AP Human Geography: Unit 3 - Cultural Geography: Part 1 Sample

AP Human Geography: Unit 3 - Cultural Geography: Part 1 Sample

• 1.
  Cultural Geography
• 2.
  Intro to Culture Language Religion Popular and Folk Culture •Concepts of Culture •Intro to Language •Intro to Religion •Folk Culture •Schools of Thought •Language •Universalizing Religions •Popular Culture •Cultural Hearths families, Languages, and •Ethnic Religions •Cultural Landscapes and •Cultural Diffusion dialects. •Spatial Impact of Religions Identity •Acculturation •Language Barriers •Ethnocentrsm and Cultural •Toponymy Relativism •Language Extinction •Cultural Differences
• 3.
  Part 1: Introductionto Culture
• 4.
  What is Culture?
• 5.
  What is Culture? CULTUS– “To Care About”
• 6.
  Culture is themix of values, beliefs, behaviors, and material objects that form a people’s way of life.
• 7.
  Part A: Introductions
• 8.
  How do westudy culture?
• 9.
  Cultural Geography Culture Cultural Cultural Ecology Landscapes
• 10.
  What is culturalgeography?
• 11.
  Cultural geography isthe study of how cultures vary over space.
• 12.
  What is thecultural landscape?
• 13.
  The cultural landscapeis the interactions of a group in relation to their own cultural practices as well as the values of society as reflected through artifacts and architecture.
• 14.
  What is culturalecology?
• 15.
  Cultural ecology isthe field that studies the relationship between the natural environment and culture.
• 16.
  Cultural Geography: Schoolsof Thought Environmental Environmental Cultural Possibilism Determinism Perception Determinism Social Culture is Human culture is People develop Perception of the developed more important culture as much environment completely by the than the physical as environment. affects culture. environment. environment. Similar The environment Perception is Humans environments provides developed by the determine the produce similar possibilities for a teachings of environment. cultures. culture. culture. Technology increases the possibilities.
• 17.
  What school(s) ofthought best explains the following scenarios?
• 18.
  Case 1 A small,undiscovered community is located on the coast of South America. The food they consume is fish and they spend much of their time sacrificing to their god Elmo – who visits wrath upon them in the form of large, windy storms that destroy their village when he is angered.
• 19.
  Case 2 Develop yourown case study that demonstrates both Possibilism and Cultural Determinism. It needs to be at least four sentences long.
• 20.
  Part B: Conceptsof Culture
• 21.
  How does cultureform?
• 22.
  • A repetitiveact Habit that an individual performs • A repetitive act of a group performed Custom so that it becomes a characteristic of the group. • A group’s Culture entire collection of customs.
• 23.
  What is culturemade of?
• 24.
  Material Culture (Artifacts) Houses Furniture Instruments Books
• 25.
  Nonmaterial Culture Values Beliefs Behaviors ? Norms
• 26.
  Cultural Realm Culture Culture System Culture Region Culture Trait Complex A single The A group of An area marked A large area attribute of a combination of interconnected by culture that marked by a culture. different culture distinguishes it number of Often not cultural traits in complexes. from other cultural confined to a distinctive Any area with regions. regions. It is set single area. ways. strong cultural apart from Common ties that bind other world values, beliefs, its people areas because behaviors, and together. of these artifacts that regions. make one place distinct.
• 27.
  What are thetraits, complexes, and systems that make up New Orleans?
• 28.
  What does culturecome from?
• 29.
  What is acultural hearth?
• 30.
  A cultural hearthis the area where a cultural aspect first began.
• 31.
  Early cultural hearthswere almost completely determined by their physical environment – IE. Environmental Determinism.
• 32.
  What are independentinventions?
• 33.
  Independent Inventions are developments that can be traced back to specific civilizations or cultural hearths.
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  Cultural Diffusion
• 36.
  What is culturaldiffusion?
• 37.
  Cultural Diffusion isthe spread of culture to areas surrounding the cultural hearth.
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  Hierarchical Relocation Diffusion Contagious Stimulus
• 39.
  How do peopleadapt to culture?
• 40.
  Acculturation is theprocess of the less dominant culture adopting the traits of the more dominant one. Assimilation is when immigrants lose their native customs completely.
• 42.
  Trans Culturation Two-way flows of culture.
• 43.
  How do weinterpret culture?
• 44.
  Ethnocentrism – The practice of judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture. What is ethnocentric about this comic?
• 45.
  Cultural Relativism is the practice ofevaluating a culture by its own standards.
• 46.
  Big Dog? Small Dog?Its all about perception.
• 47.
  Part 2: Folkand Popular Culture
• 48.
  Part A: Introductionsto Folk and Popular Culture
• 49.
  Folk Culture The practice of a The practice of relatively small customs that span group of people in several different a focused area. cultures and may even have a Popular Culture global focus.
• 50.
  Traits of aFolk Culture:
• 51.
  Usually relatively isolated Anonymous hearths, anonymous Often dependent on sources, anonymous the environment dates Folk Culture Usually practiced by Are often isolated or small, homogenous have multiple groups in isolated hearths areas.
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  Folk Culture canbe expressed in three ways:
• 53.
  Indigenous Cultures • Aculture group that constitutes the original inhabitants of a territory, distinct from the dominant national culture, which is often derived from colonial occupation. Folk Culture Regions • Cultural norms traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups. Subcultures • groups that share in some parts of the dominant culture but have their own distinctive values, norms, language, and/or material culture
• 54.
  Indigenous Cultures
• 55.
  Folk Culture Region
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  Sub Culture
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  Traits of PopularCulture:
• 58.
  Large, heterogeneous societies that share certain habits. Largely Urban Based Large Scaled Popular Culture Based on rapid Often allowed b/c of simultaneous global industrialization. connections Often the product of economically more developed countries.
• 59.
  Causes of PopularCulture
• 60.
  Communication Technology
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  Travel Technology
• 65.
  Globalization
• 66.
  What is globalization?
• 67.
  Globalization is theprocess of increased interconnectedness among countries most notably in the areas of economics, politics, and culture.
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  Globalization of Food
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  Globalization of Economics
• 70.
  Globalization of Politics
• 71.
  Part C: FolkMusic
• 72.
  Contains actual informationabout the culture. Contains important life cycle events (birth, death, and marriage) customs. You can learn a lot about a culture simply from their music.
• 73.
  A Vietnamese FolkSong While seedlings for the summer crop are no old when they are three months of age, Seedlings for the winter crop are certainly not young when they are one-and-a-half months old
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  American Folk Music TheNorthern Songs: • Ballads close to English originals. The fiddle is featured at dances, and fife-and-drum bands are popular. The Southern and Appalachian Songs: • Westward to Texas, speak of hard lives and is the roots of country music. The Western Songs: • West of the Mississippi River, reflects the experiences of cowboys, plains farmers, river people, and gold seekers. The Black Songs: • Located in the south and grew out of the slave experience.
• 75.
  Part D: PopularMusic
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  Originated around 1900 Popular Written by individuals to be sold to a large Music number of people Diffusion began in WWII
• 78.
  Part E: FolkArchitecture
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  Reflect both cultural and environmental influences Houses from different regions can be vastly Housing Often based on the resources different even in the same Styles available environment Culture can affect styles and materials used.
• 80.
  Unchanged-traditional dwelling • Thelayout, construction, and appearance have not been significantly altered by external influences. • Examples: Some Arab towns and African villages Modified Traditional Dwelling • New building materials have been used to build these The structure layout is not altered Example: West Africa changed their thatch roofs to iron Modernized Traditional Dwelling • Modifications have been made in both the building materials and the general layout of the dwelling Example: multiple bathrooms, two car garage Modern Dwelling • Advanced technology is reflected in the building of these • Other reflections include upward mobility, practicality, comfort, and hygiene. • most common in the United States
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  Wood Grass Building and Brick Bush Materials Stone
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  Folk House inthe US
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  Nodes New Middle Lower England Atlantic Chesapeake Salt Box “I” Houses Steep Roof Two Chimney Cape Cod Front Gable and Wing
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  Salt Box
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  Two Chimney
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  Cape Cod
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  Front Gable andWing
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  I-House
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  Uniformed Landscapes Problems with Popular Culture Increased Demand Pollution for Resources
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  Part 2: Language
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  Part A: Introto Language
• 93.
  What is language?
• 94.
  Language is asystem of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning.
• 95.
  Is this Language?
• 96.
  Is this Language?
• 97.
  Is this Language?
• 98.
  Why did languagecome to exist?
• 99.
  The Ability toCommunicate
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  Cultural Transmission
• 101.
  How do languagesdiffer?
• 102.
  Writing Direction Differences Grammar In Alphabets Language Allowable Sounds
• 103.
  What is LinguisticGeography?
• 104.
  Linguistic Geography isthe study of speech areas and their local variations by mapping word choices, pronunciations, or grammatical constructions.
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  What can thismap teach us about language?
• 106.
  How do wetrack languages?
• 107.
  Language Language Divergence Convergence Spatial Interaction Two languages between speakers become one break down – because of close British/Americans spatial interaction. Language breaks This can also into dialects and cause Language then into new extinction tongues. We track languages by looking at language divergence and convergence.
• 108.
  Latin: Crux •Albanian: kryq •Occitan: crotz •Aromanian: crutse •Old Portuguese: cruz •Catalan: creu •Portuguese: cruz •Dalmatian: crauc •Romanian: cruce •English: crux, crucial •Romansch: crusch, crousch •French: croix •Sardinian: cruche, crugi, cruxi, gruche, •Galician: cruz grughe, gruxi •German: Kreuz •Serbo-Croatian: krȋž / кри̑ж •Italian: croce •Spanish: cruz •Venetian: cróxe
• 109.
  Tracking Language ByScale
• 110.
  • Languages witha shared, but fairly distant Language origin. Families • Culturally Defined. • Standard Languages are recognized as the Languages Norm • Regional Variants of a Standard Language Dialects
• 111.
  This is amap of various language families and branches.
• 112.
  Proto-Indo- Europeanis spoken by 46% of the world’s population.
• 113.
  Where did PIEcome from?
• 114.
  Sedentary Farmer Hypothesis Sedentary Farmer Hypothesis Developed by Colin Renfew Also called the “Renfew Hypothesis” PIE Started in the Fertile Crescent Language diffused peacefully through agricultural trade.
• 115.
  Nomadic Warrior Thesis Kurgan Migration Developed by Marinja Gimbutas Also called the “Conquest Theory” PIE Started around Russia Says that Kurgan Warriors brought the language with them as they conquered
• 116.
  Languages of Proto-Indo-European
• 117.
  Indo-Iranian Branches
• 118.
  15 Hindi Others Indic: Indo- Iranian Kurdish Iranian Farsi Pashto
• 119.
  The Iranian Languages
• 120.
  The Indian Languages
• 121.
  What is LinguisticFragmentation?
• 122.
  Linguistic Fragmentation is when people in a country speak many different languages. This often reveals large cultural differences.
• 123.
  Many countries withlinguistic fragmentation also have an official language. India’s official language is English.
• 124.
  What is anofficial language?
• 125.
  An official languageis the language used by government when making laws, reports, public objects, money, and stamps.
• 126.
  An official languageis not always the majority language of an area. Example: New Zealand’s Official Language is only spoken by 5% of the Population
• 127.
  Some countries havemore than one official language. Example: Switzerland has four: German, French, Italian, and Romansch
• 128.
  European Branches
• 129.
  Romance Languages • French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, Portugese. PIE Slavic Languages Germanic Languages • Russian, Polish, Czech, Ukranian, Slovenian, Serbo- • English, German, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish Croation
• 130.
  Geographic boundaries play ahuge role in language formation. Look at this little language here: Basque. Basque is a language isolate.
• 131.
  What is anlanguage isolate?
• 132.
  A language isolateis a language that is isolated from all other languages around it.
• 133.
  Part B: TheEnglish Language
• 134.
  English is partof the Germanic Branch of PIE.
• 135.
  The English Language:Origins
• 136.
  English is Spoken By 328 Million People Two Billion People live in a country where English is A Few It is the official the official language even if English language in 57 countries they cannot speak it. Facts It is the predominate language in the US and in Australia
• 137.
  Germanic Tribes Where did English come from? Latin Old Norse English Norman French Celtic Tribes
• 138.
  Old English Middle Modern • 450-1100AD English English
• 139.
  Old English Fæder ureþu þe eart on heofonum; Si þin nama gehalgod to becume þin rice gewurþe ðin willa on eorðan swa swa on heofonum. urne gedæghwamlican hlaf syle us todæg and forgyf us ure gyltas swa swa we forgyfað urum gyltendum and ne gelæd þu us on costnunge ac alys us of yfele soþlice
• 140.
  Middle English Oure fadirthat art in heuenes, halewid be thi name; thi kyndoom come to; be thi wille don in erthe as in heuene: gyue to us this dai oure breed ouer othir substaunce; and forgyue to us oure dettis, as we forgyuen to oure gettouris; and lede us not in to temptacioun, but delyuere us fro yuel.
• 141.
  What are someconcepts that the growth of the English language show us about the growth of language in general?
• 142.
  The English Language:Diffusion
• 143.
  Britain British Colonies UnitedStates United States Annexes (Philippines)
• 145.
  The English Language:Dialects
• 146.
  One result ofthe mass spread of the English language is the creation of many dialects.
• 147.
  What is adialect?
• 148.
  A dialect isa regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.
• 149.
  What is anisogloss?
• 150.
  An isogloss isa geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs
• 151.
  British Received Pronunciation Theperceived dialect of the upper-class British living in London. Used by many actors, broadcasters and politicians.
• 152.
  The English Language:American English
• 153.
  Differences between Britishand American English Vocabulary • Different because settlers in America encountered new objects, animals, etcetera. • New animals, for example, were given Native American Names. • As new inventions appeared they received different names. Spelling • Spelling diverged from a strong national American Identity. • Webster, an American dictionary publisher had an American agenda Pronunciation • Largely explained by distance. • Pronunciation
• 155.
  Northern East Coast Isoglosses Southern Midlands
• 156.
  How has massmedia changed dialects?
• 157.
  The English Language: DOMINATION
• 158.
  The Internet English as Lingua Franca Commerce ESL
• 159.
  Many areas donot learn full English but a Pidgin.
• 160.
  A Pidgin isa simplified version of a language.
• 161.
  What is acreole language?
• 162.
  A Creole Languageis a pidgin language that becomes the major language of a people group.
• 163.
  English Diffusion toOther Languages • Spanglish – A combination of English and Spanish • Franglais – A combination of French and English
• 164.
  Languages and PoliticalGeography
• 165.
  Monolingual Countries Countries and Language Linguistic Multilingual Fragmentation Countries
• 166.
  Toponyms can showus: • The History of a Place – Colonialization • Example: Most Brazilian toponyms are Portugese • Example: French toponyms in Louisiana • The Culture of a People – George Washington Bridge, Martin Luther King Blvd, Jacksonville, Florida
• 167.
  Descriptive •Rocky Mountains Shift Names Associative •Lancaster, Pennsylvania •Pensacola Beach, Florida Mistakes American Commemorative •Lasker, North Carolina Toponyms •New York Possession Manufactured •Johnston City, Texas •Truth and Consequences Incidents •Battle Creek, Michigan
• 168.
  Part B: Religious Geography
• 169.
  How do youdefine religion?
• 170.
  Religion is asystem of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities.
• 171.
  The Shouldness
• 172.
  Sacred Vs. Profane
• 173.
  Types of Religions
• 174.
  Monotheistic Polytheistic Animistic Secularism • Single God • More than • Inanimate • Lack of One God Objects Religion possess Spirits
• 175.
  Part 1: UniversalizingReligions
• 176.
  What is aUniversalizing Religion?
• 177.
  A Universalizing Religion attempts to be global, to appeal to all people wherever they live, not just those of one culture or location.
• 178.
  The Five UniversalizingReligions Buddhism (2500yrs) Islam (1500yrs) Christianity (2000yrs) Sikhism(India) and Baha’I (Africa/Asia)
• 179.
  http://www.mapsofwar.com/ind/histo ry-of-religion.html
• 180.
  Each Universalizing ReligionHas: Branch Large and fundamental division within a religion. Denominations A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations into a single administrative body. Sects A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination.
• 181.
  Christianity
• 182.
  Origins of Christianity •Founded upon the teachings of Yehōshu'a – Translated to Jesus • Christians believe that Jesus died to atone for human sins, that he was raised from the dead by God, and that his resurrection provides people with hope for salvation.
• 183.
  Three Forms ofChristianity Roman Catholicism • 51% of Christianity Eastern Orthodox • 11% of Christianity Protestantism • 24% of Christianity
• 184.
  Why is SouthAmerica 93% Catholic and North America only 40% Catholic?
• 186.
  RC PR EO • Pope • Federal • Elders • Mary • Mary • Mary • Clergy • Clergy • Clergy • Sacraments • Sacraments • Sacraments
• 187.
  Diffusion of Christianity •First diffused by relocation diffusion as believers (Missionaries) moved from place to place. • Secondly, it diffused by contagious diffusion – word of mouth between believers in the towns and nonbelievers in the countryside • Finally, it diffused by hierarchical diffusion as elite figures (the emperor) began to accept it.
• 188.
  Islam
• 189.
  Origins of thePeople Abraham Sarah Hagar Isaac Ishmael The 12 Jacob Esau Arabian Tribes The Twelve Tribes of Israel
• 190.
  Origins of theProphets Adam Noah Abraham Moses Jesus Muhammad
• 191.
  Origins of theScripture (Qur’an) Revelations compiled Vision (610) in the Qur’an after Death • Given in the Cave of Hira • Given by the angel Gabriel Birth of Muhammad Hijrah to Medina
• 192.
  The Five Pillarsof Islam
• 193.
  1 – TheTestimony There is no god worthy of worship except God (Allah), and Muhammad is His Messenger [or Prophet].
• 194.
  2 – TheSalat The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed
• 195.
  3 – TheZakat Almsgiving (Charitable Donations)
• 196.
  4 – TheSawm Fasting during the month of Ramadan. No eating from sunrise to sunset.
• 197.
  5 – TheHajj Pilgrimage to Mecca
• 198.
  Two Main Branches Sunnis •1,140,000,000 • ‘Heir’ to Islam based on community selection. Shiites • 220,000,000 • ‘Heir’ to Islam chosen by Allah (Only those from the bloodline of Muhammad) Ahmadiyya • 10,000,000 Druze • 450,000
• 199.
  The Diffusion ofIslam
• 200.
  How Islam Diffused •Largely brought about in the early years by conquest (Relocation/Hierarchical Diffusion) • Southwest Asia was converted through Islamic traders. • Now, largely brought about by missionaries (relocation diffusion, contagious diffusion)
• 202.
  Ethnic Religions
• 203.
  What is anethnic religion?
• 204.
  An Ethnic Religionis religion that primarily appeals to one group of people living in one place. More closely tied to the physical geography of a particular region, especially with agriculture.
• 205.
  Judaism Animism Hinduism Ethnic Religions Shinto Confucianism Taoism
• 206.
  Hinduism • 3rd LargestReligion in the World • Concentrated in India and Nepal • It is up to the individual to decide the best way to worship God. • Does not have a central authority. • Has many gods but the most popular (70 percent) is Vishnu. 26% adhere to the god Siva.
• 207.
  Confucianism • Located largelyin China • Based on ethical obligations important to the Chinese.
• 208.
  Taoism (Daoism) • Locatedmainly in China. • Followers seek Tao (Dao) which means the path
• 209.
  Shintoism • Religion ofJapan • Consider the forces of nature to be divine. • Was regarded as the state religion before WWII and the Emperor was considered to be a God.
• 210.
  Judaism • One thirdlive in Israel, One third in the United States, and one third everywhere else. • First religion to espouse monotheism.
• 211.
  Animism • Mostly locatedin Africa • Finds animate qualities of all other life. • Not a specific religion but a collection of tribal religions.
• 212.
  Ethnic Diffusion • Ethnicreligions rarely diffuse farther than their starting point. • This means that they are much more susceptible to Universalizing religions. • Many times an Ethnic religion will hybridize with universalizing religions.
• 213.
  Judaistic Diffusion • Judaismdiffused more widely than other Ethnic religions because they were forced out of their homeland by the romans in AD.70. • This was called the diaspora. • Many Jews were forced to live in ghettos.
• 214.
  Cosmogony and Calendars
• 215.
  What is cosmogony?
• 216.
  Cosmogony is thereligious beliefs concerning the origins of the Universe.
• 217.
  Ethnic Verses Universalizing •Ethnic religious creation stories tend to deal with the physical environment and natural events, whereas universalizing religion stories often attempt to explain the mystical. Christianity Confucianism Two Opposite God Created the Forces Work in Universe Creation (Yin/Yang) God is more These interact for powerful than the balance universe Believers Believers change transform the their environment environment as less. More likely to God’s emissaries. achieve balance.
• 218.
  Religious Calendars
• 219.
  Ethnic Calendars • Ethnicreligions focus on climate, seasons, and agriculture. Jewish Holidays (A Lunar Calendar) Fall Holidays Rosh Hashanah (New Year) Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) Spring: Sukkot (Final Harvest) Pesach(Passover) Shavuot(Feast of Weeks)
• 220.
  Ethnic Calendars Most importantday to many Ethnic Religions: The Solstice (The Shortest and Longest Days of the Year)
• 221.
  Universalizing Calendars • Usuallycentered around the individual founder. • Example: Christmas
• 222.
  Religious Spaces
• 223.
  • Churches (Symbolicarchitecture) Christianity • The Catholic Church: The Vatican • Mosques (A location for a community to gather.) Islam • Mecca, Medina • Pagodas (Contain relics of Buddha’s body or clothing.) Buddhism and Shinto • Lumbini, Nepal • Community or Home Temples (Built to one or more gods) Hinduism • The Ganges River • Seven Houses of Worship on Multiple Continents Baha’I
• 224.
  The Dead Christians, Musli • Bury the dead in Cemeteries ms, Jews • Creates a problem with land • Wash the body with water from the Ganges Hindus • Cremation Zoroastrians • Exposure to the Elements
• 225.
  Religious Settlements • Somecities have been founded for religious reasons. • These are called utopian settlements. • The Most Important: – Salt Lake City (Mormonism)
• 226.
  Religious Administration
• 227.
  Hierarchical Religions • Ahierarchical religion has a well-defined geographic structure and organizes territory into administrative units.
• 228.
  Example: The CatholicChurch The Pope Cardinals Archbishops (Head Provinces) Bishops (Head Diocese) Priests (Head Parishes)
• 229.
  Autonomous Religions • Selfsufficient religions where interaction between communities is only loose cooperation of shared ideas.
• 230.
  Example: Islam • Islamprovides the most autonomy in any universalizing religion. • The only time this is not true is when the religious territory coincides with secular states. – Examples: Iran, Saudi Arabia
• 231.
  Slides I DidNot Get To Make • Religious Conflict – Make sure to study up on – Northern Vs. Southern Ireland (Catholic Vs. Protestant) – The Middle East – Especially Israel Vs. Palestine – Religious Extremism