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Unit 5
- 1. UNIT 5. THEPRIMARY SECTOR: AGRARIAN SPACES MARINO MAQUEDA
- 2. What do theyhave in common?
- 3. What do theseimages represent?
- 4. PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE ● WHAT'STHE IMPORTANCE OF THE PRIMARY SECTOR IN OUR LIVES? ● WHERE THE PRIMARY SECTOR HAS A MAJOR IMPACT ON ECONOMY? ● WHAT DOES AGRARIAN MEAN? ● WHAT DOES RURAL MEAN? ● NAME 3 PRODUCTS THAT YOU CONSUME USUALLY THAT COME FROM THE 1ª SECTOR.
- 5. 1. AGRARIAN SPACE Remember:The primary sector includes the economic activities related to obtaining resources from nature. AGRARIAN SPACES Refers to the land where agrarian activities are undertaken. RURAL SPACES Refers to all non-urban areas. It includes agrarian spaces + land where other activities are carried out ( housing, factories, shopping centres, leisure areas) In Spain a rural space is consider when a town do not exceed 10000 inhabitants.
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- 8. AGRARIAN ACTIVITIES AGRICULTURE: refersto the cultivation of land in order to obtain plants for food (crops). It provides: - Food: cereals (wheat, oat), olives, fruit and vegetables. - Fodder (pienso, forraje) for animals. (maize and alfalfa) - And also raw materials for industry (cotton, )
- 9. AGRARIAN ACTIVITIES ● LIVESTOCKFARMING: consist of the raising of animals in order to obtain products for human use. These products will be used as food for human consumption (milk, eggs, meat) and also as raw materials (leather, wool). ● SILVICULTURE: Is the managing of forests in order to obtain raw materials: wood (furniture, paper industries) rubber (caucho), resins (Pharmaceutical industry). ● FISHING: Is any activity that provide products from the sea.
- 10. AGRARIAN POPULATION WHAT HAVEHAPPENED TO THE AGRARIAN POPULATION SINCE 1950 IN TERMS OF EMPLOYMENT?
- 11. AGRARIAN POPULATION Excercise 1bpage 104
- 12. AGRARIAN POPULATION ● ACTIVITIES4 and 5 page 105
- 13. 2. AGRARIAN ACTIVITIES.PHYSICAL FACTORS Why don't we cultivate the same crops in every region of the world?
- 14. 2. AGRARIAN ACTIVITIES.PHYSICAL FACTORS 2. AGRARIAN ACTIVITIES. PHYSICAL FACTORS
- 15. NATURAL FACTORS THAT CONDICOINATEAGRARIAN ACTS. CLIMATE All types of plants need a certain number of sunlight, they can tolerate maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation levels or wind. Different crops adapt better to different climatic conditions: Maize and rice need more humidity Sugar cane and coffee require high Tº
- 17. NATURAL FACTORS THAT CONDICOINATEAGRARIAN ACTS. RELIEF Agriculture is better adapted to flat areas (valleis or plains). These lands are also more fertile thanks to the lack of soil erosion. They avoid mountainous areas (cold Tº, no plain terrain, difficulty of use mechanical tools) In contrast, livestock farming and silviculture are better suited to mountainous terrain.
- 18. Sometimes, the mountainousareas are also cultivated. But the human being need to create terraces (bancales), many little flat areas in the slopes. Phote: Rice crops in Vietnam.
- 19. NATURAL FACTORS THATCONDICOINATE AGRARIAN ACTS. SOIL (surface layer of the Earth's crust) A good soil for agriculture is one: -Deep (many layers of organic materials) -Retain water -Porous (lets air reach the plant's roots. -Neutral PH (acidity/alkalinity). Not very acid nor alkaline.
- 20. NATURAL FACTORS THAT CONDICOINATEAGRARIAN ACTS. VEGETATION
- 21. HUMAN FACTORS THAT CONDICIONATEAGRARIAN ACTS.
- 24. Human factors: POPULATION ●Agrarian space is being used to its maximum potential. SOIL OVEREXPLOITATION,and subsequently DESERTIFICATION
- 25. Human factors: POPULATION ●Low population densities can lead to abandoned crops, which leads to enviornmental decline (f. ex: fires).
- 26. HUMAN FACTOR: TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT ●The level of t echnological development of a society influences the farming tools and techniques used. TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES ADVANCED SOCIETIES FARMIING TOOLS FARMING TECHNIQUES
- 27. SICKLE (HOZ) HOE (AZADA) SPADE (PALA) PLOUGH (ARADO) TRACTOR HARVESTER (COSECHADORA) MILKINGMACHINES (ORDEÑADOR ELECTRICO)
- 28. CROP ROTATION SOIL ISFARMED UNTIL EXHAUSTION USE OF NATURAL FERTILIZERS COMPOST (ABONO) CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES ADVANCED IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES GREENHOUSES SELECTED SPECIES
- 29. ADVANCED TECHNIQUES Greenhouses in Almeria.Satelite view
- 31. ECONOMIC ORGANISATION There aredifferent types of agrarian economies: SUBSISTENCE ECONOMIES MARKET ECONOMIES Only produce enough to cover their own food needs. - They practice polyculture (various products in the same field are cultivated) - They combine agriculture with livestock farming. It is used in most developing areas. Produce food in order to sell it. -It tends to specialise in one crop: monocultive of type of livestock. (bananas, coffee, pigs, maize). It is common of developed areas Polyculture: policultivo Monoculture: monocultivo
- 32. ECONOMIC ORGANISATION Subsistence andpolyculture agriculture in China. Market and monoculture agriculture in USA.
- 33. SOCIAL ORGANISATION ● Whobelong the properties? According to property can be: – Private or - Collective Regrding to land exploitation or use can be: – Direct: landowners or ther employees work the land themselves. – Indirect: If the owner rent the land in exchange of a rental money (tenant: arrendatario) or in exchange of a proportion of the crops (sharecropping: aparcería)
- 36. AGRARIAN LANDSCAPES ● Agrarianlandscapes include: – INHABITED SPACE – FARMLAND
- 37. INHABITED SPACE CONCENTRATED DISPERSEDINTERSPERSED SETTLEMENT SETTLEMENT SETTLEMENT
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- 42. – LA TOSCANAITALIA
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- 46. FARMLAND ● Land dedicatedto agrarian activities is organised into fields. FIELDS CAN BE: – In terms of size: ● SMALL (MINIFUNDIO) (<10 hectares) ● MEDIUM-SIZE (10 – 100 hectares) ● LARGE (LATIFUNDIO) (>100 ha)
- 47. FARMLAND ● In termsof shape, fields can be: – REGULAR - IRREGULAR
- 48. FARMLAND ● In termsof limitis or boundaries OPEN (OPENFIELDS) CLOSED (BOCAGE) Fields can be closed with fences, walls or lines of trees)
- 49. ● In termsof use: a field can be for: agriculture, livestock farming, or silviculture. FARMLAND
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- 53. PAISAJE AGRARIO MEDITERRÁNEODE INTERIOR
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- 55. PAISAJE AGRARIO DEMONTAÑA
- 56. PAISAJE AGRARIO DEMONTAÑA AGRICULTURA EN BANCALES – CANARIAS (LANZAROTE)
- 57. AGRICULTURE. DIVERSITY AND TYPES ● CULTIVATIONMETHODS – CROP VARIETIES – WATER SUPPLY FOR PLANTS – SOIL USE – DEGREE OF LAND USE MONOCULTURE POLYCULTURE DRYLAND (SECANO).Crops only receive rainwater IRRIGATED: (REGADÍO) crops are provided with additional water from rivers or wells (pozos). Water has a cost ($) CONTINUAL CULTIVATION CROP ROTATION: alterning the crops and leave one part in fallow. INTENSIVE: Land is used to its full potential (advanced techniques and tools) EXTENSIVE: Land is not used to its maximum potential.
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- 60. ● CROP ROTATION/ CONTINUAL CULTIVATION
- 62. INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE - Use ofpesticides -Irrigation systems -Greenhouses Vegetables and fruits tend to be intensive crops.
- 63. EXTENSIVE AGRICULTURE - Wheat, olivetree and vine are extensive crops. They tend to be dryland crops in large surface areas. These crops are known as: Mediterranean triad (triada mediterránea)
- 64. TYPES OF AGRICULTURE DESTINATION TECHONOLY SYSTEM LABOUR FORCE PRODUCTION LOCATION TYPESOF AGRARIAN SYSTEMS TRADITIONAL AGRARIAN SYSTEMS ADVANCED AGRARIAN SYSTEMS MARKET SELF-CONSUMPTION OUTDATED TECHNOLOGY ADVANCED TECHONOLOGY MINIMUM LABOUR FORCELARGE LABOUR FORCE SPECIALISE IN PRODUCTS SUITED TO THE ENVIRONMENT AND PROFITABLE IN THE MARKET. LOW – SELF- CONSUMPTION AFRICA, SOURH EAST ASIA and LATIN AMERICA EUROPE, USA, CERTAIN AREAS OF TROPICAL COASTS. - MIGRATORY/ SLASH AND BURN - SEDENTARY DRYLAND -IRRIGATED MONSOON -AGRICULTURE IN NEW COUNTRIES (MULTINATIONALS) -PLANTATION
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- 77. LIVESTOCK FARMING SYSTEMS EXTENSIVEINTENSIVE In large Open-air fields. Livestock farming is a complementary activity with agriculture: provide fertilisers (manures → Estiercol) Animals are reared.... In barns and stables. Grasslands and natural pastures Animals are fed.... With artificial feeds (fodder) Small amount of capital and labour Need of capital and labour Large amount of capital and labour (buildings, breed selection, veterniary care) Lower productivity Productivity Greater productivity.
- 78. INTENSIVE LIVESTOCK FARMING - Ganadoestabulado - Alimentación con piensos
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- 83. EXTENSIVE PIG FARMING THEIBERIAN PIG
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- 91. SILVICULTURE It is thegroup of activities that consist of growing and cultivation of trees in forests. It is also include any activity related to the forest exploitation. This activity is carried out in the world areas of woodland. -Ecuatorial and tropical woodland (the jungle) -Boreal forest (taiga) -Temperate woodland
- 92. SILVICULTURE ● However theexploitation of forestry can lead to environmental problems such us: DEFORESTATION Watch the video and answer the following questions.. ● What's deforestation? ● What are the activities that are incrasing world deforestation? ● What are the environmental consequences of deforestation? ● Where is deforestation most common? ● Why silviculture is important for the environment? BRIEF EXPLAINATION DEFORESTATION CNN - DEFORESTATION DEFORESTATION - NG CLIMATE
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- 96. FISHERY – CALADERO(Areas where fishing activities are undertaken.
- 97. FISHERIES ● Fisheries nowadaysare facing some problems: – Overfishing: more and more people consume products from the sea. → Exhaustion of marine resources – Sea Pollution (mareas negras) – Difficulty to access to fishing grounds Each country has its own fishing ground (caladero nacional) (200 miles of the coastline) To avoid these problems there are some policies: ● In internacional grounds fishing captures are very limited. ● There are fishing quotas (max number of captures) ● Promotion of aquaculture
- 98. AQUACULTURE ● Is thefarming of fish, crustaceans, mollucs, aquatic plants and algae. It can be carried out in freshwater and saltwater. ● Fish farms (piscifactorías) are used to reared these aquatic products
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