Unit 2 Feudalism.pptx. presentacion en power point

Unit 2 Feudalism.pptx. presentacion en power point

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  1 2 3 4 5 6 Political development upto the 13th century The role of the church Culture Feudalism Feudalism Romanesque art and architecture
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  2. Feudalism During theHigh Middle Ages, a political, social and economic system called feudalism emerged in Western Europe. Its main characteristics were the monarchs’ loss of power, an agricultural economy, a network of dependent relationships and an economy organised around small and self-sufficient areas of land known as fiefdoms. • The division of the Carolingian Empire resulted in invasions by the Vikings from the north, the Magyars from the east and the Muslims from the south. • Monarchs had to grant the nobility land in exchange for military aid to fight these invaders. These areas of land were called manors or fiefdoms and the landowning noble was a feudal lord. Serfs and free farmers lived and worked on the fiefdoms. • The positions of the feudal lords became hereditary, so their economic and military power increased greatly. They eventually held as much power as the monarch. • The feudal lords also fought one another. They built castles to defend their lands and expanded their possessions through local wars and marriage unions. Along with the invasions, these wars between feudal lords caused great insecurity, so people migrated from the cities to the fiefdoms in search of protection. The origins of feudalism
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  2. Feudalism Feudalism createdan extensive network of dependent relationships: • Between the monarch and the nobles or between the upper and lower nobility: vassalage was the exchange of military aid for a fiefdom between the nobles and the monarch. • Between feudal lords and knights: knights fought together with the nobles in exchange for land or another reward. • Between feudal lords and peasants: in exchange for protection, peasants lived and worked on the lords’ lands and paid them taxes. Dependent relationships Medieval ceremonies Commendation ceremony: a noble swore his loyalty to amore powerful noble or to the monarch and became his vassal. Knighthood ceremony: ceremony was performed when the apprentice, called a squire, had learned to manage his weapons and horse.
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  2. Feudalism Feudal lordscontrolled the predominantly agricultural economy. • The main agricultural products were: — cereals for making bread, and vegetables and pulses for making soups and stews. — livestock, such as cows, birds and bees, for obtaining milk, cheese, eggs and honey. — products from the forest, such as medicinal herbs, and wood for building, cooking and heating. • Small craft workshops met the needs of the local population, and trade was limited to small markets in the towns and villages. • This was a subsistence economy because the people consumed nearly everything they produced. The feudal economy In about 1000 A.D. agricultural production began to increase. This was due to: • a greater amount of cultivated land. • the three field system. • the spread of irrigation techniques. • the use of manure as fertiliser. • the introduction of the mudboard plough. This increase in agricultural production led to population growth.
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  2. Feudalism There werethree social groups called estates. The privileged estates were the nobility and the clergy. Most of the population belonged to the unprivileged estate. Feudal society Roles and rights of the three estates Roles • The nobility (bellatores): to defend the population. • The clergy (oratores): to sabe souls. • Most of the population (laboratores): worked for the privileged estates. Rights • The nobility and clergy had privileges such as not paying taxes and having special courts of justice. • The rest of the population had fewer rights and paid taxes. The nobility • The upper nobility: the monarch, dukes, counts and marquises. • The lower nobility: small landowners and knights. The clergy • The upper clergy: the Pope, bishops and abbots. • The lower clergy: priests and monks, from the unprivileged state Most of the population • Serfs: lived and worked on the land of the lords, (nobles or upper clergy). • Free peasants: they were small landowners or worked for a lord but were free to leave the fiefdom. • In the towns and villages, there were villeins (medieval artisans or traders). Women in the Middle Ages Medieval society was patriarchal, and women’s place was in the home, but their role depended on their class. • Noble women administered their husbands’ fiefdoms. Some of these women became very powerful. • Clerical women: abbesses became feudal ladies. These women had the same level of education as the male members of the clergy. Some became famous intellectuals. • Most unprivileged women worked on the land or in workshops. They had more freedom in some aspects of their lives, such as who they married.
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  2. Feudalism The castle:the lord’s family, his vassals and his servants all lived there. A feudal manor consisted of large areas of land and various buildings. The demesne: this was the lord’s land. Serfs and sometimes free peasants cultivated it for him. The forests and meadows also belonged to the lord, providing grazing land and game. The tenements: areas of land that the lord rented to the free peasants. They paid him with part of their harvest and their labour on it. The village: the peasants lived here in buildings made of mud, wood and straw Mill Church
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  4. The roleof the church The Pope could excommunicate anyone, including monarchs, making them reluctant to oppose him. Many monarchs and nobles gave lands to the church in exchange for the Pope’s favour or guaranteed salvation. The church benefitted from tithes, an exclusive tax which granted them a tenth of the peasant’s harvest. Church organisation POPE • head of the Christian church in the West • appointed by the cardinals CLERGY • Secular clergy: they were responsible for administering the sacraments and educating the people. • Regular clergy: abbots, monks and nuns. Religious orders, who worked and prayed in monasteries, nunneries and abbeys. Military orders fought to defend and spread the faith. Political and economic power
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  4. The roleof the church The Crusades • Pope Urban II summoned the First Crusade when the Turks occupied Jerusalem, endangering Christian pilgrimages to the Holy Land. • Christian knights from all over Europe formed an army. In 1099, they conquered Jerusalem, killing the entire population (Muslims and Jews). European nobles created small feudal states in the surrounding lands. • There were subsequent crusades in the 12th and 13th centuries. However, the Muslims eventually expelled the Christians from the Holy Land. Cultural and economic repercussions The Crusades had important cultural and Economic consequences. New ideas and products spread to Western Europe from the East and new trade routes opened up as well. The Gregorian Reforms In the 11th century, Pope Gregory VII introduced the Gregorian Reforms. He aimed to end simony, inappropriate clerical behaviour and the interference of secular rulers in church affairs. As a result, the church achieved greater independence and introduced compulsory celibacy among priests. Taking of Jerusalem by the crusaders by Émile Signol (1847)
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  6. Romanesque artand architecture It was the first European style. Romanesque originated in Cluny Monastery in France and spread along the pilgrimage routes. It was a rural style and it spread mainly due to the church. Spire Tower Naves Apse In Romanesque painting and sculpture, the main characteristics were: • Rigid figures in a schematic style and the use of bright colours. Figures varied in size, according to their importance. • Sculptors worked in stone or wood and adapted their sculptures to architecture by placing them on portals and columns. • Main material: Stone. • Thick walls with few windows. Cylindrical columns, pillars on the inside and buttresses on the outside. • Domes, semi-circular arches, barrel vaults and groin vaults covered the roofs. • Monarchs and nobles built castles in this style, but the main buildings were churches and cathedrals. • Churches had a Latin-cross floor plan and columns divided the interior into aisles called naves. Romanesque architecture
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  ROMANESQUE IN THEIBERIAN PENINSULA Choose one Romanesque church in our country and locate the main parts and the characteristics of the Romanesque style. You can print the image and do the exercise.