pipe is used for the collection of soil water and also the waste water. A separate vent pipe is provided. it is the best way to keep the foul smell away. This system is costly and difficult to construct. this system has TWO vertical pipes. As it is used as vent pipe there is always the danger of foul smell. Only one main pipe is provided to collect and convey waste water from all the fixtures of the house. A separate soil pipe and wastewater pipes are provided. It is an efficient system but costlier than other system. This system has FOUR vertical pipes which includes the separate vent pipes also. M S A
- 18. GULLY TRAP A gully trap is a plumbing fixture used in sewage systems to prevent foul odours, gases, and vermin from entering buildings through the drainage system. It is typically installed at the point where wastewater from plumbing fixtures (such as sinks, showers, and floor drains) exits the building and enters the underground drainage network. Odour and foul Gas Prevention: One of the primary functions of a gully trap is to prevent foul odours and gases from the sewage system from permeating into the building. The trap contains a water seal, which acts as a barrier, preventing odours and gases from traveling back up through the drainpipes and into the building. M S A
- 19. SEPTIC TANK Water-tight single-storied underground sedimentation tank where the sewage undergoes anaerobic decomposition. A septic tank is a vital component of a sewage system used for the treatment and disposal of wastewater from homes, buildings, and other facilities not connected to a centralized sewer system. In the Indian context, especially in rural and semi-urban areas where centralized sewage systems may be absent or inadequate, septic tanks are commonly used. Functionally, a septic tank works by separating solids, oils, and grease from the wastewater, allowing the liquid effluent to undergo further treatment and eventual disposal. Wastewater Collection: Wastewater from toilets, sinks, showers, and other drains within a building flows into the septic tank through a network of pipes. Separation of Solids and Liquids: Once inside the tank, the heavier solids settle to the bottom forming sludge, while lighter materials like oils and grease float to the top, forming a scum layer. The relatively clear liquid between these layers is known as effluent. M S A
- 20. Biological Treatment: Within the tank, naturally occurring bacteria and other microorganisms begin to break down the organic matter present in the sludge and scum layers, partially treating the wastewater. Effluent Disposal: The liquid effluent, having undergone initial treatment, exits the septic tank through an outlet pipe and is typically discharged into a drain field or leach field. In these areas, further biological and chemical processes occur as the effluent percolates through layers of soil, which act as a natural filter and provide additional treatment. Sometimes, it is directly connected to the municipal sewer line and sent for further treatment at the STP. Maintenance: Regular maintenance is essential for the proper functioning of a septic tank system. This includes periodic pumping to remove accumulated sludge and scum, as well as inspections to check for leaks or other issues. In India, septic tanks play a crucial role in providing sanitation infrastructure, particularly in rural and peri-urban areas where access to centralized sewer systems is limited. They offer a cost-effective and practical solution for managing wastewater disposal, contributing to improved public health and environmental protection. However, it's important to ensure that septic tanks are properly designed, installed, and maintained to prevent contamination of groundwater and surface water sources. M S A
- 21. CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES Size and Capacity: The size and capacity of a septic tank should be determined based on the estimated wastewater flow from the building it serves. Factors such as the number of occupants, water usage patterns, and local regulations should be considered to ensure that the tank is adequately sized to accommodate the anticipated volume of wastewater. Construction Materials: The septic tank should be constructed of materials which are resistant to corrosion. The tanks are constructed water-tight. Scum boards to be provided near the inlet and outlet end to prevent the escape of the scum. septic tanks should be properly ventilated by the provision of vent pipe M S A
- 22. The top cover of the septic tank is usually made of R.C.C. and a manhole is provided in the RCC slab for inspection and cleaning of the tank. cast iron is provided in the tank. the sludge is to be accumulated at the bottom of the tank and it is to be removed periodically by pumping. A septic tank thus combines the functions of a sedimentation tank and sludge storage tank. DESIGN ASPECTS Detention period: it varies from 12 to 72 hours, the common being 24 hours. Freeboard: around 400 mm to 600 mm The septic tanks are generally rectangular. The ratio of length to width is 2:4 The effluent can be disposed of in natural waters or it can be treated and used for gardening. For household use of septic tanks, size of the septic tank shall be 1500mm × 750mm × 1200 mm (5ft × 2.5ft × 4ft) in respect to their length, breadth and depth. M S A
- 23. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS Two compartments - separated by baffle walls in the middle. Rectangular tank constructed with brick or RCC. Brick walls - 200 mm thick Concrete walls - 150 mm thick. Plastering to be done at 12mm thick RCC or Cast iron covers are to be provided over the tank. Ventilation pipes - 50 mm dia., taken to a height of 2m minimum and to be covered with mosquito nets. M S A