Downloaded 190 times
Uploaded byOlympus High School - Jeff Taylor
Unit 25 Vertebrates
All vertebrates share four key characteristics - a notochord, hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and tail - at some stage of development. While most lose these traits as adults, they define the phylum Chordata. Vertebrates evolved internal skeletons allowing them to grow larger and more complex, with jaws developing from gill arches, giving them predatory advantages. Major vertebrate groups include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
More Related Content
![Chapter 30 Power Point[1]](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/chapter30powerpoint1-100212142535-phpapp01-thumbnail.jpg?width=640&height=640&fit=bounds)
More from Olympus High School - Jeff Taylor
![Support, Monitoring, Continuous Improvement & Scaling Agentic Automation [3/3]](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/agenticcommunityseries-day3-cfd-251120170304-ddef8112-thumbnail.jpg?width=640&height=640&fit=bounds)
Unit 25 Vertebrates
- 1. KEY CONCEPT Allvertebrates share common characteristics.
- 2. tailhollow nerve cordnotochordpharyngealslitsThe phylum Chordata contains all vertebrates and some invertebrates. Chordates share four features at some stage of development.notochordhollow nerve cord pharyngeal slitstail
- 3. tailhollow nerve cordnotochordpharyngealslitsMost chordates lose some or all of these characteristics in adulthood. Tunicates (Sea Squirts) only have these characteristics as larva. Once they settle into their sessile filter-feeding adults, none of these are visible.
- 4. All vertebrates sharecommon features. An endoskeleton allows vertebrates to grow to large sizes.internalmade of bone or cartilage
- 5. An endoskeleton canbe divided into four parts.
- 6.
- 7.
- 8. gill arches (infish and some amphibians)vertebraebones
- 9. There are sevenclasses of vertebrates.
- 10. Agnatha are jawlessfish, such as hagfish.
- 11. Cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes)include the sharks and rays
- 12. Bony fish (Osteichthyes)obviously have bones.
- 13. Amphibians are characterizedby the presence of four limbs and water permeable skin.
- 14. Reptiles, birds, andmammals are characterized by the presence of an amnion and water-tight skin.
- 15. Birds are characterizedby the presence of feathers.
- 16. Mammals are characterizedby the presence of hair.AgnathaChondrichthyesOsteichthyesAmphibiaMammaliaAvesbony fishbirdslamprey amphibiansmammalscartilaginous fishFEATHERSFeathers insulate birds from the cold and allow for flight.FOUR LIMBSFour limbs let animals move from the water to life on land.JAWSJaws helped vertebrates to become successful predators.HAIRHair helps mammals to maintain constant body temperatures by roviding insulation from the cold.VERTEBRAEVertebrates have a segmented backbone.What group seems to be missing from this slide?
- 17. Fossil evidence shedslight on the origins of vertebrates. Tunicates may be the closest relatives to vertebrates.The first recognizable vertebrates were jawless fish.Two groups of jawless fish still exist today.lampreys
- 18. hagfishKEY CONCEPT Thedominant aquatic vertebrates are fish.
- 19. waterflowFish are vertebrateswith gills and paired fins. Fish use specialized organs called gills to breathe underwater.sheets of thick, frilly tissue filled with capillaries take in dissolved oxygen from water, release carbon dioxide
- 20. Countercurrent flow isthe opposite movement of water against the flow of blood in the fish’s gills.dorsal fincaudal finpectoral finpelvic finanal finFins are surfaces that project from a fish’s body.
- 21.
- 22. redirect water aroundfish as it swims
- 23. help fish maneuverin watercraniumcraniumcraniumgill archesmouthmouthmouthJaws evolved from gill supports. Jaws developed from gill arches located around the pharynx.Jaws gave vertebrates a huge advantage as predators.Only two groups of jawed fish still exist. Cartilaginous fish such as sharks and rays (970 species).Cartilaginous fish have skeletons made of cartilage.
- 24. Bony fish makeup the vast majority vertebrates at over 29,000 species!Cartilaginous fish include the Holocephali and Elasmobranchs.
- 25. Holocephali include ratfish,a small group of deep-sea fish.
- 26. Elasmobranchs include sharks,rays, and skates.lateral lineAll fish have a lateral line system.
- 27.
- 28. sensitive to smallchanges in water movementBony fish have skeletons made of bone.
- 29. operculum protects abony fish’s gills
- 30. movements of operculumhelp bony fish move water over gillsRay-finned fish have a fan of bones in their fins. Ray-finned fish have fins supported by a fan-shaped array of bones.embedded in a thin layer of skin and connective tissuelight, collapsible, and easy to move
- 31. Ray-finned fish havea variety of body plans.
- 32. long torpedo-shaped bodies(barracuda)Ray-finned fish have a variety of body plans.
- 33. flattened bodies (plaice)Ray-finnedfish have a variety of body plans.
- 34. elaborate camouflage (seadragon)swim bladderA swim bladder helps a fish float higher or lower in the water.Some ray-finned fish have both lungs and gills.
- 35. can breathe airand survive out of water for several hours at a time
- 36. example: bichir foundin West Africalobe finLobe-finned fish have paired rounded fins supported by a single bone. Lobe-fins are paired pectoral and pelvic fins that are round in shape.not as maneuverable as ray-finsable to support weight
- 37. Only seven speciesof lobe-finned fish exist today.
- 38.
- 39. lungfish KEY CONCEPTAmphibians evolved from lobe-finned fish.
- 40. Amphibians were thefirst animals with four limbs. Tetrapods are vertebrates that have four limbs.The fossilized remains of Tiktaalik roseae indicate it was a transitional species between fish and tetrapods.
- 41. A number ofadaptations allow amphibians to live on land.
- 42. large shoulder andhip bones
- 43.
- 44.
- 45. breathe through skinor with gills or lungsAmphibians return to the water to reproduce. Amphibians use many strategies to keep their eggs wet.lay eggs directly in waterlay eggs on moist groundwrap eggs in leavesbrood eggs in pocketson the female’s back
- 46. adult frogyoung frogfertilizedeggstadpolesTadpoles are aquatic larvae of frogs.
- 47. During metamorphosis, tadpolesdevelop into their adult form.
- 48. Not all amphibiansundergo metamorphosis.Modern amphibians can be divided into three groups.Salamanders have a long body, four walking limbs, and a tail.There are over 300 species of salamanders.
- 49. Frogs are thelargest amphibian group and include toads.
- 50. There are over3000 species of frogs.
- 51. Glands in theskin of frogs and toads contain poisons that help to protect them from predators.Caecilians are legless, burrowing, tropical amphibians.
- 52. There are 160species of caecilians.
- 53. Amnion Protectsand surroundstheembryoAmniotes can retain moisture. An amniote develops inside a thin, tough, membranous sac as an embryo or fetus.
- 54. Several characteristics helpamniotes prevent water loss.
- 55. keratin forms ahydrophobic layer
- 56. larger size ofkidneys and intestines increases water absorptionAmniotes do not need to return to water to reproduce.The amniotic egg is an almost completely waterproof container.prevents embryo from drying out as it developseach egg represents a large investment of energy
- 57. Not all amnioteslay eggs.
- 58. reptiles such asgarter snakes retain their eggs
- 59. most mammals developinside the mother’s reproductive tract placenta umbilical cord uterus amniotic sacThe placenta is a membranous organ that develops in female mammals during pregnancy.
- 60. lines the uterinewall and partially envelops the fetus
- 61. carries nutrients frommother to embryo and removes wastes